Developments and Advances in Defense and Security: Proceedings of MICRADS 2020 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 181)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Cybersecurity and Cyberdefense
Cyber Security Vulnerabilities in Colombia’s Maritime Critical Infrastructure (MCI)
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Methodology
	4 Comprehensive Analysis and Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Cyberspace and Innocent Passage: Regulations for the Security of the Coastal State
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Innocent Passage Through the Territorial Sea
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Security Versus Usability in E-Government: Insights from the Literature
	1 Introduction
	2 Background on Security and Usability in the Electronic Government
	3 State-of-the-Art Systematic Review
		3.1 Research Questions
		3.2 Strategy and Search Strings
		3.3 Selection Criteria
		3.4 Selection Process
		3.5 Results of the Systematic Review
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Simulation and Computer Vision in Military Applications
Ackermann UGV with 2D Mapping for Unknown Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Our Approach
		2.1 Cinematic Model of Ackermann Steering
		2.2 Environment Perception
		2.3 Remote Control
	3 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Visual-Based Real-Time Detection Using Neural Networks and Micro-UAVs for Military Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Vision-Based Objective Detection System
	3 Tests and Results of the Objective Detection System
		3.1 Metrics Assessed on Detection
		3.2 Description of the Tests Performed
	4 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Visual and Inertial Data-Based Virtual Localization for Urban Combat
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Our Approach
		3.1 Visual-Inertial System
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Kinect and Manipulator-Based Sample Collection System for Military Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of an Object Manipulator Robot for the Robotic Platform
	3 Test and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Autonomous Navigation Based on Proportional Controller with GPS Setpoint for UAV in External Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works to the Subject
	3 Our Flight Navigation Method
	4 Test Scores and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Monte Carlo-Based Localization for Kidnapped Robot Problem
	1 Introduction
	2 Our Approach
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Automatic Counting of People in Crowded Scenes, with Drones That Were Applied in Internal Defense Operations on October 20, 2019 in Ecuador
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Context
		1.2 People Counting in Crowded Scenes
		1.3 Drones and Crowd Counting
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Application of the Gaussian Density Estimation
		2.2 Classification Through the CNN
		2.3 Application of the Process
		2.4 Response Time Optimization
	3 Results Assessment
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Further Work
	References
Expert Nutritional System for Military Athletes Based on Fuzzy Logic and Inferential Statistics
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology, Experimental Configuration, and Tools (Current References)
	4 Getting Data
	5 Data Analysis
		5.1 Choosing the Number of Main Components
		5.2 Analysis for the Proposed Research
	6 Results
	7 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Earth Coverage Model for GPS-Like Capabilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Maximum Look Angle
	3 Probabilistic Coverage
	4 Validation
	5 Results
	6 Risk Analysis Application
	7 Conclusion
	References
Computer Networks, Mobility and Pervasive Systems
CTR Prediction for Optimizing the Negotiation of Internet Advertising Campaigns
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Analysis, Transformation and Selection of Attributes
		2.2 Campaign Segmentation
		2.3 Elasticity Analysis
		2.4 The Proposed Model
	3 Results
		3.1 Data Dimensions
		3.2 Data Attributes
		3.3 Evaluation of Predictive Models
		3.4 CTR Prediction
	4 Conclusions
	References
Classification of Authors for a Recommendation Process Integrated to a Scientific Meta-Search Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of the Method for Classifying Authors
		2.1 Aspects Related to Data
		2.2 Metrics and Evaluable Aspects of Authors
		2.3 Classification of Authors
		2.4 Proposed Algorithm for Classification of Authors
