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دانلود کتاب Differential Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology
دانلود کتاب تشخیص افتراقی در آسیب شناسی جراحی
مشخصات کتاب
Differential Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology
ویرایش: 3 نویسندگان: Paolo Gattuso, Vijaya B. Reddy, Odile David, Daniel J. Spitz, Meryl H. Haber سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781455770137, 2013046614 ناشر: Elsevier Inc. سال نشر: 2015 تعداد صفحات: 1085 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 100 مگابایت
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Inside Front Cover Front Matter Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Special Diagnostic Techniques in Surgical Pathology LIGHT MICROSCOPY Tissue Processing Overview Fixation Histologic Stains Connective Tissue Fats and Lipids Carbohydrates and Mucoproteins Pigments and Minerals Nerves and Fibers Hematopoietic and Nuclear Elements Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites Selected References FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY Selected References ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Technical Overview Ultrastructure of a Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Single Membrane–Bound Structures Filaments and Tubules Cell Surface Extracellular Matrix Selected References IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY Introduction Technical Overview Ground Rules for Quality Application of Immunohistochemistry in Surgical Pathology A Practical Tabular Approach to Using Immunohistochemistry for Common Diagnostic Problems Selected References FLOW CYTOMETRY Introduction Technical Overview Selected Reference Cytogenetic Analysis Selected References Molecular Pathology Methods Introduction Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods Background DNA Extraction Methods RNA Extraction Methods DNA and RNA Quantification, Purity, and Integrity Assay Nucleic Acids Storage Tissue Microdissection Methods Background Methods Applications Gel Electrophoresis Methods Background Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Capillary Gel Electrophoresis Blot Hybridization Methods Southern Blotting Northern Blotting Dot Blotting Amplification Methods The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR Contamination Control PCR Method Variations Reverse Transcription (RT) PCR Real-Time Quantitative (q) PCR Digital PCR PCR Tests in Pathology Practice Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA) Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) Displacement Amplification Helicase Dependent Amplification (HDA) Signal Amplification Techniques Branch DNA (bDNA) Invader Chemistry Hybrid Capture Verigene Nanosphere DNA Microarray Technology Nucleic Acid Sequencing In Situ Hybridization Protein Analytic Methods Emerging Methodologies Resources Selected References Acknowledgments Chapter 2 Skin and Adnexal Structures Inflammatory Conditions SUPERFICIAL PERIVASCULAR DERMATITIS Dermatitis with Minimal Epidermal Changes Superficial Dermatophytosis (Tinea) Selected References Selected References Selected References Interface Dermatitis Lichen Planus Selected References Selected References Selected References Selected References Selected References Epidermal Spongiosis Spongiotic Dermatitis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Selected References Psoriasiform Dermatitis Psoriasis Selected References Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris Selected References SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PERIVASCULAR DERMATITIS Dermatitis with Minimal Epidermal Changes Lymphocytes Predominant Polymorphous Light Eruption Selected References Eosinophils Predominant Insect Bite Reaction (Papular Urticaria) Selected References Interface Dermatitis Pityriasis Lichenoides Selected References Fixed Drug Eruption Selected References Lymphomatoid Papulosis Selected References Psoriasiform Dermatitis Secondary Syphilis Selected References NODULAR AND DIFFUSE DERMATITIS Neutrophils Predominant Sweet Syndrome Selected References Pyoderma Gangrenosum Selected References Eosinophils Predominant Eosinophilic Cellulitis Selected References Scabies Selected References Histiocytes Predominant Xanthogranuloma Selected References Reticulohistiocytic Granuloma Selected References Palisading and Necrobiotic Granulomas Granuloma Annulare Selected References Necrobiosis Lipoidica Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Selected References Rheumatoid Nodule Selected References Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma Selected References Sarcoidal Granulomas Sarcoidosis Selected References Foreign-Body Granulomas Selected References Infectious Granulomas Leprosy Selected References Primary Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Lupus Vulgaris Differential Diagnosis Selected References Deep Fungal Infections Selected References Leishmaniasis Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Selected References VASCULITIS Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Selected References Superficial Migratory Thrombophlebitis Selected References VESICULOBULLOUS DERMATOSES Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease) Selected References Pemphigus Other Techniques for Diagnosis Selected References Bullous Pemphigoid Selected References Dermatitis Herpetiformis Selected References FOLLICULITIS Acne Vulgaris Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Selected References FIBROSING DERMATOSES Morphea and Scleroderma Selected References PANNICULITIS Erythema Nodosum Selected References Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn Selected References CYSTS, PROLIFERATIONS, AND NEOPLASMS CYSTS Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (Infundibular Cyst) Selected References EPIDERMAL PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Seborrheic Keratosis Selected References Clear Cell Acanthoma Selected References Verrucae (Verruca Vulgaris, Plantar Warts, Verruca Plana) Selected References Actinic Keratosis Selected References Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References FOLLICULAR NEOPLASMS Trichoepithelioma Selected References Pilomatricoma (Pilomatrixoma, Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe) Selected References Trichilemmoma Selected References Basal Cell Carcinoma Differential Diagnosis Selected References ECCRINE AND APOCRINE NEOPLASMS Syringoma Clear Cell Syringoma Chondroid Syringoma (Mixed Tumor) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Selected References Poroma Selected References Spiradenoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Cylindroma Selected References Clear Cell Hidradenoma (Nodular Hidradenoma) Selected References Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum Selected References Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma (Sclerosing Sweat Duct Carcinoma) Selected References SEBACEOUS PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Nevus Sebaceus Selected References Sebaceoma (Sebaceous Epithelioma) Selected References Sebaceous Carcinoma Selected References MELANOCYTIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Selected References Acquired Melanocytic Nevi Selected References Malignant Melanoma Selected References VASCULAR PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Hemangiomas (Capillary Hemangioma and Cavernous Hemangioma, Angiokeratoma) Selected References Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma) Selected References Kaposi Sarcoma Selected References Angiosarcoma Selected References SMOOTH MUSCLE NEOPLASMS Leiomyomas (Arrector Pili Muscle Type, Angioleiomyoma, Dartoic Leiomyoma) Selected References Cutaneous Leiomyosarcoma Selected References FIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Keloid Selected References Dermatofibroma Selected References Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Selected References NEURAL NEOPLASMS Neurofibroma Selected References Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Carcinoma) Selected References HEMATOPOIETIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS Urticaria Pigmentosa Selected References Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe Disease, Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease, Eosinophilic Granuloma) Selected References CUTANEOUS T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides) Selected References Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoma (Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma) Selected References Chapter 3 Head and Neck THYROID GLAND GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS (de QUERVAIN THYROIDITIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acute Thyroiditis Granulomatous Diseases Riedel Thyroiditis Hashimoto Thyroiditis Palpation Thyroiditis Selected References CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (Mucosa -Associated Lymphoid Tissue [MALT] Lymphoma) Associated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Follicular Neoplasm Nonspecific Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Selected References RIEDEL THYROIDITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hashimoto Thyroiditis (Fibrous Variant) Undifferentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Granulomatous (Subacute) Thyroiditis Selected References GRAVES DISEASE (DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenomatoid Nodule, Nodular Hyperplasia Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Selected References MULTINODULAR GOITER Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Adenoma Graves Disease Amyloid Goiter Selected References DYSHORMONOGENETIC GOITER Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nodular Hyperplasia Follicular Adenoma, Carcinoma Graves Disease Postradioactive Iodine Therapy Selected References THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Branchial Cleft Cyst Adenomatoid, Colloid Nodule Selected References BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Metastatic to Lymph Node with Secondary Cystic Change Cystic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Metastatic to Lymph Node Selected References TERATOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Lymphoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Selected References HYALINIZING TRABECULAR TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Follicular Adenoma Paraganglioma Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Selected References FOLLICULAR ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hyperplastic Nodule Follicular Carcinoma Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Carcinoma Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, Nodular C-Cell Hyperplasia Intrathyroidal Parathyroid (Normal) or Parathyroid Adenoma Selected References FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figures 3-12 B and C) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Adenoma Atypical Adenoma or Follicular Lesion of Uncertain Malignant Potential Dominant Nodule of Nodular Hyperplasia Follicular Variant of Papillary Carcinoma Follicular Variant of Medullary Carcinoma Selected References PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figures 3-13 B and C) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Hyperplasia in Graves Disease and Adenomatous Goiter Follicular Adenoma and Carcinoma Medullary Carcinoma Selected References MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis C-Cell Hyperplasia, Reactive C-Cell Hyperplasia, Nodular (Preneoplastic) Follicular Carcinoma Papillary Carcinoma Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Plasmacytoma (Extramedullary) Paraganglioma Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor Spindle Cell Tumor with Thymus -Like Differentiation (SETTLE) Selected References POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medullary Carcinoma Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma Carcinoma Showing Thymus -Like Differentiation (CASTLE) Selected References UNDIFFERENTIATED (ANAPLASTIC) CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma Medullary Carcinoma Papillary Carcinoma, Solid Variant True Sarcoma of the Thyroid Metastatic Carcinoma to the Thyroid Malignant Lymphoma Selected References LYMPHOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma T-Cell Lymphoma Hodgkin Disease Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Selected References TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE THYROID GLAND Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Melanoma Renal Cell Carcinoma Carcinoid Tumor Breast Carcinoma Selected References PARATHYROID GLANDS PARATHYROID CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thyroid Cyst Degenerated Parathyroid Adenoma or Hyperplasia Cystic Parathyroid Adenoma Third Pharyngeal Pouch Cysts Branchial Cleft Cyst Selected References PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Parathyroid Adenoma Selected References PARATHYROID ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Parathyroid Hyperplasia Parathyroid Carcinoma Thyroid Nodules Oncocytic Nodules in Parathyroids of Elderly Patients Selected References PARATHYROID CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Parathyroid Hyperplasia Parathyroid Adenoma Atypical Adenoma Primary Neoplasms of the Thyroid Selected References TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Clinical Features Gross Pathology and Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References SALIVARY GLANDS SIALADENITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion Benign Lymphoepithelial Cyst Almost Always in Parotid Gland Necrotizing Sialometaplasia Selected References BENIGN LYMPHOEPITHELIAL LESION (MIKULICZ DISEASE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma Selected References LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystic Warthin Tumor Branchial Cleft Cyst Selected References SALIVARY DUCT CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucus Retention Cyst (Ranula) Cystic Warthin Tumor Selected References MUCOCELE (RANULA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Salivary Duct Cyst Lymphoepithelial Cyst Selected References MIXED TUMOR (PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Polymorphous Low -Grade Adenocarcinoma (Particularly in Minor Salivary Gland) Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma Selected References MYOEPITHELIOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 3-27) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myoepithelial -Rich Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma) Myoepithelial Carcinoma Spindle Cell Tumors (Rare in the Major and Minor Salivary Glands) Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Differentiate from Clear Cell Myoepithelioma) Selected References WARTHIN TUMOR (PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Oncocytoma Papillary Oncocytic Cystadenoma Lymphoepithelial Cysts in HIV Patients Lymphadenoma Parotid Duct Cyst Selected References ONCOCYTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Oncocytic Metaplasia in Salivary Gland Warthin Tumor Pleomorphic Adenoma with Oncocytic Metaplasia Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Granular and Clear Cell Types Clear Cell Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) Clear Cell Acinic Cell Carcinoma Selected References CYSTADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Warthin Tumor Congenital Polycystic Disease Duct Ectasia with Focal Epithelial Proliferation Secondary to Obstruction Intraductal Papilloma Low -Grade Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma Selected References HEMANGIOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphangioma Angiosarcoma Selected References BASAL CELL ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma) Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Canalicular Adenoma Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma (Malignant Counterpart to Basal Cell Adenoma) Basal Cell Carcinoma of Skin Origin Selected References SEBACEOUS LYMPHADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sebaceous Carcinoma Metastatic Squamous Carcinoma with Clear Cell Features Selected References ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Polymorphous Low -Grade A denocarcinoma (PLGA) Basaloid SCC (Solid Type) Epithelial -Myoepithelial Carcinoma Selected References ACINIC CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma of Salivary Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Metastatic Granular Renal Carcinoma Selected References MAMMARY ANALOGUE SECRETORY TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acinic Cell Carcinoma Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma Selected References POLYMORPHOUS LOW-GRADE ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Monomorphic Adenoma Selected References MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sialometaplasia ( from Low -Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma) Cystadenocarcinoma Selected References EPITHELIAL-MYOEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma) Myoepithelial Carcinoma Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma PLGA Selected References SALIVARY DUCT CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SCC Adenocarcinoma, NOS Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References CARCINOMA EX MIXED TUMOR (CARCINOMA EX PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Salivary Duct Carcinoma Carcinosarcoma Selected References CARCINOSARCOMA General Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Spindle Cell Carcinoma) Sarcoma of the Salivary Glands Synovial Sarcoma Selected References UNDIFFERENTIATED NEUROENDOCRINE (SMALL CELL) CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Solid Variant) Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Selected References LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Amelanotic Melanoma Large Cell Lymphoma Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma Selected References LYMPHOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sialadenitis HIV- Associated Lymphadenopathy Selected References TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE SALIVARY GLANDS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASOPHARYNX ACUTE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Allergic Fungal Sinusitis (Noninvasive) Invasive Fungal Sinusitis Myospherulosis Rhinoscleroma Selected References NASAL POLYP Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma Rhinosporidiosis Glial Heterotopia Rhabdomyosarcoma Angiofibroma Selected References NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lobular Capillary Hemangioma (Pyogenic Granuloma) Hemangiopericytoma (glomangiopericytoma) Solitary Fibrous Tumor Kaposi Sarcoma Angiosarcoma Selected References SINONASAL PAPILLOMA (SCHNEIDERIAN PAPILLOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Papilloma Squamous Carcinoma, Nonkeratinizing Inflammatory Polyp Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma (REAH) Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma (Nonenteric Type) Rhinosporidiosis Papillary Squamous Carcinoma Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SINONASAL REGION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) Schneiderian Papillomas Selected References MIDLINE-NUT CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Carcinoma, Nonkeratinizing Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) Selected References SINONASAL UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Undifferentiated Type) SCC Adenocarcinoma Small, Round Blue Cell Tumors in the Sinonasal Region Selected References NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Non -Hodgkin (Large Cell) Lymphoma Sinus Histiocytosis SNUC Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE TONSIL OR OROPHARYNX Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Undifferentiated Carcinoma Selected References SINONASAL ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SNUC Schneiderian Papilloma -Cylindrical Cell Type Inverted Growth Pattern Has Intact Basement Membrane wi ... Nasopharyngeal Papillary Adenocarcinoma Teratocarcinosarcoma Selected References OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA (ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rhabdomyosarcoma SNUC Sinonasal Melanoma Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET), Ewing Sarcoma Pituitary Adenoma Malignant Lymphoma Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Selected References RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References SINONASAL MELANOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Olfactory Neuroblastoma Rhabdomyosarcoma SNUC PNET, E wing S arcoma Malignant Lymphoma Selected References LYMPHOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Olfactory Neuroblastoma Wegener Granulomatosis Cocaine Abuse Selected References TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASOPHARYNX Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References ORAL CAVITY LEUKOPLAKIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Dysplasia (Mild to Severe) Lichen Planus Actinic Cheilitis Selected References SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SCC with Papillary Growth Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart) Condyloma Acuminatum Selected References PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (LOBULAR CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma or Lymphangioma Kaposi Sarcoma of Oral Cavity Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Selected References GRANULAR CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Granular Renal Cell Carcinoma Selected References RADICULAR CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Odontogenic Keratocyst Dentigerous Cyst Selected References DENTIGEROUS CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Radicular Cyst Keratocystis Odontogenic Tumor Selected Reference KERATOCYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR ( Figure 3-67) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Radicular Cyst Dentigerous Cyst Selected References AMELOBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ameloblastic Fibroma SCC Basal Cell Carcinoma Salivary -Type Adenocarcinomas Selected References CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (PINDBORG TUMOR) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SCC Selected References ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ameloblastoma Selected References BENIGN CEMENTOBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteoblastoma of the Jaw Selected References CHONDROSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma Chondroma Chordoma Selected References OSTEOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Chondrosarcoma Myxoid and Salivary Neoplasms Ossifying Fibroma Osteoblastoma Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Verrucous Carcinoma Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Selected References TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE ORAL CAVITY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Melanoma Selected References LARYNX LARYNGEAL (VOCAL CORD) NODULE OR POLYP Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomas Contact Ulcer, Granulomatous Ulcer Selected References LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SCC Selected References AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE LARYNX Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Vocal Cord