Diagnostic Imaging of Drug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis (May 22, 2024)_(981998338X)_(Springer).pdf

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
About the Associate Editors
Editors and Contributors
Chief Editors
Associate Editors
Contributors
1: Overview of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	1.1	 Definitions
		1.1.1	 Definition of Mycobacterium Pulmonary Tuberculosis Drug Resistance and Its Classification [1]
		1.1.2	 Definition and Classification of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	1.2	 Brief History of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		1.2.1	 Causes of the Emergence of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		1.2.2	 Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		1.2.3	 Major Journeys in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	1.3	 Major Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		1.3.1	 Advances in the Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		1.3.2	 Advances in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	References
2: Detection of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Its Epidemics
	2.1	 Detection of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		2.1.1	 Target Populations in Screening Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		2.1.2	 Collection of Samples for Drug Susceptibility Test and Application of Rapid Drug-Resistance Test
		2.1.3	 Detection of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		2.1.4	 Detection of Patients Complicated with HIV
		2.1.5	 Application of Imaging Examination to the Detection of Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	2.2	 Status and Characteristics of Epidemics of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		2.2.1	 Present Epidemic Status of Global Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		2.2.2	 Present Epidemic Status of Global Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		2.2.3	 Present Epidemic Status of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China
		2.2.4	 Epidemic Features of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China
	References
3: Laboratory Examination for Drug-Resistant Tubercle Bacillus
	3.1	 Pathogenic Detection of Drug-Resistant Tubercle Bacillus
	3.2	 Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Test for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		3.2.1	 Solid Drug Susceptibility
		3.2.2	 Liquid Drug Susceptibility
		3.2.3	 Rapid Drug Susceptibility Test with Microdilution
	3.3	 Genotypic Susceptibility Test for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		3.3.1	 Semi-nested Automatic Real-Time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR
		3.3.2	 Multicolor Melting Curve Analysis
		3.3.3	 Linear Probe Assay
		3.3.4	 Membrane Gene Chip
		3.3.5	 Microarray Chip
		3.3.6	 Sequencing
	References
4: Pathogenic Mechanism of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Its Diagnosis
	4.1	 Definition and Categorization of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	4.2	 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors
		4.2.1	 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis
		4.2.2	 Causes of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors
			4.2.2.1	 Causes of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis
			4.2.2.2	 Risk Factors of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	4.3	 Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		4.3.1	 Present Condition of Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		4.3.2	 Laboratory Tests and Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			4.3.2.1	 Traditional Laboratory Tests for Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			4.3.2.2	 Molecular Technologies for Detecting Susceptibility of Drugs
			4.3.2.3	 Gene Sequencing
		4.3.3	 Imaging Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			4.3.3.1	 Basic Imaging Findings of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			4.3.3.2	 Characteristic Image Findings Shown by CT Scans for Drug-Resistant Pulmonary
	References
5: Mono-Drug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	5.1	 Summary of Mono-Drug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	5.2	 Image Findings of Newly Diagnosed and Re-Treatment Mono-Resistant Tuberculosis
	5.3	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Mono-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	References
6: Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	6.1	 Summary of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	6.2	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	References
7: Poly-Resistant Tuberculosis (PDR-TB)
	7.1	 Summary of Poly-Resistant Tuberculosis (PDR-TB)
		7.1.1	 Definition
		7.1.2	 Epidemiology and Incidence of Drug Resistance
	7.2	 Image Findings of Poly-Resistance Tuberculosis
	7.3	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Poly-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	References
8: Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	8.1	 Summary of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	8.2	 Introduction of Typical Cases of XDR-TB
	References
9: Drug-Resistant Bronchial Tuberculosis
	9.1	 Summary of Drug-Resistant Bronchial Tuberculosis