	3 Experimentation and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Vehicle and Sensor Network to Prevent Traffic Accidents
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Communication Protocol Between WSN and VANET
		2.1 Communication Between a Static Sensor on a WSN and a Vehicle on a VANET
		2.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication—Vehicles Moving in the Same Direction
		2.3 Vehicle A → Vehicle B
		2.4 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication—Vehicles Moving in Opposite Directions
	3 Simulation and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of Bio-inspired Algorithms Applied to the Hospital Mortality Risk Stratification
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Subject
		2.2 Variables
		2.3 Bootstrap Resampling of the Development Group
		2.4 Logistic Regression Model
		2.5 Artificial Neural Network Model
		2.6 Artificial Neural Network Training
		2.7 Model Validation
		2.8 Comparison of Models
	3 Results
		3.1 Comparison of Models
		3.2 Analysis by Diagnostic Groups
		3.3 Comparison of Probabilities Between Models
	4 Conclusions
	References
Information and Communication Technology in Education
Articulation of Teaching and Technological Resources in the Teaching–Learning Process of the English Language
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Gravity Compensation Using Low-Cost Automation for Robot Control
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Technology
		2.1 Kuka youBot™
		2.2 Gravity Compensation
		2.3 ROS
	3 Case Study
	4 Proposed Implementation
		4.1 Gravitational Compensation
		4.2 Graphical User Interface
		4.3 ROS System
	5 Discussion of Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Situated Learning Through the Use of Cooperative Techniques and Academic Controversy Applied to the Provision of Cryptographic Confidentiality
	1 Introduction
	2 Models and Learning Techniques
		2.1 Situated Learning Model
		2.2 Cooperative Learning Techniques
		2.3 Academic Controversy Techniques
	3 Computer Security, Cryptosystems, and Cryptanalysis
		3.1 Computer Security
		3.2 Cryptosystems
		3.3 Cryptanalysis
	4 The Didactic Proposal
		4.1 Learning Objectives
		4.2 Methodology
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evolutionary Algorithm for Content-Based Image Search
	1 Introduction
	2 The Algorithm
		2.1 The Search
		2.2 Representation
		2.3 Evaluation Function
		2.4 Selection of Parents
		2.5 Evolution Rules
		2.6 A Global Approach
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Online Platform to Teach Aviation English at a Military School in Salinas
	1 Aviation English at the Military Aviation School “ESMA”
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Digital Resources Selected for the Design
		3.2 The Online Platform
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Manufacturing Cost Prediction Through Data Mining
	1 Research Problem
	2 Method and Approach
		2.1 Dataset and Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Data Mining and Association Rules to Determine Twitter Trends
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Pre-processing
		2.2 Obtaining Association Rules
		2.3 Polarization of Terms Based on Sentiments
		2.4 Generalization of Rules Based on Sentiments
	3 Experimentation
		3.1 Data Collection
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Donald Trump
		4.2 Hillary Clinton
		4.3 Generalized Interpretation Based on Sentiments
	5 Conclusions
	References
Jayor2: A Proposal of Information Management System for Command and Control Centers (C3i2) in the Armed Forces
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Execution
		4.1 Conception and Development of the Datawarehouse
		4.2 Data Mining
	5 Results
		5.1 Province (Geographical Location) and Incidence of Results
		5.2 Military Operation and Incidence of Findings
	6 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
Leadership and e-Leadership
Military Training Mission in Iraq: An Exploratory Case Study Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings
		4.1 Intangible Actions
		4.2 Tangible Actions
		4.3 The House of Training
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Cultural Awareness for Civilian-Military Cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 CIMIC Doctrine Due to Cultural Awareness
	3 Cultural Awareness
	4 Cultural Reality of Post-tribal Sub-Saharan Africa
	5 CIMIC in Sub-Saharan Africa
	6 Conclusions
	References
Situational Awareness of Leadership in Ecuador and Its Applicability in the Multilevel Military Leadership Model
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Leadership in Ecuador
