Dialectology

Cover......Page 1
Series-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
MAPS......Page 11
FIGURES......Page 13
TABLES......Page 14
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 15
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)......Page 16
BACKGROUND......Page 17
1.1 Mutual intelligibility......Page 19
1.2 Language, dialect and accent......Page 20
1.3 Geographical dialect continua......Page 21
1.4 Social dialect continua......Page 23
1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy......Page 25
Further information......Page 28
2.1 The impetus for dialect geography......Page 29
2.2 An outline history of dialect geography......Page 31
2.3.1 The questionnaire......Page 37
2.3.2 Linguistic maps......Page 41
2.3.3 The selection of informants......Page 45
Further information......Page 47
3.1 Dialectology and philology......Page 48
3.2 Structural dialectology......Page 49
3.2.1 Inventory, distribution and incidence......Page 52
3.2.2 Lexical correspondences......Page 53
3.3 Generative dialectology......Page 55
3.4 Polylectal grammars......Page 58
Further information......Page 60
4.2 Urban dialects......Page 61
4.3 Representativeness......Page 63
4.4 Obtaining data......Page 64
4.6 The linguistic variable......Page 65
Further information......Page 69
SOCIAL VARIATION......Page 71
5.1 Language and social class......Page 73
5.2 Stylistic differentiation......Page 75
5.3 Sex differentiation......Page 77
5.4.1 Language and ethnic group......Page 79
5.4.2 Social networks......Page 80
5.4.3 Individual characteristics......Page 83
Further information......Page 84
6.1 Indicators and markers......Page 86
6.1.2 Linguistic change......Page 88
6.1.3 Phonological contrast......Page 89
6.1.4 Stereotypes......Page 91
6.2 The study of linguistic change......Page 92
6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation......Page 94
6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change......Page 97
6.3.1 Stylistic variation......Page 98
6.3.2 The role of sex......Page 99
6.3.3 Covert prestige......Page 101
Further information......Page 102
SPATIAL VARIATION......Page 103
7.1 Isoglosses......Page 105
7.2.1 Criss-cross......Page 107
7.2.2 Transitions......Page 109
7.3 Bundles......Page 110
7.4 Grading of isoglosses......Page 112
7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses......Page 116
Further information......Page 119
8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition......Page 120
8.2 Introduction to the variables......Page 121
8.3 The transition zone for (u)......Page 122
8.4 Mixed and fudged lects......Page 126
8.5 The variable (a)......Page 129
8.7 Dialect variation and mapping......Page 134
8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands......Page 135
8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation......Page 136
8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly......Page 137
Further information......Page 139
MECHANISMS OF VARIATION......Page 141
9.1 The variable as a structural unit......Page 143
9.1.2 Variability as essential......Page 144
9.1.3 Variable constraints......Page 146
9.2 Implicational scales......Page 147
9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama......Page 148
9.2.2 (CC) in northern England......Page 149
9.3 Handling quantitative data......Page 151
9.4 Quantifying geographic variables......Page 152
9.4.1 Dialectometry......Page 153
9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling......Page 156
9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio......Page 158
9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix......Page 160
9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance......Page 163
Further information......Page 164
10.1 Real time and apparent time......Page 165
10.1.1 Age-graded changes......Page 167
10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich......Page 169
10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast......Page 171
10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe......Page 173
10.3 Lexical diffusion......Page 175
Further information......Page 181
11 Diffusion: geographical......Page 182
11.2 Spatial linguistics......Page 183
11.3 Linguistic areas......Page 184
11.4 Uvular /r/ in Europe......Page 186
11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy......Page 188
11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion......Page 192
11.6.1 The Norwegian study......Page 193
11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography......Page 194
11.8 Further refinements to the model......Page 201
Further information......Page 202
12 Cohesion in dialectology......Page 203
Further information......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
INDEX......Page 214