Nodule Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Verrucous Hyperplasia Squamous Papilloma Selected References NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Melanoma Metastatic or Locally Invasive Medullary Carcinoma Paraganglioma Selected References TRACHEA CLASSIFICATION OF TRACHEAL MALIGNANCIES SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Papilloma and Papillomatosis of the Trachea Nonsquamous Lesions Selected References Chapter 4 Lung and Pleura NON-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION (CPAM) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology CPAM Type 0 CPAM Type 1 CPAM Type 2 CPAM Type 3 CPAM Type 4 Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary Sequestration Pleuropulmonary Blastoma (PPB) Selected References BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Intralobar Sequestration Entralobar Sequestration Histopathology Intralobar Sequestration Entralobar Sequestration (Figure 4-2) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References BRONCHOGENIC CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA (CLE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES CHRONIC BRONCHITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference ASTHMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference BRONCHIECTASIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Postinfectious Bronchial Damage Cystic Fibrosis Primary Cilia Dyskinesis Congenital Middle Lobe Syndrome Selected Reference SMALL AIRWAY DISEASES EMPHYSEMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Interstitial Emphysema Selected Reference RESTRICTIVE AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE (DAD), ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), AND ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (AIP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Exudative Phase (First Week after Injury) Proliferative Phase (Second Week after Injury) Fibrotic Phase (Late) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infection Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) or Accelerated UIP DAD in Patients with Collagen Vascular Disease Selected References CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA (COP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia ARDS/Diffuse Alveolar Damage Selected Reference USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (UIP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonia with Fibrosis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Organizing Pneumonia Selected References NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (NSIP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Cellular NSIP Fibrotic NSIP Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis UIP Versus NSIP Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia Organizing Pneumonia Selected References DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (DIP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis RB-ILD UIP NSIP Focal, Nonspecific DIP-Like Reactions Selected References LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (LIP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis NSIP UIP LIP Sarcoidosis Selected References EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASES Clinical Features Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References SARCOIDOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infection Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Reaction to Inhaled Substances (e.g., Talc, Aluminum, Beryllium) Conditions Associated with Sarcoid -Like Disorders Selected References IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Other Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndromes Selected References GOODPASTURE SYNDROME AND ANTIBASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY DISEASE (ABMABD) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Wegener Granulomatosis SLE Selected References SILICOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Acute Silicosis Classic Silicosis Silicotuberculosis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) Selected References ASBESTOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Studies and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis NSIP UIP Selected References RADIATION PNEUMONITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References BLEOMYCIN TOXICITY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References VASCULAR CONDITIONS Vasculitides Selected References PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary Veno -Occlusive Disease (PVOD) Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Thrombotic or Embolic Disease Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis (PCH) Selected References INFECTIOUS DISEASES CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) PNEUMONIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference LEGIONELLA PNEUMONIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis NOCARDIOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis A ctinomycosis MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL PNEUMONIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References (Bacterial Pneumonia) ASPERGILLOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis ZYGOMYCOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis HISTOPLASMOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Acute Coccidioidomycosis Persistent Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Chronic Progressive Coccidioidomycosis Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis BLASTOMYCOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS Differential Diagnosis CRYPTOCOCCOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA (PCP OR PJP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References (Fungal Pneumonia) SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS BENIGN EPITHELIAL TUMORS Squamous Dysplasia (SD) and Squamous Carcinoma in Situ (SCIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Basal Cell Hyperplasia (BCH) Squamous Metaplasia (SM) Reactive Atypia of Inflammation, Infection, and Chemoradiation Invasive Carcinoma in Transbronchial Biopsy Specimens Selected Reference ATYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA (AAH) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Localized Nonmucinous AIS Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease Peribronchiolar Metaplasia Papillary Adenoma Alveolar Adenoma Micronodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia Selected Reference ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU (AIS, FORMERLY BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR CARCINOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis AAH Peribronchiolar Metaplasia Adenocarcinoma, Well -Differentiated Selected Reference DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA (DIPNECH) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis for DIPNECH Selected Reference ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Mesothelioma Bronchiolar Metaplasia Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Papillary Variant Clear Cell Variant Small Cell Variant Basaloid Variant Nonkeratinizing Variant Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SCC V ersus SCLC Selected References SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA (SCLC) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphocytic Infiltrate Atypical Carcinoid Selected References LARGE CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma, Solid Type Squamous Cell Carcinoma LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA (LCNEC) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Basaloid Carcinoma Versus Basaloid Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Solid Type of Adenocarcinoma Atypical Carcinoid Selected References CARCINOID TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Other Neuroendocrine Tumors Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) Pulmonary Carcinoid Versus Intestinal or Pancreatic Carcinoid Tumors Adenocarcinoma and Other Carcinomas Selected References PULMONARY HAMARTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Carney Triad Leiomyoma Lipoma Selected References LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS (LAM) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Peribronchiolar Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia in Honeycomb Fibrosing Lesions Selected References INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR (IMT) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrous Histiocytoma of Soft Tissue Plasmacytoma Pulmonary Amyloidosis Pulmonary Hyalinizing Granuloma Inflammatory Fibrosarcoma Selected References PLEUROPULMONARY BLASTOMA (PPB) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis CPAM Metastatic Wilms Tumor Primary Pulmonary Sarcomas of Children Adult Pulmonary Blastoma (APB) Selected References MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA OF THE MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Bronchitis or Bronchiolitis Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP) Chronic Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL) Selected References PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (PLCH) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Respiratory Bronchiolitis Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia (CEP) UIP Reactive Eosinophilic Pleuritis Selected References POSTTRANSPLANTATION LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER (PTLD) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia Desmoplastic Mesothelioma versus Chronic Fibrosing Pleuritis Solitary Fibrous Tumor Selected Reference Chapter 5 Thymus and Mediastinum Thymic Cyst Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Parathyroid Cyst Cystic Hygroma (Lymphangioma) Esophageal Cyst Bronchial Cyst Cystic Teratoma Cystic Thymoma Cystic Degeneration in Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References Foregut Cysts of the Mediastinum: Bronchial (Bronchogenic) Cyst, Esophageal Cyst, Enteric Duplication Cyst * Clinical Features Bronchial Cyst Esophageal Cyst (Esophageal Duplication) Enteric Duplication Cyst Gross Pathology Bronchial Cyst Esophageal Cyst Enteric Cyst Histopathology Bronchial Cyst Esophageal Cyst Enteric Cyst Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymic Cyst Mesothelial Cyst Cystic Teratoma Foregut Cysts Selected References Mesothelial Cyst Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymic Cyst Lymphangioma Selected References True Thymic Hyperplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymoma Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia Selected References Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Lymphoma Normal Thymus with Prominent Corticomedullary Differentiation Selected References Thymolipoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Involution of Thymus Gland Thymoma Lipoma Selected References Thymoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymic Hyperplasia versus Lymphocyte- Rich Thymoma Lymphoma versus Lymphocyte-Rich Thymoma Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma Castleman Disease Spindle Cell Sarcoma versus Spindle Cell Thymoma Selected References Thymic Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thymus Poorly Differentiated (Lymphoepithelioma-Like) Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma ( Figure 5-7) Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Clear Cell Carcinoma Basaloid Carcinoma Spindle Cell (Sarcomatoid) Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Germ Cell Tumors Lymphoma Selected References Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Thymus Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Large Cell Lymphoma Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland Paraganglioma Metastatic Carcinoid or Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Selected References Chronic Mediastinitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Solitary Fibrous Tumor Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosing Large Cell Lymphoma with Sclerosis Selected Reference Hodgkin Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymoma Thymic Cyst Sclerosing Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma, B-Cell Type Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Germinoma Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymoma Large B-Cell Lymphoma Other Small Round Blue Cell Tumors of Childhood Granulocytic Sarcoma Neuroblastoma Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) Small Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Oat Cell Carcinoma) Selected References Castleman Disease Clinical Features Gross Pathology Hyaline Vascular Type Plasma Cell Type Histopathology Hyaline Vascular Type (about 80% of cases) Plasma Cell Type (10% to 20%) Mixed (Rare) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Lymphoma Plasmacytoma Selected References Thymic Histology in Immune Deficiencies Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology DiGeorge Syndrome B-Cell Immune Defects Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) Severe Acquired Immune Damage (AIDS and Graft-Versus-Host Disease [GVHD]) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Stress Involution Selected Reference Teratoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Teratomas with Additional Malignant Components Bronchial Cyst Foregut Cysts Selected References Teratoma with Additional Malignant Components Clinical Features Gross Features Histologic Features Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Selected References Germinoma (Mediastinal Seminoma) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma with Sclerosis Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant Selected References Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCTs): Embryonal Carcinoma, Yolk Sac Tumor (Endodermal Sinus Tumor), Choriocarcinoma, M ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Embryonal Carcinoma Yolk Sac Tumor Choriocarcinoma Mixed Nonteratomatous Germ Cell Tumors Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Thymic Carcinoma Metastatic Melanoma Selected References Neurogenic Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma Histopathology Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis: Neuroblastoma Ewing Sarcoma, PNET Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Small Cell Carcinoma Ganglioneuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroma Selected References Schwannoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neurofibroma Leiomyoma Selected References Metastatic Tumors Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thymic Carcinoma Germinoma Yolk Sac Tumor Embryonal Carcinoma Lymphoma Selected References Chapter 6 Gastrointestinal System Esophagus Congenital and Acquired Esophageal Abnormalities Clinical Features Esophageal Ectopias Esophageal Atresia Congenital Esophageal Duplication Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Webs and Rings Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia) Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Esophageal Ectopias Esophageal Atresia (Tracheoesophageal Fistula) Esophageal Duplication Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Webs and Rings Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia) Histopathology Esophageal Ectopias Esophageal Duplication Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Webs and Rings Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Esophageal Ectopias Esophageal Atresia Bronchogenic Cysts and Esophageal Duplication Selected References Infectious Esophagitis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) CMV Fungi Bacterial Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Corrosive Esophagitis Reflux Esophagitis Selected References Injurious Esophagitis Clinical Features Chemical Esophagitis Drug Esophagitis Radiation Esophagitis Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Chemical Esophagitis Drug Esophagitis Radiation Esophagitis Histopathology Chemical Esophagitis Drug Esophagitis Radiation Esophagitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reflux Esophagitis Infectious Esophagitis Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis (“Sloughing Esophagitis ”) Acute Esophageal Necrosis (So-Called Black Esophagus) Selected References Inflammatory Esophagitis Clinical Features Dermatologic Conditions Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Dermatologic Conditions GVHD Histopathology Dermatologic Conditions GVHD Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Dermatologic Conditions Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infectious Esophagitis Reflux Esophagitis Lymphocytic Esophagitis Selected References Eosinophilic Esophagitis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reflux Esophagitis Selected References Reflux Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd) Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infectious Esophagitis Helicobacter pylori Gastritis of Cardia (Carditis) with or without Intestinal Metaplasia Eosinophilic Esophagitis Pill Esophagitis Squamous Dysplasia, Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References Barrett Esophagus Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Gastritis Involving Cardia-Type Mucosa with Intestinal Metaplasia Ectopic Gastric Mucosa Adenocarcinoma Selected References Dysplastic Lesions Associated with Barrett Esophagus Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Dysplasia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Regenerative Atypia Drug and Irradiation Effect Adenocarcinoma Selected References Adenocarcinoma Associated with Barrett Esophagus Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Barrett Esophagus–Associated Dysplasia Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma Selected References Benign Esophageal Lesions Clinical Features Glycogenic Acanthosis Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Fibrovascular Polyp Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Glycogenic Acanthosis Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Fibrovascular Polyp ( Figure 6-11) Histopathology Glycogenic Acanthosis Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Fibrovascular Polyps Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Glycogenic Acanthosis Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Granular Cell Tumor Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References Squamous Papilloma and Carcinoma Clinical Features Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Carcinoma Histopathology Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Other Techniques for Diagnosis Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Differential Diagnosis Ulcerative Esophagitis Infectious Esophagitis Barrett Esophagus Selected References Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants Clinical Features Undifferentiated Carcinoma Verrucous Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Undifferentiated Carcinoma Verrucous Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Histopathology Undifferentiated Carcinoma Verrucous Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Undifferentiated Carcinoma Verrucous Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Undifferentiated Carcinoma versus L ymphoma, Melanoma, and Sarcoma Verrucous Carcinoma versus Papilloma and Condyloma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma versus Sarcoma, Melanoma, and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Selected References Rare Esophageal Neoplasms Clinical Features High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Histopathology High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Malignant Melanoma (Metastatic versus Primary) Lymphoma Selected References Stomach Congenital and Acquired Gastric Abnormalities Clinical Features Gastric Duplication Congenital Pyloric Stenosis Heterotopia Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Gastric Duplication Congenital Pyloric Stenosis Heterotopia Histopathology Gastric Duplication Heterotopia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Pancreatic Heterotopia versus Adenocarcinoma Selected References Xanthelasma Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma versus Xanthelasma Selected References Acute Erosive Gastritis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Gastritis Selected References Reactive Gastropathy Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 6-21) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Gastritis and Helicobacter pylori Gastritis Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (“Watermelon Stomach ”) Selected References Helicobacter Pylori–Associated Gastritis (Chronic Superficial Gastritis and Chronic Antral Gastritis) Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Diffuse Antral Gastritis Multifocal Atrophic Gastritis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Autoimmune Gastritis (Diffuse Corporal Atrophic Gastritis) Atrophic Autoimmune Pangastritis Acute Erosive Gastritis and Reactive Gastropathy Helicobacter Heilmannii Gastritis Selected References Special Types of Gastritis Lymphocytic Gastritis Collagenous Gastritis Granulomatous Gastritis Eosinophilic Gastritis Selected References Peptic Ulcer Disease Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gastric Carcinoma with Ulcer Acute Erosive Gastritis and Reactive Gastropathy Selected References Hypertrophic Gastropathy Clinical Features Ménétrier Disease Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Helicobacter Pylori– Associated Gastropathy Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Ménétrier Disease Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Histopathology Ménétrier Disease Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ménétrier Disease–Like Hypertrophic Gastropathy Associated with Lymphocytic Gastritis Ménétrier Disease Gastritis Glandularis Et Cystica Profunda Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Versus Peptic Ulcer Disease Selected References Non-Neoplastic Gastric Polyps Clinical Features Hyperplastic Polyp Fundic Gland Polyp Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Hyperplastic Polyp Fundic Gland Polyp Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Histopathology Hyperplastic Polyp (Figure 6-29) Fundic Gland Polyp Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenomatous Polyp Versus Hyperplastic Polyp Fundic Gland Polyp Versus So-Called Gastric Adenocarcinoma with Chief Cell Differentiation (GA-CCD) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) and Sarcoma Versus Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp Selected References Gastric Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions Clinical Features Precursor Lesions Gastric Carcinoma Early Gastric Carcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Precursor Lesions Gastric Carcinoma Histopathology Precursor Lesions Gastric Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chemotherapy or Radiation Effect Chronic Gastritis with Erosion and Glandular Regeneration Ulcer Intestinal Metaplasia with Dysplasia Selected References Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas) Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology (Figure 6-36) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma Selected References Gastric Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphocytic Gastritis Versus MALT Lymphoma Selected References Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestine) Congenital Anomalies