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دانلود کتاب Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, 5th Edition
دانلود کتاب رشدی- رفتاری کودکان، ویرایش پنجم
مشخصات کتاب
Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, 5th Edition
ویرایش: [5 ed.] نویسندگان: Heidi M. Feldman, Ellen Roy Elias, Nathan J. Blum, Manuel Jimenez, Terry Stancin سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0323809723, 9780323809733 ناشر: Elsevier سال نشر: 2022 تعداد صفحات: [1155] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 35 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 31,000
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب رشدی- رفتاری کودکان، ویرایش پنجم نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب رشدی- رفتاری کودکان، ویرایش پنجم
با توجه به پیشرفت‌های عمده در علوم زیست پزشکی، روانشناختی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی در دهه گذشته، اطفال رشدی-رفتاری، ویرایش پنجم، مرجع انتخابی برای متخصصان در طیف گسترده‌ای از زمینه‌ها، از جمله پزشکی و مراقبت‌های بهداشتی، آموزشی، اجتماعی است. خدمات، حمایت و سیاست عمومی. این منبع بنیادی و پیشگام بر دارایی‌ها و بدهی‌های کودکان تأکید دارد، نه فقط برچسب‌های طبقه‌بندی شده. از نظر دامنه، اطلاعات و راهنمایی هایی را در مورد رشد و رفتار طبیعی، تأثیرات روانی اجتماعی و بیولوژیکی بر رشد، اختلالات رشدی، ناتوانی های عصبی رشدی و شرایط سلامت روان ارائه می دهد. همچنین درباره ابزارها و استراتژی‌های تشخیص و مدیریت، از جمله ارزیابی‌های جدید که می‌توان در برخوردهای بهداشتی از راه دور استفاده کرد، بحث می‌کند. تمرکز بسیار عملی را ارائه می دهد و بر رویکردهای بالینی برای ارزیابی، مشاوره، درمان و مراقبت مداوم تأکید دارد. اطلاعات جدید یا گسترده ای را در مورد مبانی نظری رشد و رفتار انسانی ارائه می دهد. تروما، رویدادهای نامطلوب دوران کودکی، و تاب آوری در طول زندگی؛ مکانیسم شرایط ژنتیکی، اپی ژنتیکی و عصبی؛ و اصول ارزیابی روانشناختی، از جمله طیف وسیعی از رویکردهای ارزیابی. در مورد مدیریت و درمان شرایط رشدی و رفتاری، شامل عوامل مشترک، درمان‌های رفتاری شناختی، خدمات توانبخشی، پزشکی یکپارچه و روانپزشکی بحث می‌کند. شامل فصول به روز در مورد تجلیل از تنوع فرهنگی-اجتماعی و پرداختن به نژادپرستی و سوگیری، استرس حاد و اختلال استرس پس از سانحه در جوانان، تمایلات جنسی و تنوع، و جایگزین هایی برای قیمومیت محدود کننده است. هر فصل را با تصویری رنگارنگ آغاز می‌کند که اهمیت ابعاد انسانی رشدی-رفتاری کودکان را نشان می‌دهد. نظرات یک تیم بین رشته‌ای متشکل از ویراستاران و همکاران را ارائه می‌دهد که به نمایندگی از اطفال رشدی-رفتاری، اطفال عمومی، روانپزشکی، روان‌شناسی، کاردرمانی و فیزیوتراپی، آسیب‌شناسی گفتار-زبان، و قانون می‌پردازند. آخرین اطلاعات دارویی را در فصول به روز شده و تجدید نظر شده روانپزشکی ارائه می دهد. شامل جعبه نکات کلیدی، جداول، تصاویر و نمودارها برای شفاف سازی و بهبود متن است. نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته همراه با خرید. کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته شما به شما امکان می دهد به تمام متن ها، شکل ها و مراجع کتاب در دستگاه های مختلف دسترسی داشته باشید.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Addressing the major advances in biomedical, psychological, social, and environmental sciences over the past decade, Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, 5th Edition, remains the reference of choice for professionals in a wide range of fields, including medicine and health care, education, social service, advocacy, and public policy. This foundational, pioneering resource emphasizes children\'s assets and liabilities, not just categorical labels. Comprehensive in scope, it offers information and guidance on normal development and behavior, psychosocial, and biologic influences on development, developmental disorders, neurodevelopmental disabilities, and mental health conditions. It also discusses tools and strategies for diagnosis and management, including new assessments that can be used in telehealth encounters. Offers a highly practical focus, emphasizing clinical approaches to evaluation, counseling, treatment, and ongoing care. Provides new or expanded information on theoretical foundations of human development and behavior; trauma, adverse childhood events, and resilience across the life span; mechanisms of genetic, epigenetic, and neurological conditions; and principles of psychological assessment, including a broad array of evaluation approaches. Discusses management and treatment for developmental and behavioral conditions, spanning common factors, cognitive behavior therapies, rehabilitative services, integrative medicine, and psychopharmacology. Contains up-to-date chapters on celebrating socio-cultural diversity and addressing racism and bias, acute stress and post-traumatic stress disorder in youth, sexuality and variation, and alternatives to restrictive guardianship. Begins each chapter with a colorful vignette that demonstrates the importance of the human dimensions of developmental-behavioral pediatrics. Offers viewpoints from an interdisciplinary team of editors and contributors, representing developmental-behavioral pediatrics, general pediatrics, psychiatry, psychology, occupational and physical therapy, speech-language pathology, and law. Provides the latest drug information in the updated and revised chapters on psychopharmacology. Includes key points boxes, tables, pictures, and diagrams to clarify and enhance the text. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
فهرست مطالب