	9.2	 Image Findings of Drug-Resistant Bronchial Tuberculosis
	9.3	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Drug-Resistant Bronchial Tuberculosis
	References
10: Pediatric Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	10.1	 Summary of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		10.1.1	 Epidemiology of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Worldwide
		10.1.2	 Epidemiology of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China
		10.1.3	 Developing Trend of Drug Resistance Rate in Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		10.1.4	 Summary of Resistance Rate to the First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs
		10.1.5	 Diagnosis of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		10.1.6	 Treatment of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		10.1.7	 Prevention from Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	10.2	 Image Findings in Newly Diagnosed and Relapsing Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
		10.2.1	 Image Findings of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Young Children Aged Below 5 Years
		10.2.2	 Image Findings in the Group of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients Aged 5–14 Years
	10.3	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	References
11: AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	11.1	 Summary of AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	11.2	 Image Findings for AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	11.3	 An Introduction of a Typical Case of AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	11.4	 Discussion
	References
12: Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug-Resistant Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
	12.1	 Clinical Classification and Image Findings of Drug-Resistant Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
	12.2	 Treatment Principles of Drug-Resistant Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis with Abscess and Ulcerative Sinus
	12.3	 Introduction of Typical Cases of Drug-Resistant Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
		12.3.1	 Abscess and Ulceration Type of Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
		12.3.2	 Ulcerative Sinus Type of Multidrug-Resistant Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
		12.3.3	 Abscess Type of Cervical Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
		12.3.4	 Discussion
	References
13: Investigations on Artificial Intelligence with Its Application to Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	13.1	 Investigations on Automatic Detection of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Bacteria with Its Application
	13.2	 Research Related to Artificial Intelligence in Imaging Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Their Achievements
	13.3	 Exploitation on Artificial Intelligence in Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	References
14: Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	14.1	 Differential Diagnosis of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
		14.1.1	 Common Points Between Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) and Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
		14.1.2	 Differences Between Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria and Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
			14.1.2.1	 NTM Pulmonary Disease Is More Prone to Thin-Walled Cavities
			14.1.2.2	 NTM Pulmonary Disease Is More Prone to Bronchiectasis
			14.1.2.3	 NTM Pulmonary Disease Manifests Usually as Centrilobular Nodules
			14.1.2.4	 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Is More Likely to Involve Adjacent Pleura
			14.1.2.5	 Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is More Destructive to Lung Tissue
			14.1.2.6	 Main Predisposing Sites for NTM Lung Diseases are the Right Middle Lobe and the Lingual Segment of the Left Upper Lobe
	14.2	 Differential Diagnosis of AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		14.2.1	 Pathological Basis for AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		14.2.2	 Image Findings in AIDS Patients Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			14.2.2.1	 Image Findings in AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Its Correlation to Count of CD+4 T lymphocytes
			14.2.2.2	 Characteristic Image Findings in AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			14.2.2.3	 AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is Prone to Concurrent Mixed Infection by Multiple Pathogens
			14.2.2.4	 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		14.2.3	 Differentiation Diagnosis Between Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis and AIDS Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	14.3	 Differentiation Diagnosis with Drug-Sensitive Tuberculosis
		14.3.1	 Both DS-TB and DR-TB Have Pathological Basis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and the Same Characteristics in Their Image Findings
		14.3.2	 Differentiation of Image Findings Between DR-TB and DS-TB
	14.4	 Differentiation Diagnosis with Pulmonary Fungal Infection
		14.4.1	 Pulmonary Mycosis
		14.4.2	 Image Findings for Pulmonary Mycosis
		14.4.3	 Main Image Findings in Fungal Infections [68]