Clinical Features Malrotation Omphalocele Gastroschisis Atresia and Stenosis Meckel Diverticulum Intussusception Volvulus Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Malrotation Omphalocele Gastroschisis Atresia and Stenosis Meckel Diverticulum (Figure 6-38) Intussusception Volvulus Histopathology Malrotation, Omphalocele, and Gastroschisis Atresia and Stenosis Meckel Diverticulum Intussusception Volvulus Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Enteric Infections in Immunocompetent Hosts Clinical Features Escherichia Coli Infection Shigellosis Salmonellosis Salmonella Gastroenteritis Campylobacteriosis Cholera Yersiniosis Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Escherichia Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli) (Figure 6-39) Shigellosis Salmonellosis Campylobacteriosis Cholera Yersiniosis Histopathology Escherichia Coli Infection Including E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli) (Figures 6-40 and 6- ... Shigellosis Salmonellosis Campylobacteriosis Cholera Yersiniosis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter Species, and Salmonella Species Infection versus Infla ... Yersinia Species Infection versus Crohn Disease Selected References Infections in Immunocompromised Patients Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Viral Infections Parasitic Infections Fungal Infections Bacterial Infections Noninfectious AIDS-Related Enteropathy Histopathology Viral Infections Parasite Infections Fungal Infections Bacterial Infections AIDS-Related Enteropathy Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Kaposi Sarcoma Whipple Disease Selected References Whipple Disease Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis MAI Infection Histoplasmosis Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Selected References Celiac Sprue Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology (Figures 6-52 and 53) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Normal Mucosa Lymphocytic Enterocolitis Refractory or Unclassified Sprue Entities Associated with Variable Villous Abnormality with Intraepithelial Lymphocytosis (> 30 Lymphocyt ... Entities Associated with Severe Villous Abnormality and Crypt Hypoplasia Entities Associated with Variable Villous Abnormality that Contain Specific Diagnostic Changes Selected References Small Intestinal Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma Clinical Features Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Histopathology Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Brunner Gland Nodules Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa Polyps Associated with Various Polyposis Syndromes Selected References Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumor of the Small and Large Intestine Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology (Figure 6-58) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gangliocytic Paraganglioma Mixed Carcinoid-Adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma Selected References Hirschsprung Disease (Hd) Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hypoganglionosis Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia Idiopathic Constipation Selected References Diverticular Disease Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Particularly Crohn Disease) Selected References Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cow’s Milk Allergy Other Food Allergies Systemic Mastocytosis Involving Gastrointestinal Tract Selected References Graft-Versus-Host Disease (Gvhd) Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chemotherapy/Radiation and Drug Effect Opportunistic Infection Selected References Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ibd) Clinical Features Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Histopathology Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acute Self -Limited Colitis Lymphocytic Colitis Collagenous Colitis Diversion Colitis Indeterminate Colitis Selected References Biopsy of Ileum and Pouches Ileal Reservoirs (Pouches) Selected References Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Atypia Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Dysplasia DALM Versus Sporadic Adenoma Selected References Other Forms of Colitis Clinical Features Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis) Clostridium Difficile–Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis Radiation Colitis Ischemic Colitis Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis) Clostridium Difficile–Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis (Antibiotic-Associated Colitis) (Figure 6-68) Radiation Colitis Ischemic Colitis Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis) Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes Histopathology Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis) Clostridium Difficile–A ssociated Pseudomembranous Colitis Radiation Colitis Ischemic Colitis (Figure 6-74) Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis) Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diversion Colitis and Proctitis Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Aberrant Histologic Features in Microscopic Colitis Cord Colitis Syndrome Selected References Amebiasis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Selected References Other Intestinal Parasitic Infestations Clinical Features Strongyloides Stercoralis Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) DiphylloboThrium Latum (Fish Tapeworm) Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus (Hookworm) Schistosomiasis Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Strongyloides stercoralis Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis Trichuris Trichiura Enterobius Vermicularis Diphyllobothrium Latum (Figure 6-81) Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus Schistosomiasis Histopathology Strongyloides Stercoralis Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis Trichuris Trichiura Enterobius Vermicularis Diphyllobothrium Latum Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus Schistosomiasis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Selected References Lymphangiectasia Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pneumatosis Intestinalis Hemangioma Lymphangioma Selected References Pneumatosis Intestinalis Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphangiectasia Pseudolipomatosis Selected References Melanosis Coli Clinical Features Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Brown Bowel Syndrome (Ceroidosis) Pseudomelanosis Duodeni Selected References Gastrointestinal Polyps Clinical Features Hyperplastic Polyp Inflammatory Polyp (Pseudopolyps) Adenomas Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Hyperplastic Polyp Inflammatory Polyp Adenomas (Figure 6-89) Histopathology Hyperplastic Polyp Inflammatory Polyp Adenomas Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Hyperplastic Polyp Inflammatory Polyp Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sessile Serrated Polyp (SSP) (Figures 6-93 and 6-94) Hamartomatous Polyps Regenerative Change Selected References Sporadic Adenomas and Adenocarcinoma of the Large Intestine Molecular Classification Clinical Features of Colorectal Cancer Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Adenocarcinoma (Figures 6-95 and 6-96) Histopathology Adenocarcinoma Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Lynch Syndrome and Sporadic MSI-H Colorectal Cancer Uncommon Types of colorectal cancer Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometriosis Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Polyposis Syndromes Clinical Features FAP (Figure 6-99) Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Gross and Endoscopic Pathology FAP Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Histopathology FAP Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndromes (Cowden Syndrome and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith Syndrome) Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis FAP and Gardner Syndrome Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome Differential Diagnosis Sporadic Juvenile and Peutz Jeghers Polyps Intestinal Ganglioneuromatosis (Figure 6-106) Serrated Polyposis Syndrome (Formerly Known as Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome) ( Figure 6-107) Traditionally Defined Serrated Adenoma Benign Fibroblastic Polyp/Colorectal Perineurioma Elastosis and Elastofibromatous Change Mucosal Neuroma /Schwann Cell Hamartoma Selected References Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal Neoplasms Clinical Features GIST Gross and Endoscopic Pathology GIST Histopathology GIST Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry GIST Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis CD117-N egative GIST Spindle Cell Carcinoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) Fibromatosis True Smooth Muscle Tumor Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Schwannoma Solitary Fibrous Tumor Granular Cell Tumor Glomus Tumor Osteoclast-Rich Tumor Resembling Clear Cell Sarcoma (Malignant Neuroectodermal Tumor) Kaposi Sarcoma Selected References Intestinal Lymphoma Clinical Features Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Extranodal Marginal B-Cell Lymphoma of MALT Type (also see Gastric Lymphoma) Enteropathy-Associated T-cell Lymphoma Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Anal Canal Anal Neoplasia Clinical Features Condyloma Acuminatum Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Anal Carcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Condyloma Acuminatum Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Anal Carcinoma Histopathology Condyloma Acuminatum Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Anal Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Verrucous Carcinoma Paget Disease Adenocarcinoma Involving the Anal Canal Hidradenoma Papilliferum Malignant Melanoma Selected References Vermiform Appendix Developmental Abnormalities Appendicitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucocele Adenocarcinoma Selected References Appendiceal Neoplasms Clinical Features Mucocele Mucinous Cystadenoma Adenocarcinoma Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Mucocele Mucinous Cystadenoma Adenocarcinoma Histopathology Mucinous Cystadenoma Adenocarcinoma Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ruptured Acute Appendicitis Myxoglobulosis Selected References Carcinoids and Other Nonepithelial Tumors of the Vermiform Appendix Clinical Features Carcinoid Tumors Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Secondary Malignancies in the Gastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Metastatic Disease Clinical Features Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Appendix Gross and Endoscopic Pathology Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Histopathology Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 7 Hepatobiliary System Viral Hepatitis Clinical Features Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Hepatitis D (Delta Agent) Virus Hepatitis E Virus Hepatitis G Virus Gross Pathology Histopathology Acute Viral Hepatitis Chronic Viral Hepatitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Alcoholic Hepatitis Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Autoimmune Hepatitis Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Hepatitis Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) Primary Sclerosing Cirrhosis Drug Hepatitis Selected References Nonviral Infections Clinical Features Gross Pathology Syphilis Entamebiasis Echinococcal (Hydatid) Cyst Ascariasis Malaria and Leishmaniasis Histopathology Bacterial Syphilis Entamebiasis Echinococcal Infection Ascariasis Liver Flukes Malaria Leishmaniasis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Drug-Induced Liver Disease Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Viral Hepatitis Autoimmune Hepatitis Biliary Obstruction PBC Selected References Alcoholic Liver Disease and Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Selected References Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology NASH Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Viral Hepatitis Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Biliary Obstruction (E specially PBC) Wilson Disease Indian Childhood Cirrhosis Selected References Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Drug Toxicity Reye Syndrome HCV Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Selected References Hemochromatosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemosiderosis Cirrhosis of Nonbiliary Etiology Selected References Wilson Disease Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Viral Hepatitis Chronic Obstructive Cholestasis Selected References α 1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Autoimmune Hepatitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Drug Injury Chronic Viral Hepatitis Selected References Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) Autoimmune Hepatitis –PBC Overlap Syndrome Autoimmune Cholangitis Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Liver Transplant Rejection Selected References Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well-Differentiated Cholangiocarcinoma PBC Extrahepatic or Large Duct Intrahepatic Biliary Obstruction Selected References Liver Transplantation Pathology Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Recurrent HCV Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease Chronic (Ductopenic) Rejection in Allograft Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Recurrent PSC Recurrent PBC Selected References Cirrhosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis High-Grade Dysplastic Nodules HCC Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Subcapsular Fibrosis Selected References Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hepatic Adenoma Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia Well-Differentiated HCC C irrhosis Selected References Hepatic Adenoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia Well-Differentiated HCC Selected References Hepatocellular Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Macroregenerative Nodule in Cirrhosis High-Grade Dysplasia in Cirrhosis Cholangiocarcinoma Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Hepatic Adenoma Hepatoblastoma Metastatic Endocrine Carcinoma Metastatic Nonendocrine Neoplasms Selected References Hepatoblastoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Epithelial Type Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Type Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Primitive Tumor of Infancy (Nephroblastoma and Neuroblastoma) HCC of C hildhood Selected References Bile Duct Hamartoma (Von Meyenburg Complex) Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma (Bile Duct Adenoma) Mesenchymal Hamartoma Well-Differentiated Carcinoma (Metastatic or Cholangiocarcinoma) Selected References Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma (Bile Duct Adenoma) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Proliferation of Packed Uniform Tubular Structure (F igure 7-18) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Bile Duct Hamartoma Mesenchymal Hamartoma Well-Differentiated Carcinoma (Metastatic or Cholangiocarcinoma) Selected References Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Cystadenocarcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Developmental Cysts Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct Selected References Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct (Ipnb) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Selected References Cholangiocarcinoma: Intrahepatic, Extrahepatic, And Hilar (Klatskin Tumor) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis HCC Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Selected References Gallbladder Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 7-22) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cholangiocarcinoma HCC Metastatic Tumors Selected References Hepatic Metastases Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Selected References Peliosis Hepatis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sinusoidal Dilation Hemangioma Selected References Hemangioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Peliosis Hepatis Angiosarcoma Juvenile Hemangioendothelioma Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Selected References Infantile Hemangioendothelioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Capillary Hemangioma So-Called Infantile Angiosarcoma Angiosarcoma Selected Reference Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Angiosarcoma Cholangiocarcinoma Metastatic Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Selected References Angiosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis HCC Cholangiocarcinoma Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Mesenchymal Hamartoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Bile Duct Adenoma Bile Duct Hamartoma Embryonal (Undifferentiated) Sarcoma Selected References Embryonal (Undifferentiated) Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pleomorphic Sarcoma (So-Called Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma) Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Sarcomas and Other Spindle Cell Neoplasms Anaplastic Small Cell Hepatoblastoma HCC with Sarcomatoid Differentiation Mesenchymal Hamartoma Selected References Chapter 8 Pancreas NONNEOPLASTIC ENTITIES CHRONIC PANCREATITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Ductal Adenocarcinoma Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor SELECTED REFERENCES PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas Selected References LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mature Cystic Teratoma (Dermoid Cyst) Epidermoid Cyst in Heterotopic Spleen Selected References NEOPLASMS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS SEROUS CYSTIC NEOPLASMS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Lymphangioma Selected References MUCINOUS CYSTIC NEOPLASMS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm Serous Cystic Neoplasm Pseudocyst Selected References INTRADUCTAL PAPILLARY MUCINOUS NEOPLASMS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) Selected References PANCREATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (PanIN) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma Selected References INVASIVE DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA AND ITS VARIANTS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Pancreatitis Acinar Cell Carcinoma Pancreatoblastoma Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastases to the Pancreas Selected References ACINAR CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pancreatoblastoma Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Ductal Adenocarcinoma Selected References PANCREATOBLASTOMAS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acinar Cell Carcinoma Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Selected References NEOPLASMS OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS WELL-DIFFERENTIATED PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Ductal Adenocarcinoma Acinar Cell Carcinoma Pancreatoblastoma Islet Aggregation in Chronic Pancreatitis Selected References HIGH-GRADE NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to the Pancreas Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Lymphoma Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET) and Other Round Blue Cell Tumors of Infancy and Childhood Selected References NEOPLASMS OF UNCERTAIN DIRECTION OF DIFFERENTIATION SOLID-PSEUDOPAPILLARY NEOPLASMS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Ductal Adenocarcinoma Acinar Cell Carcinoma Pancreatoblastoma Selected References METASTASES TO THE PANCREAS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ductal Adenocarcinoma Selected References Chapter 9 Adrenal Gland ADRENAL CORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON DISEASE) Clinical Features Primary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Secondary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Selected References ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Selected References ADRENAL CORTICAL ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 9-4 D-H) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma Selected References ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastasis Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Pheochromocytoma Selected References ADRENAL MEDULLARY HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Neuroblastoma Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Selected References GANGLIONEUROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neurofibroma Selected References GANGLIONEUROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma Selected References NEUROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis GNB Rhabdomyosarcoma Malignant Lymphoma Ewing Sarcoma Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Selected References PRIMARY MALIGNANT MELANOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pigmented Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Metastatic Melanoma Pigmented Pheochromocytoma Selected References MYELOLIPOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lipoma Adenolipoma Selected References ADRENAL CYSTS AND PSEUDOCYSTS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infections Myelolipoma Selected References METASTATIC TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Clear Cell) Selected References Chapter 10 Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Kidney URETER URETERITIS CYSTICA et GLANDULARIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Ureteritis Cystica Ureteritis Glandularis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Hyperplasia Von Brunn Nests Selected References UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA (TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Grading of Urothelial Carcinomas Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma High -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inverted Papilloma Fibroepithelial Polyp Selected References URINARY BLADDER INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS Malakoplakia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Xanthogranulomatous Cystitis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Selected References NONINFECTIOUS CYSTITIS (POLYPOID CYSTITIS, FOLLICULAR CYSTITIS, GIANT CELL CYSTITIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Polypoid Cystitis Follicular Cystitis Giant Cell Cystitis Histopathology Polypoid Cystitis Follicular Cystitis Giant Cell Cystitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Bacterial Cystitis Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Malignant Lymphoma Sarcoma Selected References TREATMENT-RELATED CYSTITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Granulomatous Cystitis Secondary to Bacillus Calmette -Guerin Therapy (BCG C ystitis) Radiation Cystitis Hemorrhagic Cystitis Histopathology BCG Cystitis Radiation Cystitis ( Figure 10-4) Hemorrhagic Cystitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Bacterial Cystitis Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ Selected References INTERSTITIAL (HUNNER) CYSTITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Nonulcerative or Early Disease Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Flat Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ (CIS) Bacterial