Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete

Content: Front Cover
 Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete
 Copyright Page
 Contents
 List of contributors
 Introduction
 Reference
 I. Materials
 1 Sustainability of concrete
 1.1 Introduction
 1.1.1 Steps to sustainability
 1.1.2 Replacing cement with supplementary cementing materials
 1.1.3 Improving concrete durability
 1.1.4 Use high-strength concrete
 1.1.5 Producing more efficient concrete mixes
 1.1.6 Other paths to sustainability
 1.1.7 Water
 1.1.8 Education
 References
 Further reading
 2 Recycled materials in concrete
 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supplementary cementing materials2.2.1 Fly ash
 2.2.2 Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
 2.3 Recycled aggregates
 2.4 Electric arc furnace slag
 2.5 Recycled waste glass
 2.6 Recycled tires
 2.7 Recycled plastics
 2.8 Other recycled materials
 2.9 Future trends
 References
 3 Supplementary cementing materials
 3.1 Introduction to supplementary cementing materials
 3.1.1 Fly ash
 3.1.2 Slag cement
 3.1.3 Silica fume
 3.1.4 Metakaolin
 3.2 Chemical reactivity and hydration
 3.2.1 Fly ash
 3.2.2 Slag cement
 3.2.3 Silica fume
 3.2.4 Metakaolin
 3.3 Fresh properties
 3.3.1 Fly ash 3.3.2 Slag cement3.3.3 Silica fume
 3.3.4 Metakaolin
 3.4 Mechanical properties
 3.4.1 Fly ash
 3.4.2 Slag cement
 3.4.3 Silica fume
 3.4.4 Metakaolin
 3.5 Transport properties
 3.6 Durability
 3.6.1 Corrosion
 3.6.1.1 Chloride ingress
 3.6.1.2 Carbonation
 3.6.2 Freeze-thaw and de-icer salt scaling
 3.6.3 Alkali-silica reaction
 3.6.4 Sulfate attack
 3.7 Sustainability
 3.8 Current needs
 3.8.1 Availability of supplementary cementing materials
 3.8.2 Concrete performance subjected to coupled degradation mechanisms 3.8.3 Environmental impact assessment of concrete containing supplementary cementing materialsAcknowledgments
 References
 4 Alkali-aggregate reaction
 4.1 Introduction
 4.2 Types of alkali-aggregate reaction
 4.2.1 Alkali-silica reaction
 4.2.2 Alkali-carbonate rock reaction
 4.3 Mechanism of alkali-silica reaction
 4.4 Necessary requirements for alkali-silica reaction
 4.4.1 Alkalis
 4.4.2 Reactive silica
 4.4.3 Environment and moisture
 4.5 Assessing aggregates for alkali-aggregate reaction-potential
 4.5.1 Initial screening tests
 4.5.2 Indicator tests
 4.5.3 Performance tests 4.5.4 RILEM Technical Committee contributions4.5.5 Drawing conclusions from tests for alkali-aggregate reaction-susceptibility
 4.6 Practical measures to avoid or minimize alkali-silica reaction
 4.6.1 Reducing the effect of alkalis, including use of supplementary cementitious materials
 4.6.2 Avoiding the use of alkali-reactive aggregates
 4.6.3 Modifying the environment to reduce the moisture content of the concrete
 References
 5 Corrosion of steel in concrete
 5.1 Introduction
 5.2 Carbonation initiation of reinforcement corrosion
 5.3 Chloride initiation of reinforcement corrosion