		1.2 Leadership Styles According to the Full Range Leadership Model
		1.3 Military Leadership Levels
		1.4 Institutional Competencies
	2 Multilevel Military Leadership
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions, Discussion, and Future Work
	References
Defense Engineering
A Portable GSM Base Station Solution for Military Communications in Hostile Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Implementation
		2.2 Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 MOS Test
		3.2 Coverage Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization and Simulation of a Propagation Model to Determine the Secondary Effects that Generate High Power and Frequency Electromagnetic Signs When Impact on Electronic Systems and Surface of Vehicles Family AMX13 of The Land Force
	1 Shielding Effectiveness
		1.1 Equation for Absorption Losses
		1.2 Equation for Reflection Losses
		1.3 Reflection Factor
	2 Simulations and Results
		2.1 Armored Vehicle 3D Model
		2.2 Simulation of the Model
	3 MATLAB Application
		3.1 Design of Application
		3.2 Results Using the Application
	4 Conclusions and Future Investigations
	References
Public Order Disruption Event Detection Based on IoT Technology. An Approach for the Improvement of Public Security Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Tendencies, Perspective and Prospective of IoT
	3 Architecture, System, and Operation
		3.1 Architecture
		3.2 Hardware
		3.3 Cloud Services
		3.4 Web Client
	4 Experimentation
		4.1 Testing Scenario
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Vibration Effects of the Fixed-Wing Aircraft of the Army Aviation from Ecuador on the Human Body
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of the Experiment
	3 Interpretation of the Results
		3.1 Comfort
		3.2 Health
	4 Results
		4.1 Cessna 206 Aircraft
		4.2 Beechcraft King Air B-200 Aircraft
		4.3 CN 235 Aircraft
		4.4 Aravá T-201 Aircraft
		4.5 CASA 212 Aircraft
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Determination of Optimal Procedures for Maintenance and Repair Operations of the GDU-620 Garmin Applied to the DA20C-1 Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Objectives
		2.1 Maintenance
		2.2 Manufacturer Repairs
	3 Methods and Procedures
		3.1 Problem Identification
		3.2 Alternatives Development
		3.3 Identification of Gap Alternatives and Prioritization Grid
		3.4 Identification of Gap Alternatives and Prioritization Grid
		3.5 Alternative Evaluation
	4 Implementation
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Planning, Economy and Logistics Applied to Defense
Critical Revision of the Contract Regime in the Military Service—The Case of the Portuguese Armed Forces
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Criteria for Critical Analysis of the Model of Military Service in Contract Regime in the Portuguese Armed Forces
	3 Development of the Critical Analysis to the Present Model Implemented in Portuguese Armed Forces
		3.1 First Criterion of Analysis: Relation Established Between Model and Environment
		3.2 Second Criterion: Structuration of the Model
		3.3 Third Criterion: Model Operationalization Strategy
	4 Integrated Discussion on of the Model
	5 Conclusions
	References
Defense Organizations Budgeting and Management Control Systems in Restrictive Budgets Context—Literature Gaps
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Literature Review: Preliminary Results
	4 Conclusion
		4.1 Limitations and Conflict of Interests
	References
Coupling Architecture Between INS/GPS for Precise Navigation on Set Paths
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Equipment Calibration and Raw Data Extraction
		2.2 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
		2.3 Madgwick Filter Selection
		2.4 The Kalman Filter
		2.5 Madgwick Filter
	3 Results
		3.1 Validation of Results Using Statistical Methods
		3.2 Experimental Method
	4 Conclusions
	References
Vehicle Flow Prediction Through Probabilistic Modeling
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Development of a VANET Using Markov Chains
		1.2 PSH (Particle Smoothing Hydrodynamics) in VANET
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Vehicle Flow Probability Model in a VANET
	3 Analysis of Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Strategies and Organizational Changes for the Logistics Sustainability of Military Aircraft: Towards the Digital Transformation of In-Service Support
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Method
		2.1 Objectives, Methodology and Contents
		2.2 The In-Service Support (ISS) Transformation Within the Integrated Logistics Support (ILS)