Cystitis Noninfectious Cystitis Selected References CYSTITIS CYSTICA et GLANDULARIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Cystitis Cystica Cystitis Glandularis Histopathology Cystitis Cystica Cystitis Glandularis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant Adenocarcinoma Selected References NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic and Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Capillary Hemangioma Selected References FLAT UROTHELIAL LESIONS Urothelial Hyperplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Dysplasia Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ Selected References Urothelial Dysplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ Reactive Inflammatory Atypia Urothelial Atypia of Unknown Significance Selected References Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ (CIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Dysplasia Reactive Atypia Urothelial Atypia of Unknown Significance Radiation -Induced Atypia Polyoma Virus Infection Selected References PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL LESIONS Papillary Urothelial Hyperplasia Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Papilloma Selected References Urothelial Papilloma Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential (PUNLMP) Selected References Inverted Papilloma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Carcinoma Florid Proliferation of von Brunn Nests Selected References Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Noninvasive Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Urothelial Papilloma Selected References Noninvasive Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential Rare Mitotic Figures Selected References Noninvasive High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Selected References Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Urothelial Carcinoma Invading Lamina Propria (pT1) Urothelial Carcinoma Invading Muscularis Propria (pT2) Urothelial Carcinoma Invading A dipose Tissue and Surrounding Organs (pT3 and pT4) Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Histologic Variants Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Large Nested Variant Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Micropapillary Variant Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma -Like Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma (see Noninvasive Low- and High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinomas) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Polypoid Cystitis Florid von Brunn Nests Nephrogenic Adenoma Inverted Papilloma Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma with Inverted Growth Pattern Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lymphoma Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References VILLOUS ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well -Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Colon or Bladder Selected References ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Features Nonurachal Adenocarcinoma Urachal Adenocarcinoma Histopathology Urachal and Nonurachal Adenocarcinomas Urachal Adenocarcinomas Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystitis Cystica et Glandularis Nephrogenic Adenoma Endometriosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Squamous Papilloma Condyloma Selected References SMALL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma Malignant Lymphoma Selected References INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR (IMT)/INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcomatoid Urothelial Carcinoma /Carcinosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Selected References RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma) Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) Selected References CARCINOSARCOMA/SARCOMATOID CARCINOMA WITH/WITHOUT HETEROLOGOUS ELEMENTS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Urothelial Carcinoma Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor /Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule Malignant Spindle Cell Tumor, Including Leiomyosarcoma Selected References METASTATIC TUMORS AND SECONDARY EXTENSION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References KIDNEY RENAL DYSPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease (Autosomal Recessive) Medullary Cystic Disease (Autosomal Dominant) Medullary sponge kidney Selected References INFANTILE (AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dysplastic Kidney Medullary Cystic Disease Medullary Sponge Kidney Selected References ADULT (AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acquired Cystic Disease Selected References ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease Selected References XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Malakoplakia Selected References Angiomyolipoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Spindle Cell Tumors, Including Leiomyosarcoma Selected References EPITHELIOID ANGIOMYOLIPOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis High -Grade Carcinoma Selected References PAPILLARY ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low -Grade Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC) Metanephric Adenoma Selected References Metanephric Adenoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Differentiated Nephroblastoma (Epithelial Predominant Wilms tumor) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma, Solid Variant Selected References RENAL ONCOCYTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm Renal Oncocytosis Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Electron Microscopy Molecular Genetics Differential Diagnosis Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell (Tubulo) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Adrenocortical Carcinoma Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, PAPILLARY TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Adenoma Clear Cell (Tubulo) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Metanephric Adenoma Differentiated Nephroblastoma (Epithelial Predominant Wilms Tumor) RCC Associated with Xp11.2/TFE3 Translocation Collecting Duct Carcinoma Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CHROMOPHOBE TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Oncocytoma Selected References MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystic Nephroma RCC with Extensive Cystic Change Selected References COLLECTING DUCT CARCINOMA (CARCINOMA OF THE COLLECTING DUCTS OF BELLINI) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Histopathology Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Features Renal Medullary Carcinoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Collecting Duct Carcinoma Selected References MUCINOUS TUBULAR AND SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Collecting Duct Carcinoma Papillary RCC, Solid Variant Sarcomatoid RCC Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH XP11.2/TFE3 TRANSLOCATION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell RCC Papillary RCC Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH t(6;11)(p21;q12)/TFEB TRANSLOCATION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell RCC Papillary RCC Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, SARCOMATOID TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Renal Cell Carcinoma with Scar and Granulation Tissue Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma Primary Renal Sarcoma Selected References RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, UNCLASSIFIED TYPE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Renal Cellcarcinoma with Predominantly Sarcomatoid Differentiation Metastatic Carcinoma to the Kidney Selected References CYSTIC NEPHROMA (MULTILOCULAR CYST) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor (MEST) Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Cystic Renal Dysplasia Benign (Non-neoplastic) Renal Cysts Selected References MIXED EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL TUMOR OF THE KIDNEY (MEST) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 10-38) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystic Nephroma Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Selected References TUBULOCYSTIC CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cystic Nephroma Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Selected References CLEAR CELL (TUBULO) PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma RCC Associated with Xp11.2/TFE3 Translocation Selected References HEREDITARY LEIOMYOMATOSIS RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Tubulocystic Carcinoma Collecting Duct Carcinoma Selected References BIRT-HOGG-DUBÉ–ASSOCIATED RENAL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Oncocytoma Selected References SDH-RELATED CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Oncocytic Tumors Selected References ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE-ASSOCIATED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Oncocytoma Selected References RENOMEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOR/MEDULLARY FIBROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma Selected References JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELL TUMOR/RENIN-SECRETING TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Selected References NEPHROBLASTOMA (WILMS TUMOR) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Nuclear Anaplasia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neuroblastoma Synovial Sarcoma Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Rhabdoid Tumor Mesoblastic Nephroma Selected References NEPHROGENIC RESTS AND NEPHROBLASTOMATOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References CYSTIC PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATED NEPHROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Clear Cell Sarcoma Rhabdoid Tumor Selected References CLEAR CELL SARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Mesoblastic Nephroma Rhabdoid Tumor Selected References RHABDOID TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Mesoblastic Nephroma Selected References METASTATIC TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References KIDNEY: GLOMERULAR DISEASES PODOCYTOPATHIES Nonsclerosing Podocytopathies: Minimal Change Disease Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References Sclerosing Lesions: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Collapsing Glomerulopathy Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References COLLAGENOPATHIES Disorders of Collagen Type IV (Alport Disease, Thin Basement Membranes, and Benign Familiar Hematuria) Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References ENDOTHELIOPATHIES Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TMA) Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Differential Diagnosis Selected References ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DISEASES Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody [ANCA]–Mediated Small Vessel Vasculitis Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology ( Figure 10-51) Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) Disease Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References IMMUNE-COMPLEX MEDIATED GLOMERULOPATHIES AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS Membranous Glomerulopathy Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Electron Microscopy Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Infection-Mediated Disease Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References IgA-Related Nephropathies Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References COMPLEMENT-MEDIATED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND IMMUNE-COMPLEX MEDIATED MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MPGN) Immune-Complex Mediated MPGN (Type I and Type III) Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References C3 Glomerulopathies Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References AUTOIMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE Lupus Nephritis Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References COMMON AND UNCOMMON METABOLIC DISORDERS Diabetic Nephropathy Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Differential Diagnosis Selected References Fabry Disease Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References ORGANIZED DEPOSITS Amyloidosis Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References KIDNEY: TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES ISCHEMIA-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DAMAGE Acute Tubular Injury/Necrosis Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References NEPHROTOXIC AGENT-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS DRUG-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Differential Diagnosis Selected References TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY TUBULAR OBSTRUCTION Myeloma Cast Nephropathy Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References KIDNEY: VASCULAR DISEASES HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected References ATHEROMATOUS EMBOLI Clinical Features Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification Histopathology Special Stains Direct Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference Chapter 11 Chapter 11: Male Genitourinary System PROSTATE GLAND ACUTE AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma (Gleason Grades 8 to 10) Sarcoidosis Selected References INFARCTION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade Selected Reference HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Benign (Nodular) Prostatic Hyperplasia Basal Cell and Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Histopathology Benign (Nodular) Prostatic Hyperplasia Basal Cell Proliferations Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia Sclerosing Adenosis Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia versus Cribriform Adenocarcinoma Selected References EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA Clinical Features Urothelial and Transitional Cell Metaplasia Squamous Metaplasia Gross Pathology Histopathology Urothelial and Transitional Cell Metaplasia Squamous Metaplasia Mucinous Metaplasia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Transitional Cell Carcinoma Squamous and Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Selected References PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade Selected References ADENOCARCINOMA: ACINAR (CONVENTIONAL) AND DISTINCT SUBTYPES (COLLOID [MUCINOUS], SIGNET RING CELL, DUCTAL TYPE, FOAMY GLAND ... Clinical Features Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma Carcinosarcoma (Sarcomatoid) Gross Pathology Acinar (Conventional) Adenocarcinoma Colloid (Mucinous) Adenocarcinoma Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma Histopathology ( Figure 11-5) Acinar (Conventional) Adenocarcinoma Colloid (Mucinous) Adenocarcinoma Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma Foamy Gland Adenocarcinoma Pseudohyperplastic Adenocarcinoma Carcinosarcoma (Sarcomatoid) Atrophic -Type Adenocarcinoma Treated Adenocarcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sclerosing Adenosis Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia (Adenosis) High -Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) Glandular Atrophy and Partial Atrophy /Postatrophic Hyperplasia Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia versus Cribriform Adenocarcinoma Transitional Cell Carcinoma Additional Microscopic Mimics of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: Selected References ADENOID CYSTIC/BASAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma with Cribriform Spaces (Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Basal Cell Hyperplasia Sclerosing Adenosis Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Adenocarcinoma, Cribriform Type Selected References NEUROENDOCRINE (SMALL CELL) CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma from Bladder or Lung Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology ( Figure 11-6 A) Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Metaplasia Prostatic Primary Selected References PHYLLODES TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Stromal Hyperplasia Giant Multilocular Prostatic Cystadenoma Postoperative Spindle Cell Proliferation Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Prostate Leiomyoma or Leiomyosarcoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Selected References RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Alveolar, Botryoid, and Pleomorphic Patterns Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References LYMPHOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Prostatitis with Follicular Hyperplasia Granulomatous Prostatitis Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Selected References TESTIS CRYPTORCHIDISM Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS Differential Diagnosis Selected References TESTICULAR CYSTS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference HYDROCELE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Spermatocele Mesothelial Cyst Selected Reference ORCHITIS Clinical Features Viral Orchitis Bacterial Orchitis Granulomatous Orchitis Gross Pathology Histopathology Viral Orchitis Bacterial Orchitis Syphilitic Orchitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infectious Granulomatous Orchitis Noninfectious Granulomatous Orchitis ( Figure 11-10) Seminoma Malakoplakia Selected References MALAKOPLAKIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Idiopathic Granulomatous Orchitis Lymphoma Seminoma with Granulomatous Response Selected References TORSION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Germ Cell Tumor with Extensive Necrosis and Hemorrhage Selected References MALE INFERTILITY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References INTRATUBULAR GERM CELL NEOPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Germinal Epithelium with Maturation Arrest Selected References SEMINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Embryonal Carcinoma Yolk Sac Tumor Lymphoma Sertoli Cell Tumor Choriocarcinoma Selected References SPERMATOCYTIC SEMINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Classic Seminoma Selected References EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Seminoma Yolk Sac Tumor Choriocarcinoma Selected References YOLK SAC TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 11-18) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Seminoma Embryonal Carcinoma Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Selected References TERATOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dermoid Cyst Nondermoid Benign Teratoma Epidermoid Cyst Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Somatic -Type Malignancy (Carcinoma or Sarcoma) Selected References CHORIOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Containing Foci of Choriocarcinoma Seminoma Selected References LEYDIG CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leydig Cell Hyperplasia Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor Seminoma Selected References SERTOLI CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Seminoma Adenomatoid Tumor (versus Sclerosing Variant of Sertoli Cell Tumor) Testicular Well -Differentiated Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumor Leydig Cell Tumor (versus Large Cell Calcifying Variant of Sertoli Cell Tumor) Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome or Testicular Feminization Selected References GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Adult Type Juvenile Type Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Carcinoid Tumor Yolk Sac Tumor Selected References GONADOBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sertoli Cell Nodule with Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Selected Reference LYMPHOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Seminoma Chronic Orchitis Selected References PARATESTICULAR ADNEXA AND SPERMATIC CORD EPIDIDYMITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference CYSTS OF TESTICULAR ADNEXA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference LIPOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well -Differentiated Liposarcoma Selected Reference ADENOMATOID TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma Sclerosing Sertoli Cell Tumor Adenocarcinoma of the Rete Testis Malignant Mesothelioma Selected Reference PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA OF THE EPIDIDYMIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Carcinoma Selected Reference FIBROUS PSEUDOTUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Spindle Cell Mesothelioma Idiopathic Fibromatosis Sarcoma Leiomyoma and Neurofibroma Selected References LEIOMYOMA AND LEIOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Gross Pathology Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Histopathology Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low -Grade Leiomyosarcoma versus Leiomyoma Fibrous Mesothelioma Liposarcoma with Smooth Muscle Dedifferentiation Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Spindle Cell Type Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia of Testicular Adnexa Selected Reference LIPOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lipoma Sclerosing Lipogranuloma Selected References RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA OF THE TUNICA VAGINALIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Reactive Mesothelial Proliferation Florid Atypical Mesothelial Hyperplasia Adenocarcinoma, Metastatic or Primary Selected References SEMINAL VESICLE CARCINOMA OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Urinary Bladder Adenocarcinoma Transitional Cell Carcinoma Selected References URETHRA URETHRAL POLYPS FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYP Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology CARUNCLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma PROSTATIC URETHRAL POLYP Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference CARCINOMA OF THE URETHRA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PERIURETHRAL GLANDS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Mucinous Tumors Clear Cell Carcinoma Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prostatic or Urothelial Adenocarcinoma Selected References PENIS PENILE FIBROMATOSIS (PEYRONIE DISEASE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lichen Simplex Chronicus Lichen Planus Plasma Cell (Zoon) Balanitis (Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis) Selected References CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (GENITAL WART) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Verrucous Carcinoma Selected References PENILE CARCINOMA IN SITU: ERYTHROPLASIA OF QUEYRAT Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Bowen Disease Bowenoid Papulosis PENILE CARCINOMA IN SITU: BOWEN DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Erythroplasia of Queyrat Bowenoid Papulosis Selected Reference BOWENOID PAPULOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Verrucous Carcinoma Penile Sarcomas Selected References VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Condyloma Acuminatum and Giant Condyloma of Buschke -L öwenstein Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Hybrid Tumors Selected Reference PENILE SARCOMA General Features KAPOSI SARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology EPITHELIOID HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated or Metastatic Carcinoma LEIOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis FIBROSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyosarcoma Spindle Cell Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferative (Early) Phase of Fibromatosis (Peyronie Disease) EPITHELIOID SARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ulcerating Infiltrating Squamous Cell Carcinoma Ulcerating Granulomatous Reactions Selected Reference SCROTUM IDIOPATHIC SCROTAL CALCINOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Calcification of Preexisting Epidermal or Pilar Cyst Selected Reference PAGET DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Melanoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 12 Chapter 12: Female Reproductive System VULVA LICHEN SCLEROSUS (CHRONIC ATROPHIC VULVITIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lichen Planus Selected References LICHEN SIMPLEX CHRONICUS (SQUAMOUS CELL HYPERPLASIA, HYPERPLASTIC DYSTROPHY) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References LICHEN PLANUS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lichen Sclerosus Lichen Simplex Chronicus Selected References VULVAR CYSTS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Bartholin Duct Cyst Mucinous Cyst Mesonephric -Like Cyst Ciliated Cyst Mesothelial Cyst Periurethral Cyst Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ciliated Cyst versus Endometriosis Selected References PAPILLARY HIDRADENOMA (HIDRADENOMA PAPILLIFERUM) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma Other Skin and Skin Adnexal Tumors Selected References HERPES VIRUS INFECTION Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia [VIN] 2-3) Squamous Cell Hyperplasia and Lichen Simplex Chronicus Squamous Papilloma Selected References VULVAR INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (VIN) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology VIN 1 (Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) VIN 2 and 3 (High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Paget Disease Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma Basaloid Carcinoma Verrucous Carcinoma Warty (Condylomatous) Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Basal Cell Carcinoma: As per Basal Cell Carcinoma of Skin Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma Epithelioid Sarcoma Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References MALIGNANT MELANOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Paget Disease High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (VIN 3) Selected References BARTHOLIN GLAND CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma versus Primary Bartholin Gland Tumor Skin Adnexal Adenocarcinoma versus Bartholin Gland Adenocarcinoma Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma versus Bartholin Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References EXTRAMAMMARY PAGET DISEASE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis VIN Superficial Spreading Malignant Melanoma Selected References GRANULAR CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma, Neurofibroma, and Dermatofibroma Selected References ANGIOMYOFIBROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Aggressive Angiomyxoma Selected References Aggressive Angiomyxoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Superficial Angiomyxoma (Cutaneous Myxoma) Angiomyofibroblastoma Selected References LEIOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Aggressive Angiomyxoma Selected References OTHER SARCOMAS Selected References VAGINA VAGINAL POLYP (FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYP, MESODERMAL STROMAL POLYP) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcoma Botryoides Selected References SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Condyloma Acuminatum Vaginal (Fibroepithelial) Polyp Selected Reference VAGINAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (VAIN) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology VAIN 1 (Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) VAIN 2 and VAIN 3 (High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Atrophy Immature Squamous Metaplasia Radiation Change Reactive Atypia Selected References SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References VAGINAL ADENOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Clear Cell Carcinoma from the Ovary Metastatic Renal Cell or Adrenal Carcinoma Selected References RHABDOMYOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Sarcoma Botryoides) Selected References EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (SARCOMA BOTRYOIDES) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis M üllerian Papilloma Vaginal Polyp (Mesodermal Stromal Polyp) Rhabdomyoma Selected References OTHER SARCOMAS CERVIX ENDOCERVICAL POLYP Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Microglandular Adenosis (Hyperplasia) Papillary Adenofibroma Selected References MICROGLANDULAR HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell and Classic Cervical Adenocarcinoma Selected References SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (SIL) OR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) AND CARCINOMA IN SITU Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LGSIL; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia [CIN] 1) ( Figures 12- ... High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HGSIL; CIN 2 or 3 and CIS) ( Figures 12-23 B,C,D) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Atrophy Immature Squamous Metaplasia Reactive Atypia Microinvasive Carcinoma versus HGSIL (CIN 3/CIS) with Gland Involvement Selected References INVASIVE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ( Figure 12-24 A-H) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Metaplasia with Gland Involvement Glassy Cell Carcinoma Small Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU (AIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Glandular Atypia Microinvasive Adenocarcinoma Invasive Adenocarcinoma Microglandular Hyperplasia Tubal Metaplasia Endometriosis Selected References INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA ( Figure 12-26 A-F) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Microglandular Hyperplasia Adenocarcinoma in Situ Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Direct Extension of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Selected References ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Direct Extension of Adenocarcinoma of Endometrium Endocervical Carcinoma with Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected Reference NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated, Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma Selected References METASTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma versus Primary Cervical Carcinoma Selected References UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM ACUTE ENDOMETRITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Menstruation Selected References CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometrial Hyperplasia Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Selected References ENDOMETRIAL POLYP ( Figure 12-29 A-D) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometrial Hyperplasia Polypoid Adenocarcinoma Adenofibroma Adenosarcoma Selected References ATYPICAL POLYPOID ADENOMYOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometrial Hyperplasia Infiltrating Carcinoma Metaplastic Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma) Selected References ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA ( Figure 12-31 A-D) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Proliferative Endometrium Endometrial Polyp Cystic Atrophy Chronic Endometritis Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Selected References ENDOMETRIAL INTRAEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA (EIC) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Serous Carcinoma Eosinophilic and Hobnail Metaplasia Tubal Metaplasia Selected References Endometrial Carcinoma ( Figure 12-32 A-J) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Squamous Differentiation Villoglandular Adenocarcinoma Secretory Adenocarcinoma Ciliated Carcinoma Serous Carcinoma Clear Cell Carcinoma Other Rare Variants, Including Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mixed Carcinoma Undifferentiated Carcinomas Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometrial Hyperplasia Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma Selected References ADENOFIBROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenosarcoma Selected References ADENOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenofibroma Carcinosarcoma (Metaplastic Carcinoma) Homologous Sarcoma Selected References CARCINOSARCOMA (METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA MALIGNANT MIXED MESODERMAL TUMOR) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated Endometrial Carcinoma Adenosarcoma Selected References ADENOMYOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Normal Endometrium That Is Cut Tangentially Endometrial Carcinoma Involving Adenomyosis Invasive Adenocarcinoma Stromal Tumor Adenomatoid Tumor MYOMETRIUM Selected Reference LEIOMYOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyosarcoma Stromal Nodule Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma Selected References LEIOMYOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mitotically Active Leiomyoma High -Grade Stromal Sarcoma (Undifferentiated Sarcoma) Metaplastic Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma) Selected References STROMAL NODULE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma Hemangiopericytoma Selected References LOW-GRADE ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL SARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Stromal Nodule High -Grade Stromal Sarcoma Hemangiopericytoma Intravenous Leiomyomatosis Metaplastic Carcinoma versus Low -Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma with Prominent Epithelioid Elements Adenosarcoma Selected References HIGH-GRADE ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL SARCOMA (UNDIFFERENTIATED SARCOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma Undifferentiated Endometrial Sarcoma Metaplastic Carcinoma Leiomyosarcoma Adenosarcoma Other Sarcomas ( e.g., Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Osteosarcoma) Poorly Differentiated Endometrial Carcinoma Selected References ENDOSALPINGIOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Extraovarian Serous Cystadenoma Selected Reference OVARY MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS FOLLICULAR CYST AND CORPUS LUTEUM CYST Clinical Features Follicular Cysts Corpus Luteum Cysts Gross Pathology Histopathology Follicular Cyst Corpus Luteum Cyst Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References HYPERREACTIO LUTEINALIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Large, Solitary Luteinized Follicle Cyst of Pregnancy and Puerperium Selected References POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ( Figure 12-41 A,B) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pregnancy Stromal Hyperthecosis Selected References STROMAL HYPERPLASIA AND HYPERTHECOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Luteinized Thecoma versus Stromal Hyperthecosis Fibroma versus Stromal Hyperplasia Low -Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma versus Stromal Hyperplasia Selected References MASSIVE EDEMA AND FIBROMATOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Massive Edema Fibromatosis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Edematous Fibroma versus Massive Edema Fibroma versus Fibromatosis Selected References PREGNANCY LUTEOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Luteinized Thecoma Lipid -Poor Steroid Cell Tumor Selected References ENDOMETRIOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometrioid Cystadenoma Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum Cyst versus Endometriosis Selected References SURFACE EPITHELIAL-STROMAL TUMORS SEROUS TUMORS BENIGN SEROUS TUMORS ( Figure 12-45 A-C) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelial Inclusion Cyst versus Small Serous Cystadenoma Follicle Cyst versus Serous Cystadenoma Struma Ovarii versus Serous Cystadenoma Rete Cystadenoma versus Serous Cystadenoma Selected Reference ATYPICAL PROLIFERATIVE SEROUS TUMOR (SEROUS BORDERLINE TUMOR) ( Figure 12-45 D-E) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endocervical -Like Borderline Mucinous Tumor versus Mucin -Secreting Borderline Serous Tumor Retiform Sertoli -Leydig Cell Tumor (SLCT) Selected References SEROUS CARCINOMA Low Grade (Micropapillary or psammomatous) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology HIGH GRADE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Clear Cell Carcinoma versus Papillary Serous Carcinoma Endometrioid Carcinoma versus Poorly Differentiated Serous Carcinoma Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor (AGCT) versus Solid Serous Carcinoma Retiform SLCT Selected References MUCINOUS TUMORS BENIGN MUCINOUS TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Serous Cystadenoma Heterologous SLCT Mucinous Carcinoid Tumor versus Epithelial Mucinous Tumor Selected References ATYPICAL PROLIFERATIVE MUCINOUS TUMOR (MUCINOUS BORDERLINE TUMOR) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Heterologous SLCT Selected References MUCINOUS CARCINOMA (MALIGNANT MUCINOUS TUMOR) ( Figure 12-46 E-G) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Serous and Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas Heterologous SLCT Krukenberg Tumor Selected References ENDOMETRIOID TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Atypical Proliferative Endometrioid Tumor (Endometrioid Borderline Tumor) Malignant Endometrioid Tumor (Endometrioid Carcinoma) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Poorly Differentiated Serous Carcinoma versus Endometrioid Carcinoma Mucinous Carcinoma versus Endometrioid Carcinoma SLCTversus Endometrioid Carcinoma Malignant Mixed M üllerian Tumor versus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Selected References CLEAR CELL TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Benign Clear Cell Tumor Atypical Proliferative Clear Cell Tumor (Clear Cell Borderline Tumor) Clear Cell Carcinoma (Malignant Clear Cell Tumor) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dysgerminoma Yolk Sac Tumor (YST) Selected References TRANSITIONAL CELL TUMORS (BRENNER TUMORS) ( Figure 12-49 A-C) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Benign Transitional Cell Tumor (Benign Brenner Tumor) Atypical Proliferative Transitional Transitional Cell Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Cystadenoma Poorly Differentiated and Undifferentiated Surface Epithelial Carcinoma Selected References MALIGNANT MIXED MÜLLERIAN TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Immature Teratoma SLCT Adenosarcoma Selected References SEX CORD–STROMAL TUMORS FIBROMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thecoma Massive Edema and Fibromatosis Selected References THECOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibroma Steroid Cell Tumor Stromal Hyperthecosis Pregnancy Luteoma Selected References ADULT GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Undifferentiated Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma Thecoma, Cellular Fibroma, and Fibrosarcoma Carcinoid Tumor Hypercalcemic Small Cell Carcinoma Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma Selected References JUVENILE GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor YST, Embryonal Carcinoma Thecoma Hypercalcemic Small Cell Carcinoma Selected References SCLEROSING STROMAL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thecoma versus Fibroma Selected References SERTOLI CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sertoli-leydig Cell Tumor Carcinoid Tumor Selected References SERTOLI-LEYDIG CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Tumors Endometrioid Carcinoma Malignant Mixed M üllerian Tumor Selected References SEX CORD TUMOR WITH ANNULAR TUBULES Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gonadoblastoma Selected References GYNANDROBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granulosa Cell Tumor Sertoli Tumor or Sertoli -Leydig Tumor Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules Selected References STROMAL LUTEOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Stromal Hyperthecosis Selected References LEYDIG CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis SLCT Selected References GERM CELL TUMORS MATURE CYSTIC TERATOMA (DERMOID CYST) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Immature Teratoma Selected References MATURE SOLID TERATOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Immature Teratoma Selected References DYSGERMINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Solid Yolk Sac Tumor Embryonal Carcinoma Diffuse Clear Cell Carcinoma Lymphoma Selected References YOLK SAC TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Carcinoma Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Hepatoid Carcinoma Dysgerminoma Selected References EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dysgerminoma YST Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Selected References POLYEMBRYOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Retiform SLCT Selected References Choriocarcinoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Embryonal Carcinoma Dysgerminoma YST Poorly Differentiated Surface Epithelial Tumors Selected References IMMATURE TERATOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mature Solid Teratoma Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) Selected References MONODERMAL TERATOMAS: STRUMA OVARII Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucinous Cystic Tumor Serous Cystadenoma Steroid Cell Tumors Sertoli Cell Tumor Selected References MONODERMAL TERATOMAS: CARCINOID TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granulosa Cell Tumor (Microfollicular Pattern) Selected References MIXED MALIGNANT GERM CELL TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gynandroblastoma Gonadoblastoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References OTHER TUMORS GONADOBLASTOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dysgerminoma Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules Selected References HYPERCALCEMIC SMALL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granulosa Cell Tumor (Adult) Lymphoma Selected References METASTATIC TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma versus Krukenberg Tumor Selected References FALLOPIAN TUBE ACUTE AND CHRONIC SALPINGITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ectopic Pregnancy Selected References TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS ENDOMETRIOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Physiologic Extension of Endometrial Tissue into the Fallopian Tube Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected Reference SALPINGITIS ISTHMICA NODOSA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Endometriosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Missed Abortion of Intrauterine Pregnancy Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PST; PSTT) Selected References BENIGN TUMORS ADENOMATOID TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphangioma Leiomyoma Malignant Mesothelioma Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Invasive Primary Adenocarcinoma Selected Reference OTHER BENIGN TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adenomatous Hyperplasia Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Selected References MALIGNANT TUMORS CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma Benign Tubal Epithelial Tumors Selected References SARCOMAS AND MIXED TUMORS Selected References METASTATIC TUMORS Selected Reference GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE EXAGGERATED PLACENTAL SITE (EXAGGERATED IMPLANTATION SITE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Placental Site Nodule Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PST; PSTT) Choriocarcinoma Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor Selected References PLACENTAL SITE NODULE (PLACENTAL SITE PLAQUE; INVOLUTING IMPLANTATION SITE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis PSTT (PST) Selected Reference HYDATIDIFORM MOLE: COMPLETE MOLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Partial Mole Early Nonmolar Pregnancy Choriocarcinoma PSTT (PST) Selected References HYDATIDIFORM MOLE: PARTIAL MOLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Complete Mole Early Nonmolar Pregnancy Selected References INVASIVE HYDATIDIFORM MOLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Noninvasive Hydatidiform Mole Placenta Accreta, Increta, or Percreta Choriocarcinoma Selected References GESTATIONAL CHORIOCARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 12-77 A,B) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Early Nonmolar Pregnancy Hydatidiform Mole Invasive Mole PSTT (PST) Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor Selected References PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR (PSTT; PST) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Exaggerated Placental Site Placental Site Nodules and Plaques Choriocarcinoma Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma Selected References Chapter 13 Chapter 13: Breast SUBAREOLAR ABSCESS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Plasma Cell Mastitis Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis Selected References PLASMA CELL MASTITIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis Tuberculous Mastitis Selected References GRANULOMATOUS LOBAR MASTITIS (GRANULOMATOUS MASTITIS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Plasma Cell Mastitis Tuberculous Mastitis Breast Abscess Sarcoidosis Cat Scratch Disease Selected References FAT NECROSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Granular Cell Tumor Selected References DIABETIC MASTOPATHY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis Breast Abscess Fibrocystic Change Selected References JUVENILE OR VIRGINAL HYPERTROPHY Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Juvenile Fibroadenoma Selected References GRANULAR CELL TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Histiocytic Lesions, Including Fat Necrosis and Mammary Duct Ectasia Apocrine Carcinoma Metastatic Neoplasms, Including Oncocytic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, and Alveolar Soft Part Sar ... Selected References Fibrocystic Changes Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figures 13-8, 13-9 and 13-10) Cyst Formation Stromal Fibrosis Apocrine Metaplasia Sclerosing Adenosis Epithelial Hyperplasia without Atypia (Usual Ductal Hyperplasia) Columnar Cell Lesions (CCLs) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibromatosis Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) or Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) Selected References ADENOSIS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 13-11) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Tubular Carcinoma Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma Selected References RADIAL SCLEROSING LESION AND RADIAL