		14.4.4	 Differential Diagnosis Based on Image Findings Between Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Fungal Pneumonia
	References
15: Treatment of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	15.1	 Treatment of Isoniazid-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		15.1.1	 Treatment Regimens
		15.1.2	 Guidelines Implemented
		15.1.3	 Consideration of Hr-TB Applied to Specific Populations
	15.2	 Treatment of Multidrug-/Rifampicin-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		15.2.1	 The Short-Course Full-Oral BDQ Regimen During Treatment for MDR/RR-TB
			15.2.1.1	 Treatment Regimen
			15.2.1.2	 Guidelines Implemented
		15.2.2	 Long-Course Regimens in Treating MDR/RR-TB (Table 15.1)
			15.2.2.1	 Treatment Regimens
			15.2.2.2	 Application to Subgroups
			15.2.2.3	 Guidelines Implemented
		15.2.3	 Using Tubercle Bacillus Culture to Monitor the Responses of MDR-TB
		15.2.4	 Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Patients Receiving Treatment with the Second-Line Anti-tuberculosis Regimen
		15.2.5	 Recommendation of Surgery for MDR-TB Patients
			15.2.5.1	 Recommendations
			15.2.5.2	 Rules of the Implementation
			15.2.5.3	 Monitoring and Evaluation
	15.3	 Treatment of Extensive Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		15.3.1	 Definition
		15.3.2	 Treatment Regimens
		15.3.3	 BPaL Regimen Is Intended to Treat Patients Who Must Meet the Following Conditions
	15.4	 Mechanism and Clinical Application of Important New Drugs and the Recommended Drugs Against Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		15.4.1	 Summary of Important New Drugs and the Recommended Drugs Against Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			15.4.1.1	 Summary of the Recommended Drugs Against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
			15.4.1.2	 Summary of New Drugs against Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		15.4.2	 Main Mechanisms of Important New Drugs and the Recommended Drugs Against Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			15.4.2.1	 Drugs Influencing the Formation of Cellular Wall
			15.4.2.2	 Drugs Influencing Synthesis of Proteins
			15.4.2.3	 Drugs Affecting Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
			15.4.2.4	 Drugs Affecting Energy Metabolism
			15.4.2.5	 Drugs with Other Mechanisms
		15.4.3	 Values in Clinical Application and Precautions of Important New Drugs and the Recommended Drugs Against Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
			15.4.3.1	 Rifamycins
			15.4.3.2	 Ethambutol
			15.4.3.3	 Pyrazinamide
			15.4.3.4	 Fluoroquinolones
			15.4.3.5	 Linezolid
			15.4.3.6	 Bedaquiline
			15.4.3.7	 Delamanid (Dlm)
			15.4.3.8	 Pretomanid (PA-824)
	References
16: An Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Image Findings During Treatment of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	16.1	 Analysis of the First CT Imaging Findings of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		16.1.1	 Drug-Resistant and Drug-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis Share the Similar Image Findings
		16.1.2	 Image Findings of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Manifest Small Patches and Small Nodules
		16.1.3	 Image Findings of the Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Identified by CT Scans in an Asymptomatic Person or During Health Examination
	16.2	 CT Evaluation of New Drug-Resistant Strains Potentially Appearing During the Treatment Against Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
	16.3	 CT Appraisal of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) Occurring During the Treatment Against AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		16.3.1	 Summary of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
		16.3.2	 Dynamic Changes of Image Findings During the Treatment Against AIDS Complicated with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Case Report
	References
17: Prevention and Prognosis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	17.1	 Prevention Strategies
		17.1.1	 Recognize the Seriousness of the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Situation
		17.1.2	 Reduce Resistance-Causing Variables
		17.1.3	 Early Detection
		17.1.4	 Early Standard Treatment
		17.1.5	 Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTI) Preventive Treatment
			17.1.5.1	 Prophylaxis in Patients with Isolated LTBI
			17.1.5.2	 LTBI Prophylaxis in Close Contact of MDR-TB
		17.1.6	 Vaccine
		17.1.7	 Infection Control
			17.1.7.1	 Administrative Control
			17.1.7.2	 Environmental Control
		17.1.8	 Management of Drug-Resistant Patients
			17.1.8.1	 Management Method
			17.1.8.2	 Outpatient Management
			17.1.8.3	 Inpatient Management
			17.1.8.4	 Management of Close Contacts
				Tuberculosis Screening
				Detection of Latent Infection
				Objects of Preventive Treatment
				Management During Prophylaxis
				Medical Observation
					TST Test Strong Positive/IGRA Positive
					TST Test Moderately Positive and Generally Positive
					TST Test Negative/IGRA Negative
	17.2	 Prognostic Determinants
		17.2.1	 Influence Factors
			17.2.1.1	 Immunocompromised
			17.2.1.2	 Age and Appropriate Treatment
			17.2.1.3	 Nutritional Status and Clinical Complications
			17.2.1.4	 Other Factors
		17.2.2	 Prognosis
	References