	3 Results: The ISS Digital Transformation
	4 Discussions: Strategies and Organization Changes for the Logistics Sustainability of Military Aircraft Towards the ISS Digital Transformation
	5 Conclusions
	References
University–Industry Collaboration Barriers: Project Management Solutions for Defense R&D—A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 The Research and Development Center
	4 Obstacles and Barrier to University–Industry Collaboration
		4.1 Cultural Barriers
		4.2 Institutional Barriers
		4.3 Operational Barriers
	5 Project Management Solutions for the Barriers
		5.1 Cultural Barriers
		5.2 Institutional Barriers
		5.3 Operational Barriers
	6 Conclusion
	References
Business Intelligence: Use of Data Mining Techniques for the Prediction of Internment Times
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Framework
		2.1 Hospital Length of Stay
		2.2 Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM)
	3 Method
		3.1 Business Understanding
		3.2 Data Understanding
		3.3 Data Preparation
		3.4 Modeling
		3.5 Evaluation
		3.6 Implementation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Mobile Military Reactors
	1 Introduction
	2 War-energy Data
	3 The Intensifying War-Energy Nexus
	4 Energy and the Risk of War
	5 The Vital Role of Mobil Military Reactors
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Competitive Advantage of Additive Manufacturing in the Naval Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 AM Processes
	4 The Use of AM in the Naval Sector
	5 Conclusions
	References
Strategy, Geopolitics and Oceanopolitics
RETRACTED CHAPTER: Ocean Policy of the UNCLOS in Ecuador Based on New Geodynamic and Geochronological Evidences
Geopolitical Perspective on the Sea: Key Highlights from the Past and for the Future
	1 Introduction
	2 Sea Versus Land: Classic Geopolitical Dichotomy as Vital Element of (Classic) Geopolitical Narrative
	3 (Geopolitical) Outlook for the Twenty-First Century
	References
Enabling the Securitisation of the Sea Through Hybridity: EU Narrative Under Scrutiny
	1 Introduction
	2 Key Concepts, Theoretical Framework, and Methodology
	3 EU Agenda on ‘Hybrid Threats’
	4 ‘Hybrid Threats’ as an Enabler of Sea Securitisation
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Algorithms for Crime Prediction in Smart Cities Through Data Mining
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Regression Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Social Mobilizations as a Silent Instrument for Seizing Power: The Ecuadorian Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Social Mobilizations
		2.1 Current Situation
	3 Theories, Trends and Ideologies
		3.1 The Theory of Revolution and Social Emancipation for John Holloway
		3.2 The Policy of Non-violent Action of Gene Elmert Sharp
		3.3 The Forms of Power of Joseph Nye
	4 Possible Alternative Solutions: Ecuador Case
		4.1 Political Field
		4.2 Legal Field
		4.3 Educational Field
		4.4 Field of Defence
		4.5 Economic Field
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Armed Forces as a Immediate Response State Institution and Its Participation as an Articulator in the Risk Management in Ecuador
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of the Situation of Risks, Threats and Dangers in Ecuador
	3 Intervention of the Armed Forces of Ecuador in Risk Management
		3.1 Legal Framework for the Use of the Armed Forces in Support Operations for the National Risk and Emergency Management Service
		3.2 The Employment of the Armed Forces of Ecuador During Emergencies Due to Disasters or Catastrophes
		3.3 The Special and Technical Units of the Armed Forces of Ecuador in Support of Risk Management
	4 Characteristics of the Armed Forces of Ecuador in Risk Management
	5 Conclusions
	References
Retraction Note to: Chapters
	Retraction Note to:Chapter “Classification of Authorsfor a Recommendation Process Integratedto a Scientific Meta-Search Engine” in: Álvaro Rocha,Developments and Advances in Defense and Security,Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 181,
	Retraction Note to:Chapter “Data Mining and Association Rulesto Determine Twitter Trends” in: Álvaro Rocha,Developments and Advances in Defense and Security,Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 181,
	Retraction Note to:Chapter “Ocean Policy of the UNCLOS in Ecuador Basedon New Geodynamic and Geochronological Evidences”in: Álvaro Rocha, Developments and Advances in Defenseand Security, Smart Innovation, Systems andTechnologies 181,
Retraction Note to: Vehicle FlowPrediction Through ProbabilisticModeling
Author Index