SCAR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Tubular Carcinoma Selected References INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA (SOLITARY AND MULTIPLE) Clinical Features Solitary Papilloma Multiple Papillomas Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary DCIS Encapsulated (Intracystic) Papillary Carcinoma and Noninvasive Papillary Carcinoma Selected References FLORID PAPILLOMATOSIS OF THE NIPPLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Paget Disease DCISor Invasive Carcinoma Selected References PSEUDOANGIOMATOUS STROMAL HYPERPLASIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Low -Grade Angiosarcoma Selected References ADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Tubular Adenoma Lactating Adenoma Apocrine Adenoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Tubular Carcinoma Selected References FIBROADENOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Tubular Carcinoma Phyllodes Tumor Tubular Adenoma Selected References PHYLLODES TUMOR Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Juvenile Fibroadenoma Carcinosarcoma Selected References ATYPICAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA AND DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ADH DCIS (Several Well -Recognized Variants Exist) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis ADH Versus Intraductal Carcinoma Invasive Ductal Carcinoma LCIS Selected References ATYPICAL LOBULAR HYPERPLASIA AND LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ALH) LCIS Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis DCIS Involving Lobules Selected References INFILTRATING DUCTAL CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Tubular Carcinoma Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma Radial Scar Sclerosing Adenosis Selected References INFILTRATING LOBULAR CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sclerosing Adenosis Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Malignant Lymphoma Selected References TRIPLE NEGATIVE CARCINOMAS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References MEDULLARY CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Selected References MUCINOUS (COLLOID) CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mucocele -Like Tumor Mixed Mucinous Carcinoma Metastatic Mucinous Ovarian or Pancreatic Carcinoma Selected References TUBULAR CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sclerosing Adenosis Microglandular Adenosis Mixed Tumors (Tubulolobular or Ductal Carcinoma with Tubular Features) Selected References PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (INTRADUCTAL, INTRACYSTIC, ENCAPSULATED, AND INVASIVE) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Papilloma Versus Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma Invasive Papillary Carcinoma Selected References METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Adenosquamous Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Selected References SECRETORY CARCINOMA (JUVENILE CARCINOMA) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lactating Adenoma Secretory Changes Selected References APOCRINE CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sclerosing Adenosis with Apocrine Metaplasia Selected References ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma Cylindroma Selected References INFLAMMATORY CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Melanoma Bowen Disease (Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ) Clear Cell Change of Keratinocytes Selected References HEMANGIOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low -Grade Angiosarcoma Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia (PASH) Selected References ANGIOSARCOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma PASH Selected References POSTMASTECTOMY ANGIOSARCOMA (STEWART-TREVES SYNDROME) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Postirradiation Angiosarcoma Kaposi Sarcoma Reactive Vascular Proliferation Associated with Chronic Lymphedema Selected References GYNECOMASTIA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 13-37) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Intraductal Carcinoma Selected References MALE BREAST CARCINOMA Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma Selected References METASTATIC TUMORS Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Ovarian Carcinoma Selected References Chapter 14 Chapter 14: Lymph Nodes Normal Lymph Node Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia Autoimmune Disease Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-1) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Syphilis Early Viral Infection Toxoplasma Lymphadenitis IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy Follicular Lymphoma Marginal Zone Lymphoma Plasma Cell Neoplasm in Lymph Node Selected References Cytomegalovirus Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Toxoplasma Lymphadenitis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Small B-Cell Lymphoma Selected References TOXOPLASMOSIS Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-3 A) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia HIV Lymphadenitis Leishmaniasis Cat Scratch Disease Sarcoidosis Selected References HIV-Related Lymphadenopathy Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Infectious Mononucleosis Follicular Lymphoma Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma Castleman Disease Kaposi Sarcoma Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare Infection Selected References Kimura Disease Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Angiofollicular Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Parasitic Infection Drug -Related Lymphadenopathy Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Selected References IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Castleman Disease Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers Inflammatory Pseudotumor Small B-Cell Lymphoma with Plasmacytic Differentiation Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma Selected References Progressive Transformation Of Germinal Centers (PTGC) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nodular Lymphocyte -Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy Selected References Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma CMV Lymphadenitis HIV-Associated Lymphadenopathy (Early Phase) Selected References Herpes Simplex Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis (Kikuchi Disease) Cat Scratch Disease Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Selected References Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Mycosis Fungoides Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Nonspecific Paracortical Hyperplasia Selected References Drug-Related Lymphadenopathy Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Nonspecific Paracortical Hyperplasia Selected References Sinus Histiocytosis Rosai-Dorfman Disease Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Sinus Histiocytosis Lymph Nodes Draining Prosthetic Implants Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Metastatic Melanoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Whipple Disease Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Sinus Histiocytosis Atypical Mycobacterial Infection Sarcoidosis Lymphadenopathy due to Deposition of Exogenous Material Lymphadenopathy due to Deposition of Endogenous Lipid Material Selected References Necrotizing Lymphadenitis Kikuchi Disease Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-14 Aand B) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Herpes or CMV Lymphadenitis Kawasaki Disease Fungal Lymphadenitis Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Cat Scratch Disease Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Granulomatous Lymphadenitis Tuberculosis Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-15) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcoidosis Fungal Lymphadenitis Foreign -Body Type Granuloma Kikuchi Disease Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Atypical Mycobacterial Infection And Leprosy Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References CAT SCRATCH DISEASE Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis Other Infectious Necrotizing Lymphadenitis Mycobacterial and Fungal Lymphadenitis Kikuchi Disease Lymphoma Selected References SARCOIDOSIS Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Fungal Lymphadenitis Cat Scratch Disease Brucellosis Whipple Disease Syphilis Foreign -Body Type Granulomas Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References CASTLEMAN DISEASE Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References SMALL B-CELL NEOPLASMS SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA/CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (SLL/CLL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Marginal Zone Lymphoma Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Selected References FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (FL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia Mantle Cell Lymphoma Marginal Zone Lymphoma CLL/SLL Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Selected References MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis CLL/SLL Follicular Lymphoma Marginal Zone Lymphoma Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Selected References NODAL MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA (MZL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Lymph Node with Monocytoid B-Cell Hyperplasia CLL/SLL Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL) Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Selected References LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC LYMPHOMA (LPL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Marginal Zone Lymphoma Plasmacytoma CLL/SLL Mantle Cell Lymphoma Selected References DIFFUSE AGGRESSIVE B-CELL LYMPHOMA DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Lymph Node with Immunoblastic Proliferation Small B-Cell Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Blastoid, and Pleomorphic Variants Burkitt Lymphoma Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL) Metastatic Neoplasm Myeloid Sarcoma Selected References LYMPHOBLASTIC LYMPHOMA (LBL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma Thymoma Metastatic Neoplasm Myeloid Sarcoma Indolent T-Lymphoblastic Proliferation Selected References BURKITT LYMPHOMA (BL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Metastatic Neoplasm Myeloid Sarcoma Selected References B-CELL LYMPHOMA, UNCLASSIFIABLE, WITH FEATURES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN DLBCL AND BURKITT LYMPHOMA (BCLU) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma Follicular Lymphoma (FL) Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) Selected References PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA (AITL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Peripheral T- cell Lymphomas Not Otherwise Specified (PTCL-NOS) Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma DLBCL Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia Selected References ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA (ALCL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma DLBCL PTCL, NOS Myeloid Sarcoma Metastatic Neoplasm Selected References PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA, NOS Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL) DLBCL Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia Angioimmunoblastic T- cell Lymphoma Anaplastic T-Cell Lymphoma Selected References HODGKIN LYMPHOMA NODULAR LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINANT HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (NLPHL) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers (PTGC) Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Lymphocyte -Rich Type T Cell /Histiocyte -Rich Large B-Cell (THRLBCL) Selected References CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, NODULAR SCLEROSIS TYPE (CHL, NS) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Mixed Cellularity Type Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL) Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) Reactive Lymph Node Selected References CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, MIXED CELLULARITY TYPE (CHL, MC) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosis Type T Cell /Histiocyte -Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma (THRLBCL) Selected References CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, LYMPHOCYTE-RICH TYPE (CHL, LR) Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-35) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nodular Lymphocyte -Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) Follicular Lymphoma Selected References NONLYMPHOID DISORDERS OF LYMPH NODES LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rosai -Dorfman Disease Sinus Histiocytosis Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis Selected References KAPOSI SARCOMA (KS) Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-37) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Angiosarcoma Vascular Transformation of Lymph Node Selected References EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS (EMH) Clinical Features Histopathology ( Figure 14-38) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myeloid Sarcoma Metastatic Carcinoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References MYELOID SARCOMA (MS) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, NOS Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Metastatic Neoplasm Selected References MAST CELL DISEASE Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Monocytoid B Cells (in Reactive Hyperplasia or Marginal Zone Lymphoma) Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Follicular Hyperplasia and Follicular Lymphoma Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Sinus Histiocytosis Selected References Chapter 15 Chapter 15: Spleen Non-Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic White Pulp Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia with Germinal Center Formation Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Follicular, Mantle Cell, and Marginal Zone Lymphomas Selected References Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia without Germinal Center Formation Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), Immunoblastic Variant Hodgkin Lymphoma Selected References Castleman Disease (Angiofollicular Hyperplasia) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-4) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Castleman Disease, Plasma Cell Type Selected References Common Variable Immunodeficiency Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Lymphoproliferative Disorders Selected References Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphoproliferative Disorder Selected References Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic White Pulp Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (SMZL) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis (also see Table 15-1) Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma Hairy Cell Leukemia T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma Selected References Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (Waldenström Macroglobulinemia) Prolymphocytic Leukemia Selected References Prolymphocytic Leukemia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis CLL/SLL Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Selected References Mantle Cell Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis CLL/SLL Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Selected References Follicular Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-9) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia Castleman Disease Mantle Cell Lymphoma Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Selected References Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hodgkin Lymphoma Inflammatory Pseudotumor (IPT) Selected References Hodgkin Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-11) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis DLBCL Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Inflammatory Pseudotumor Splenic Hamartoma Metastatic Carcinoma or Melanoma Selected References Non-Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic Red Pulp Gaucher Disease and Other Storage Disorders Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Hematologic Diseases Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-14) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphoid Infiltrate in Red Pulp Acute Leukemia Selected References Hereditary Spherocytosis Clinical Features Prominent Splenomegaly and Anemia Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Sickle Cell Disease and Variants Fibrocongestive Splenomegaly Selected References Sickle Cell Disease and Variants Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-16 B,C) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Splenic Infarcts Hereditary Spherocytosis Malaria Selected References Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-17) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis ITP Congestive Splenomegaly Hereditary Spherocytosis Selected References Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-18) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia Selected References Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic Red Pulp Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma (SDRPBCL) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Studies and Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (see Table 15-1) Hairy Cell Leukemia-Variant (HCL-v) Hairy Cell Leukemia Selected References Hairy Cell Leukemia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma CLL/SLL Mastocytosis Myeloid Leukemias Selected References Hairy Cell Leukemia-Variant Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Splenic Diffuse red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma Classical Hairy Cell Leukemia Selected References Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-22) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis (see also Table 15-3) CLL/SLL Hairy Cell Leukemia Prolymphocytic Leukemia Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (LGL) Selected References Systemic Mastocytosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hairy Cell Leukemia Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Selected References Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Reactive Splenic Red Pulp Hyperplasia Acute Leukemia Selected References Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Disseminated Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG) Gaucher Disease (and Other Lysosomal Storage Diseases) Hemophagocytic Syndromes Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Particularly Acute Monoblastic Leukemia Histiocytic Sarcoma (Malignant Histiocytosis) Selected References Vascular Tumors Splenic Hemangioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-25B) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cord Capillary Hemangioma Hematoma Peliosis Littoral Cell Angioma Hemangioendothelioma Angiosarcoma Splenic Hamartoma Lymphangioma Selected Reference Littoral Cell Angioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Splenic Hamartoma Hemangioendothelioma Angiosarcoma Selected References Splenic Angiosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Hemangioendothelioma Hemangiopericytoma Kaposi Sarcoma Bacillary Angiomatosis Metastatic Melanoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Cysts And Pseudotumoral Lesions Epidermoid Cyst (True Cysts) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pseudocyst Parasitic (Echinococcal) Cyst Pseudocyst Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Cyst Parasitic Cyst Parasitic (Echinococcal) Cyst Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Cyst (see “Epidermoid Cyst [True Cysts]”) Pseudocyst Selected References Splenic Hamartoma (Splenoma) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-29 B,C) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Littoral Cell Angioma Inflammatory Pseudotumor Selected References Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Spleen Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-30) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Splenic Hamartoma Castleman Disease Hodgkin Lymphoma Plasmacytoma Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma (versus IPT-Like Follicular Dendritic Cell Tumor of the Spleen) Mycobacterial Pseudotumor Bacillary Angiomatosis Selected References Circulatory Abnormalities Congestive Splenomegaly Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leukemic Infiltration Lymphoma Myelofibrosis or Other Myeloproliferative Disorders Peliosis Selected References Vasculitides Polyarteritis Nodosa, Hypersensitivity Angiitis (Churg-Strauss Disease), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Polyarteritis Nodosa Hypersensitivity Angiitis (Churg-Strauss Disease) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Thromboemboli Postmortem Clot Amyloidosis Selected References Viral And Other Nongranulomatous Infections Infectious Mononucleosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Large Cell Lymphoma or T-Cell/Histiocyte-Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma Hodgkin Lymphoma Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia Not Related to EBV Infection Selected References Cytomegalovirus Infection Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Abscess Infarct Selected Reference Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-35) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lepromatous Leprosy Histoplasmosis Gaucher Disease (and Other Metabolic Storage Diseases) Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Pneumocystis Carinii Malaria Selected References Malaria Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Acute Phase Chronic Phase Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leishmaniasis Hemochromatosis Formalin Pigment Selected References Pyogenic Bacterial Infections (Abscess) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Splenic Infarct Hodgkin Lymphoma Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Selected Reference Granulomatous Diseases Sarcoidosis, Miliary Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Lipogranulomas Clinical Features Sarcoidosis Miliary Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Lipogranulomas Gross Pathology Sarcoidosis Miliary Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Lipogranulomas Histopathology Sarcoidosis Miliary Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Lipogranulomas Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected Reference Other Conditions Amyloidosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 15-37) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Castleman Disease, Hyaline-Vascular Type Infarct Granulomas Hyalinosis Selected References Hematoma and Traumatic Rupture Clinical Features Gross Pathology Hematoma Rupture Histopathology Hematoma Rupture Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Spontaneous Rupture Infarct Splenic Cyst Hemangioma and Other Vascular Tumors Selected References Chapter 16 Chapter 16: Bones and Joints Osteoid Tumors Osteoma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteoblastoma Parosteal Osteosarcoma Selected References Osteoid Osteoma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteomyelitis and Bone Abscesses Osteoblastoma Osteosarcoma Stress Fracture Selected References Osteoblastoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteoid Osteoma Giant Cell Tumor Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma Selected References Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fracture Callus Osteomyelitis Osteoblastoma Giant Cell Tumor Chondrosarcoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Fibrosarcoma Small Cell Tumors (Ewing Sarcoma /PNET, Lymphoma, Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma) Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Conventional Osteosarcoma Selected References Parosteal Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques in Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteochondroma Myositis Ossificans High - Grade Surface Osteosarcoma Periosteal Osteosarcoma Selected References Periosteal Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis P eriosteal C hondroma P eriosteal C hondrosarcoma P arosteal O steosarcoma C onventional I ntramedullary O steosarcoma H igh -G rade S urface O steosarcoma Selected References High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dedifferentiated Parosteal Osteosarcoma Parosteal Osteosarcoma Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma Selected References Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrous Dysplasia Desmoplastic Fibroma Osteoblastoma Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma, Fibroblastic Variant Selected References Chondroid Tumors Osteochondroma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora Lesion) Chondrosarcoma Arising in an Osteochondroma Parosteal Osteosarcoma Selected References Enchondroma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prominent Costochondral Cartilage Fibrous Dysplasia with Chondroid Differentiation Low - Grade Chondrosarcoma Selected References Periosteal Chondroma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 16-9) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Juxtacortical Chondrosarcoma Periosteal Osteosarcoma Selected References Chondroblastoma Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chondromyxoid Fibroma Giant Cell Tumor Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Eosinophilic Granuloma) Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma Selected References Chondromyxoid Fibroma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 16-11) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chondroblastoma Medullary Chondrosarcoma Selected References Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma (Conventional) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Enchondroma Fracture Callus Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma (Osteosarcoma with Prominent Chondroblastic Differentiation) Selected References Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma High - Grade Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma Metastatic Sarcoma to Bone (Leiomyosarcoma, Angiosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma) Selected References Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma /PNET Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Formerly Hemangiopericytoma) Selected References Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chondroblastoma Osteoblastoma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Selected References Vascular Tumors Hemangioma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Angiosarcoma Selected References Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Angiosarcoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Formerly Hemangiopericytoma) Clinical Features Radiographic Findings Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Angiosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Fibro-Osseous, Histiocytic, And Giant Cell Lesions Fibrous Dysplasia Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteofibrous Dysplasia Desmoplastic Fibroma Low - Grade Intramedullary Osteosarcoma Selected References Osteofibrous Dysplasia (Ossifying Fibroma Of Long Bones) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrous Dysplasia Adamantinoma Well - Differentiated Intramedullary Osteosarcoma Selected References Nonossifying Fibroma (Fibrous Cortical Defect, Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Tumor Desmoplastic Fibroma Fibrous Dysplasia Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Desmoplastic Fibroma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low - Grade Fibrosarcoma Fibrous Dysplasia Selected References Fibrosarcoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Desmoplastic Fibroma Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Tumor Osteosarcoma Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Selected References Giant Cell Tumor Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma Nonossifying Fibroma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Giant Cell – Rich Osteosarcoma Metastatic Carcinoma Containing Giant Cells Selected References Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Brown Tumor in Hyperparathyroidism Giant Cell Tumor Nonossifying Fibroma Giant Cell – Rich Osteosarcoma Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Adamantinoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 16-28) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteofibrous Dysplasia Fibrous Dysplasia Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Small Cell Neoplasms Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (Pnet) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Neuroblastoma Lymphoma, Leukemia Osteosarcoma, Small Cell Variant Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Selected References Lymphoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone Metastatic Neuroblastoma Osteosarcoma, Small Cell Variant Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Sarcoma Chronic Osteomyelitis Selected References Multiple Myeloma And Solitary Plasmacytoma Of Bone Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chronic Osteomyelitis Metastatic Carcinoma B-Cell Immunoblastic Lymphoma Selected References Miscellaneous Bone Lesions Chordoma Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chondrosarcoma Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Liposarcoma Selected References Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Unicameral Bone Cyst Giant Cell Tumor Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Selected References Unicameral Bone Cyst (Simple Cyst) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Giant Cell Tumor Selected References Paget Disease Of Bone Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteoblastic Metastatic Carcinoma Chronic Osteomyelitis Fibrous Dysplasia Osteoblastoma Selected References Metastatic Tumors Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 16-35) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteosarcoma Primary Bone Sarcomas Paget Disease Selected References Joint And Synovial Diseases Osteoarthritis Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis Secondary to Avascular Necrosis Osteoarthritis Secondary to Chondrocalcinosis Selected References Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 16-36) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Osteoarthritis Chronic Osteomyelitis Selected References Gout Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease) Infectious Granulomatous Synovitis Selected References Pseudogout (Chondrocalcinosis–Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gout Tumoral Calcinosis (Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition; Metastatic Calcification) Selected References Synovial Chondromatosis Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Secondary Synovial Chondrometaplasia Synovial Chondrosarcoma Secondary Joint Involved Chondrosarcoma Selected References Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) Clinical Features Radiographic Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemosiderotic Synovitis Giant Cell Tumor Rheumatoid Synovitis Traumatic Synovitis Detritic Synovitis Selected References Chapter 17 Chapter 17: Soft Tissue Nodular Fasciitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Kaposi Sarcoma Myxoma Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma) Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumor) Selected References Proliferative Fasciitis and Myositis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rhabdomyosarcoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Nodular Fasciitis Selected References Myositis Ossificans Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Selected References Ischemic Fasciitis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Sarcoma Myxoid Liposarcoma Selected References Elastofibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrolipoma Selected References Superficial Fibromatoses Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma Fibroma of Tendon Sheath Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types) Selected References Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lipofibromatosis Lipoblastoma Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Selected References Lipofibromatosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy Lipoblastoma Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Selected References Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibromatosis (Palmar, Plantar) Chondroma Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath Selected References Fibroma of Tendon Sheath Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibromatosis (Palmar, Plantar) Nodular Fasciitis Selected References Collagenous Fibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Desmoid Fibromatosis Selected References Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nodular Fasciitis Infantile Fibrosarcoma Selected References Gardner Fibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Nuchal Fibroma Elastofibroma Selected References Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nodular Fasciitis Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types) Selected References Calcifying Fibrous (Pseudo) Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Nodular Fasciitis Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma Selected References Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Inflammatory Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Metastatic Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Spindle Cell Melanoma Selected References Solitary Fibrous Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangiopericytoma Synovial Sarcoma Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types) Selected References Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor (Hflt)/Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma (Mifs) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Spindle Cell Lipoma Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor High-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma (High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma, Myxoid Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma [M ... Selected References Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma Synovial Sarcoma Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Myxoid Neurofibroma Selected References Low-Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Deep Fibromatosis Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Infantile Fibrosarcoma Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis Selected References Infantile Fibrosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibromatosis Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic) Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Selected References Adult Fibrosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic) Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Dedifferentiated and Spindle Cell Liposarcoma Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Selected References Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Carcinoma Sclerosing Lymphoma Deep Fibromatosis Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma Sclerosing, Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Selected References Myxofibrosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Myxoid Liposarcoma Myxoma Selected References Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Fibroma of Tendon Sheath Selected References Deep Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma Solitary Fibrous Tumor Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Nodular Fasciitis Selected References Lipoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Subcutaneous Lipoma Deep Lipoma Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myxoma Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Myxoid Liposarcoma Selected References Angiolipoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Involuting Juvenile Hemangioma Intramuscular Hemangioma and Hemangiomatosis Kaposi Sarcoma Selected References Spindle Cell Lipoma and Pleomorphic Lipoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma or Atypical Lipomatous Tumor Pleomorphic Liposarcoma Lipofibromatosis Selected References Lipoblastoma and Lipoblastomatosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myxoid Liposarcoma Lipofibromatosis Selected References Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma and Atypical Lipomatous Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Panniculitis Spindle Cell or Pleomorphic Lipoma Angiomyolipoma Selected References Myxoid and Round Cell Liposarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figures 17-24 and 25) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lipoblastoma Spindle Cell or Pleomorphic Lipoma Selected References Pleomorphic Liposarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pleomorphic Lipoma Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma or Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma Selected References Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma or Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Rhabdomyoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Fetal Rhabdomyoma Adult Rhabdomyoma Genital Rhabdomyoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adult Rhabdomyoma Granular Cell Tumor Hibernoma Paraganglioma Rhabdomyosarcoma Fetal and Genital Rhabdomyoma Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma Selected References Rhabdomyosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neuroblastoma Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor (DSRCT) Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma Malignant Lymphoma Selected References Leiomyoma (Cutaneous and Deep Soft Tissue) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Cutaneous Leiomyoma Angioleiomyoma Deep Leiomyoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma) Leiomyosarcoma Selected References Leiomyosarcoma (Cutaneous and Deep Soft Tissue) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Leiomyoma Cellular Schwannoma or Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (Pleomorphic Sarcoma) Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma Extragastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Fibrosarcoma (Infant and Adult Type) Selected References Granular Cell Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Adult Rhabdomyoma Hibernoma Selected References Schwannoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neurofibroma Leiomyoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Selected References Neurofibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Schwannoma Myxoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Selected References Soft Tissue Perineurioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Nerve Sheath Tumor (Schwannoma or Neurofibroma) Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma (LGFMS) Myxoma Meningioma Selected References Paraganglioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Carcinoid Tumor Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Selected References Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Malignant Triton Tumor MPNST Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cellular Schwannoma Leiomyosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic) Clear Cell Sarcoma (Melanoma of Soft Parts) Selected References Hemangioma Clinical Features Capillary Hemangioma (Infantile and Juvenile Hemangioma) Cavernous Hemangioma Epithelioid Hemangioma Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma [LCH]) Spindle Cell Hemangioma Intramuscular Hemangioma Gross Pathology Histopathology Capillary Hemangioma Cavernous Hemangioma Epithelioid Hemangioma Pyogenic Granuloma Spindle Cell Hemangioma Intramuscular Angioma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangiopericytoma Angiosarcoma Kaposi Sarcoma Selected References Glomus Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cellular or Cavernous Hemangioma Paraganglioma Selected References Hemangiopericytoma and Myopericytoma Clinical Features Hemangiopericytoma Myopericytoma Gross Pathology Histopathology Hemangiopericytoma Myopericytoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Solitary Fibrous Tumor Fibrous Histiocytoma with Hemangiopericytoma-Like Areas Glomangioma Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic) Selected References Hemangioendothelioma Clinical Features Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Retiform Hemangioendothelioma and Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma (Dabska Tumor) Gross Pathology Histopathology Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Retiform Hemangioendothelioma and Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma (Dabska Tumor) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Epithelioid Sarcoma Epithelioid Angiosarcoma Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma and Kaposi Sarcoma Selected References Angiosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia (Intravascular Hemangioendothelioma of Masson) Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Selected References Lymphangioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Selected References Myxoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nerve Sheath myxoma Myxoid Neurofibroma Aggressive Angiomyxoma Selected References Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor (Ofmt) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (Extraskeletal) Selected References Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma Selected References Synovial Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Biphasic Synovial Sarcoma Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangiopericytoma EWS and PNET Fibrosarcoma MPNST Solitary Fibrous Tumor Selected References Epithelioid Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Granuloma Annulare Synovial Sarcoma Epithelioid Angiosarcoma Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Rhabdoid Tumor Malignant Melanoma Selected References Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma and Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Neuroblastoma Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Lymphoma Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma Selected References Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Extraskeletal EWS and PNET Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Small Cell Carcinoma Selected References Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Paraganglioma Granular Cell Tumor Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Clear Cell) Selected References Clear Cell Sarcoma (CCS) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Melanoma Fibrosarcoma Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Selected References Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clear Cell Sarcoma (Malignant Melanoma of Soft Parts) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma Clear Cell Carcinomas Selected References Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma/High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myxoid Liposarcoma Pleomorphic Liposarcoma Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Selected References Chapter 18 Chapter 18: Heart, Pericardium, and Blood Vessels Heart Cardiomyopathy Clinical Features Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Gross Pathology Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Histopathology Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Dilated Cardiomyopathy Toxic Cardiomyopathy (Specifically Doxorubicin) Metabolic Cardiomyopathy Differential Diagnosis Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Metabolic Cardiomyopathy Symmetrical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Physiologic Hypertrophy in Response to Exercise (“Athlete’s Heart”) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Age-Related Subaortic Bulging of the Interventricular Septum (Sigmoid or Catenoid Septum ... Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Diseases Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Infants and Young Children Restrictive Cardiomyopathy versus Constrictive Pericarditis Selected References Myocarditis Clinical Features Lymphocytic Myocarditis Giant Cell Myocarditis Eosinophilic Myocarditis Gross Pathology Histopathology Lymphocytic Myocarditis Giant Cell Myocarditis Eosinophilic Myocarditis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Lymphocytic Myocarditis Giant Cell Myocarditis Eosinophilic Myocarditis Neutrophilic Infiltrates Selected References Amyloidosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hyalinized Collagen Selected References Sarcoidosis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Myocarditis Infectious Myocarditis Myocardial Infarction Selected References Valvular Diseases Morphologic and Functional Correlations Stenotic Valves with or without Regurgitation Purely Regurgitant Valves Etiology of Valvular Dysfunction Mitral Valve Aortic Valve Clinical Features Rheumatic Heart Disease Mitral Valve Prolapse Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Mitral Annular Calcification Pure Aortic Regurgitation Carcinoid Heart Disease Gross Pathology Rheumatic Heart Disease Mitral Valve Prolapse Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Mitral Annular Calcification Pure Aortic Regurgitation Carcinoid Heart Disease Histopathology Rheumatic Heart Disease Mitral Valve Prolapse Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Mitral Annular Calcification Pure Aortic Regurgitation Carcinoid Heart Disease Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Infective Endocarditis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Libman-Sacks Endocarditis Selected References Prosthetic Valves Most Commonly Implanted Prosthetic Heart Valves Bioprosthetic Valves Mechanical Valves Homografts Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Common Complications and Modes of Failure of Prosthetic Heart Valves Thrombus Formation Infection Pannus Overgrowth Paravalvular Leak Structural Deterioration Selected References Myxoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Organized Thrombus Myxoid Sarcomas Papillary Fibroelastoma Selected References Rhabdomyoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Glycogen Storage Disease (e.g., Pompe Disease) Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy Selected References Fibroma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Fibrosarcoma Inflammatory Pseudotumor Selected References Papillary Fibroelastoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Myxoma Lambl Excrescences Selected References Cardiac Sarcomas Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Myxoma Selected References Pericardium Acute Pericarditis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Constrictive Pericarditis Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Pericardial Cysts Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Loculated Effusion Bronchogenic Cyst Selected References Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Pericardium Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma Selected References Primary Malignant Tumors of the Pericardium Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Pericardial Mesothelioma Pericardial Angiosarcoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Epithelioid Angiosarcoma versus Mesothelioma Selected References Metastatic Tumors of the Heart and Pericardium Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Blood Vessels The Vasculitides Large-Vessel Vasculitis Clinical Features Giant Cell Arteritis Takayasu Arteritis Gross Pathology Histopathology Giant Cell Arteritis Takayasu Arteritis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Disease Chronic Sclerotic Phase of Aortitis IgG4-Related Aortitis/Periaortitis Behçet Disease Age-Related Changes (Arteriosclerosis) Selected References Medium-Vessel Vasculitis Clinical Features Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, Infantile PAN) Gross Pathology PAN Kawasaki Disease Histopathology PAN Kawasaki Disease Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis PAN Selected References Pauci-Immune Small-Vessel Vasculitis Clinical Features Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis (GPA) Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Formerly Churg-Strauss Syndrome (EGPA) Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) Gross Pathology Histopathology Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Microscopic Polyangiitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Polyarteritis Nodosa Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Goodpasture Syndrome) Drug-Induced Vasculitis Infection-Induced Vasculitis Vasculitis Associated with Circulating Immune Complexes Sarcoidosis Eosinophilic Pulmonary Infiltrates Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Propensity for Angioinvasion Selected References Immune Complex Small-Vessel Vasculitis Clinical Features IgA Vasculitis, Formerly Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgAV) Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Gross Pathology Histopathology IgA Vasculitis Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Immunofluorescence Microscopy Electron Microscopy Differential Diagnosis Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis (Hypersensitivity Vasculitis) Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis Drug-Induced Vasculitis Infection-Induced Vasculitis Malignancy-Associated (Paraneoplastic) Vasculitis Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Vasculitis Pauci-Immune Small-Vessel Vasculitis IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease) Selected References Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Organizing Thromboemboli Necrotizing Arteritis Selected References Fibromuscular Dysplasia Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Medial fibromuscular dysplasia Intimal Fibroplasia Adventitial (Periarterial) Fibroplasia Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Atherosclerosis Healed Arteritis Neurofibromatosis Selected References Heritable Disorders of Blood Vessels Clinical Features Marfan Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV (Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome) Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Marfan Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections Differential Diagnosis Infectious Aortitis Selected References Chapter 19 Chapter 19: Central Nervous System Astrocytic Tumors Diffuse Astrocytoma, Anaplastic Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Giant Cell Glioblastoma, Gliosarcoma, and Gliomatosis Cerebri (W ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology (Figure 19-1) Astrocytoma (WHO Grade II) Fibrillary Astrocytomas: Most Common Type Protoplasmic Astrocytomas: Rare Variant of Low-Grade Astrocytoma Gemistocytic Astrocytoma Anaplastic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade III) Gliomatosis Cerebri (WHO Grade III) Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV) Variants of Glioblastoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastasis (Metastatic Carcinoma or Metastatic Melanoma) Lymphoma Reactive Astrocytosis Oligodendroglioma Demyelinating Diseases Selected References Pilocytic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Astrocytoma Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma Pleomorphic X anthoastrocytoma Ganglion Cell Tumors Hemangioblastoma Selected References Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (WHO Grade II) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pilocytic Astrocytoma Selected References Pleomorphic X anthoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Glioblastoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Ganglion Cell Tumors Selected References Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Gemistocytic Astrocytoma Subependymal Glial Nodule Selected References Glioneuronal Tumor With Neuropil-Like Islands (WHO Grades II and III) Clinical Features Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ganglioglioma Grade 2 or 3 Diffuse Astrocytoma Ependymoma Oligodendroglioma Selected References Oligodendroglial Tumors Oligodendroglioma (WHO Grade II) and Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma (WHO Grade III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Oligodendroglioma Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma Oligodendroglioma with Neurocytic Differentiation Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Astrocytoma Small Cell Variant of Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma Central Neurocytoma or Extraventricular Neurocytoma Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT) Clear Cell Ependymoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Chronic Seizure Disorders with Oligodendrocyte Hyperplasia Selected References Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II), Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade III), and Glioblastoma Multiforme with Oligodendrog ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II) Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade III) Glioblastoma Multiforme with Oligodendroglial Features (WHO Grade IV) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pure Astrocytoma Pure Oligodendroglioma Selected References Ependymal Tumors Ependymoma (WHO Grade II) and Anaplastic Ependymoma (WHO Grade III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Fibrillary or Diffuse Astrocytoma Astroblastoma Choroid Plexus Papilloma or Carcinoma Selected References Myxopapillary Ependymoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma (Mucin Se creting) Chordoma Schwannoma Paraganglioma Selected References Subependymoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ependymoma Selected References Other Neuroepithelial Tumors Astroblastoma (No Assigned WHO Grade) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ependymoma Angiocentric Glioma Papillary Meningioma Selected References Chordoid Glioma (WHO Grade II) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chordoma Chordoid Meningioma Selected References Angiocentric Glioma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Astrocytoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma Ependymoma Astroblastoma Selected References Neuronal and Glioneuronal Neoplasms Gangliocytoma (WHO Grade I) and Ganglioglioma (WHO Grades I and III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Gangliocytoma Ganglioglioma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Variants of Ganglioglioma Pilocytic Astrocytoma DNT Fibrillary or Diffuse Astrocytoma Pleomorphic X anthoastrocytoma Selected References Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT) (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ganglioglioma Oligodendroglioma Oligoastrocytoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Selected References Central and Extraventricular Neurocytoma (WHO Grade II) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Central Neurocytomas Atypical Neurocytomas Extraventricular Neurocytomas Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Oligodendroglioma Ependymoma (Especially Clear Cell Variant) Neuroblastoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor) Selected References Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Papillary Ependymoma Papillary Meningioma Choroid Plexus Papilloma Metastatic Papillary Adenocarcinoma Astroblastoma Selected References Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor of The Fourth Ventricle (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pilocytic Astrocytoma Central Neurocytoma Papillary Glioneuronal Neoplasm Selected References Paraganglioma of the Spinal Cord (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Ependymoma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Embryonal Tumors Medulloblastoma (WHO Grade IV) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (pPNET) and Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma of the Craniospinal Vaul ... Ependymoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Lymphoma and Leukemia Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Selected References CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasms (Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Embryon ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Medulloepithelioma ETANTR Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Ganglioneuroblastoma and Neuroblastoma Medulloepithelioma ETANTR Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Central Neurocytoma Peripheral PNET and Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma of the Craniospinal Vault Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma Glioblastoma with PNET Foci Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory neuroblastoma) Selected References Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (WHO Grade IV) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medulloblastoma Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Selected References Choroid Plexus Tumors Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade I), Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade II), and Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (WHO ... Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade I) Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade II) Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Normal Choroid Plexus Metastatic Carcinoma Ependymoma (Especially Papillary Subtype) Atypical Teratoid and Rhabdoid Tumors Papillary Endolymphatic Sac Tumor Selected References Pineal Parenchymal Tumors Pineocytoma (WHO Grade I) and Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (WHO Grades II and III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Pineocytoma Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Normal Pineal Gland Pineal Cyst Pineoblastoma Astrocytoma Papillary Tumors of the Pineal Region Selected References Pineoblastoma (WHO Grade IV) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pineocytoma and Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation Selected References Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region (WHO Grades II and III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Choroid Plexus Papilloma Ependymoma Selected References Other Neoplasms and Related Entities Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Clinical Features Schwannoma (WHO Grade I) Neurofibroma (WHO Grade I) Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) (WHO Grade II, III, or IV) Perineurioma (WHO Grade I, II, or III) Gross Pathology Schwannoma Neurofibroma Plexiform Neurofibroma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Perineurioma Histopathology Schwannoma Neurofibroma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Perineurioma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Schwannoma Neurofibroma Perineurioma MPNST Other Techniques for Diagnosis Conventional and Cellular Schwannoma Neurofibroma MPNST Perineurioma Differential Diagnosis Schwannoma versus Meningioma Neurofibroma versus Traumatic Neuroma MPNST versus Synovial Sarcoma Selected References Meningioma (WHO Grade I), Atypical Meningioma (WHO Grade II), and Anaplastic Meningioma (WHO Grade III) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Classic Meningioma (WHO Grade I) Atypical Meningioma (WHO Grade II) Anaplastic Meningioma (WHO Grade III) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Schwannoma Ependymoma Meningeal Hyperplasia Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma /Cellular Solitary Fibrous Tumor Selected References Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma/Cellular Solitary Fibrous Tumor Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Meningioma Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Selected References Hemangioblastoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pilocytic Astrocytoma Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Paraganglioma Meningioma (Angiomatous) Selected References Malignant Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Hodgkin Disease Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Oligodendroglioma Medulloblastoma and PNET Selected References Germ Cell Tumors Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology (Figure 19-17) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pineocytoma and Pineoblastoma Selected References Neuraxial Cysts: Rathke Cleft Cyst, Colloid Cyst, and Enterogenous Cyst Clinical Features Rathke Cleft Cyst (RCC) Colloid Cyst (CC) Enterogenous Cyst (EntC) Gross Pathology Histopathology (Figures 19-18 and 19-19) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Craniopharyngioma versus RCC Epidermoid or Dermoid Cysts Distinction Between RCC, CC, and EntC Ependymal Cyst Arachnoid Cyst Cysticercosis of Ventricular System or Subarachnoid Space Selected References Pituitary Adenoma (Including Typical and Atypical Adenomas), Pituitary Carcinoma, and Pituitary Hyperplasia Clinical Features Pituitary Adenomas Pituitary Carcinoma Pituitary Hyperplasia Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Normal Pituitary Gland Craniopharyngioma Hypophysitis RCC Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis (WHO Grade I) Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis Selected References Pituicytoma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pituitary Adenoma Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis (WHO Grade I) Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis (WHO Grade I) Pilocytic Astrocytoma Selected References Craniopharyngioma (WHO Grade I) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis RCC Epidermoid or Dermoid Cysts Pilocytic Astrocytoma Xanthogranuloma Selected References Chordoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chondrosarcoma Myxopapillary Ependymoma Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Chordoid Meningioma Chordoid Glioma Selected References Secondary Tumors Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 19-23) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Glial Neoplasms with Epithelioid, Sarcomatous, or Small-Cell Differentiation Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasms Including Medulloblastomas Anaplastic Meningioma Selected References Non-Neoplastic Conditions Vascular Malformations Clinical Features Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Cavernous Hemangioma Capillary Telangiectasia Venous Hemangioma Gross Pathology AVM Cavernous Hemangioma Capillary Telangiectasia Venous Hemangioma Histopathology AVM Cavernous Hemangioma Capillary Telangiectasia Venous Hemangioma Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Cerebral Infarction and Intracerebral Hematomas Clinical Features Ischemic Cerebral Infarctions Venous Cerebral Infarcts Intracerebral Hematomas Gross Pathology Ischemic Infarcts Venous Infarcts Intracerebral Hematomas Histopathology Ischemic Infarcts due to Arterial Compromise Venous Infarcts Intracerebral Hematomas Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Glioma (Oligodendroglioma or Astrocytoma) GBM Demyelinating Diseases Encephalitis Selected References Vasculitis Clinical Features Infectious Vasculitis Vasculitis in Association with Collagen Vascular Diseases and Other Noninfectious Causes Primary (or Isolated) Vasculitis of the CNS, also Known as Granulomatous Vasculitis, Occurs without Sy ... Gross Pathology Histopathology Primary Vasculitis Secondary Vasculitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary CNS Lymphoma MSand Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Viral Encephalitis Sarcoidosis Nonvasculitic Autoimmune Inflammatory Meningoencephalitis (NAIM) Selected References Brain Abscess Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis GBM and Metastasis Selected References Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis Clinical Features Common Causative Agents: Viral Common Causative Agents: Bacterial Common Causative Agents: Parasitic Common Causative Agents: Fungal Gross Pathology Encephalitis Meningoencephalitis Histopathology (Figure 19-29) Viral Encephalitis Herpesvirus Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus Rabies Encephalitis HIV Encephalitis and Leukoencephalopathy Tuberculous Meningitis and Tuberculoma Neurosyphilis: Meningovascular and Parenchymal Forms Other Causes of Meningitis and Encephalitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sarcoidosis Noninfectious Vasculitis Nonspecific Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Paraneoplastic Encephalitis Selected References Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Malignant Glioma (Astrocytoma or Oligodendroglioma) MS Selected References Demyelinating Diseases Clinical Features Multiple Sclerosis Marburg Type of MS (Acute MS) Concentric Sclerosis of Baló Devic Disease (Neuromyelitis Optica [NMO]): Involvement of Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord Predominates ADEM Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis (Hurst Disease) Gross Pathology MS Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Histopathology MS ADEM Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Cerebral Infarction Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Astrocytoma Leukodystrophies Selected References Dementia Clinical Features Alzheimer Disease Lewy Body Dementia Vascular Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Gross Pathology Alzheimer Disease Lewy Body Dementia Vascular Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease FTLD Histopathology Alzheimer Disease Lewy Body Dementia Vascular Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Alzheimer Disease Lewy Body Dementia Vascular Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Other Techniques for Diagnosis Alzheimer Disease Vascular Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Differential Diagnosis Kufs Disease (Adult Form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis) Status Spongiosus Selected References Chapter 20 Chapter 20: Eye and Orbit Adult Ocular Lesions External Lesions Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM) Nevus Secondary Melanoma Racial (Congenital) Ocular Melanosis Selected References Primary Acquired Melanosis of the Conjunctiva Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Conjunctival Melanoma Conjunctival Nevus Racial Melanosis Pigmented Papilloma Selected References Pterygium and Pinguecula Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Modern Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Conjunctiva and Cornea (Invasive or in Situ) Selected Reference Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Conjunctiva and Cornea Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Sebaceous Carcinoma Pterygium and Pinguecula Squamous Papilloma Oncocytoma Lipodermoid Selected References Sebaceous Carcinoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Chalazion (Stye) Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Sebaceous Adenoma Selected References Internal Lesions Malignant Melanoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology ( Figure 20-6) Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Choroidal Nevus Cavernous Hemangioma of the Choroid Metastatic Carcinoma Choroidal Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus) Subretinal Hemorrhage Schwannoma Choroidal Osteoma Selected References Ciliary Body Adenoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Amelanotic Melanoma Medulloepithelioma Metastatic Carcinoma Selected References Iris Nevus and Melanoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Iris Nevus Ciliary Body Melanoma with Anterior Extension Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome (ICE) Variant Cyst of Posterior Iris Epithelium Metastatic Tumors to the Iris Iris Freckle (Ephelis) Inflammatory Mass Penetrating Ocular Trauma Iris Leiomyoma Selected References Childhood Ocular Lesions Retinoblastoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Selected References Adult Orbital Lesions Orbital Lymphoma, Including Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Malignant Lymphoma of the Orbit Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation) Orbital Cellulitis Solid Tumors of Orbit Graves Orbitopathy Vascular Lesions Selected References Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Orbital Cellulitis Thyroid Orbitopathy Orbital Lymphoma Posterior Scleritis Solid Tumor of Orbit Granulomatous Disease Ruptured Dermoid Cyst Vascular Lesion Selected References Thyroid Orbitopathy (Thyroid Ophthalmopathy, Dysthyroid Orbitopathy, and Graves Orbitopathy) Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Orbital Pseudotumor Orbital Cellulitis Metastatic Tumors to Extraocular Muscles Other Orbital Inflammatory, Infiltrative, and Neoplastic Conditions Selected References Childhood Orbital Lesions Cystic Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rhabdomyosarcoma Hemangioma Microphthalmos with Cyst Orbital Cellulitis Selected References Capillary Hemangioma of the Orbit Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rhabdomyosarcoma Lymphangioma Congenital Hydrops Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts Selected References Lymphangioma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Hemangioma Primary and Metastatic Malignancies of the Orbit Cephalocele Orbital Pseudotumor Selected References Microphthalmos With Cyst Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts Cephalocele Selected References Solid Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma Clinical Features Gross Pathology Histopathology Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry Other Techniques for Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Metastatic Neuroblastoma Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma Orbital Capillary Hemangioma Orbital Dermoid Cyst Cephalocele Lymphangioma Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation) Orbital Cellulitis Selected References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover
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