cover Front-matter Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Copyright Copyright Contributors Contributors Preface Preface Contents Contents 1. An Introduction to the Field of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 1 An Introduction to the Field of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Rationale for the Field of DBP Definition of DBP Key Perspectives and Values Historical Grounding for DBP Perspective Changing Concepts of Children in Society The Emergence of Pediatrics Evolving Conceptualization of Disability Evolving Concepts of Mental Health Disorders The Development of Psychology The Development of Psychiatry Development of Public Policy and Public Systems Education Health Poverty and Social Risk Disability Professional Training and Research Emergence of the DBP Field Rise of DBP Increasing Prevalence Increased Awareness Evolving Pediatric Practice Establishment of Training Programs Establishment of a Journal and DBP Society Path to Board Certification Future Opportunities and Challenges Conclusion References Website References 2. The Biopsychosocial Model- Understanding Multiple, Interactive Influences on Child Development and Behavior 2 The Biopsychosocial Model: Understanding Multiple, Interactive Influences on Child Development and Behavior Overview Major Theories Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Sameroff’s Transactional Model Development of Behavioral Problems and Psychopathology Diathesis-Stress Model Differential Susceptibility Theory Caregiver-Child Relationships Child Stress and Trauma Intergenerational Transmission of Risk Parental Trauma Exposure Parental Depression Parental Substance Use Disorders Interacting Parental Influences on Children’s Behavior Applications of Theories in the Practice of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Supporting Parent-Child Relationships in Clinic Recognizing Your Own Reactions to Patients Conclusion References 3. Theories of Human Development11Note- We thank Flavia De Campos Dutra for assisting with the bibliographic research for this chapter during the time of COVID-19. 3 Theories of Human Development1 Overview Stage theories of universal developmental change Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development Freudian Stages Limitations Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Eriksonian Stages Limitations Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operations Stage Formal Operations Stage Limitations Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Stages Limitations John Bowlby: Attachment Stages Implications and Limitations General Implications for Stage Theories During the COVID-19 Pandemic Sociocultural theories Lev Vygotsky: Environmental Influences on Language and Thought Reuven Feuerstein: Social Mediation of Cognition Urie Bronfenbrenner: Direct and Indirect Environmental Influences Ann Masten: Resilience in Adverse Environmental Circumstances General Implications of Sociocultural Theories During the COVID-19 Pandemic Multisystem probabilistic phase transitions Dynamic Systems Theory Implications of the COVID-10 Pandemic conclusion References 4. Theories of Learning and Behavior Change 4 Theories of Learning and Behavior Change Introduction Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theories Cognitive and Constructivist Perspectives Extensions and Contemporary Applications Education Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Health Care Contexts Conclusion References 5. The Maternal-Fetal Dyad-Challenges and Adaptations 5 The Maternal-Fetal Dyad: Challenges and Adaptations Introduction Physiologic and Psychological Challenges in Pregnancy Perinatal Mental Health Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Depressive Disorders Risk and Protective Factors for Perinatal Depression Risks to Child Outcomes Associated With Perinatal Depression Treatment for Perinatal Depression Risks to Child Outcomes Associated With Treatment for Perinatal Depression Bipolar Spectrum Disorders Postpartum Psychosis Anxiety Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Treatment for Perinatal Anxiety Disorders Pediatric In-Office Interventions for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Traumatic Birth Experiences Posttraumatic Stress Traumatic Birth and Disenfranchised Grief Clinical Implications of Traumatic Birth Prevention of Traumatic Birth Prevention of PTSD After Traumatic Childbirth Fourth Trimester and Beyond Clinical Pearls for the Fourth Trimester and Beyond Framework for Interplay of Maternal-Child Health Conclusion References 6. Infancy 6 Infancy Introduction Neurologic Indicators of Neonatal Maturity State Organization/Sleep Clinical Implications Sensory Maturation Clinical Implications SOCIAL-emotional development Attachment Clinical Implications Separation Cultural Variations of Parenting Related to Social-Emotional Development Clinical Implications Social Referencing and Joint Attention Clinical Implications Autonomy and Mastery Clinical Implications Temperament Clinical Implications Consequences/Biologic Embedding of Early Adversity MOTOR development Fine Motor Development Gross Motor Development Clinical Implications Cognitive Development Object Permanence Causality Play Clinical Implications Communication Physical Growth Clinical Implications Conclusion References 7. Toddlerhood and the Preschool Years 7 Toddlerhood and the Preschool Years Introduction Developmental Domains Communication Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Adaptive Functioning Autonomy and Fear Toilet Training Feeding and Eating Sleeping Social-Emotional Development Nonverbal Communication and Social Reciprocity Social Skills and Peer Relationships Play Skills Emotional and Moral Development Cognitive Development Overarching Concepts Important for Toddler-Preschool Development The Developing Brain Development of Self-Regulation Emotion Regulation Executive Functioning School Readiness Clinical Perspectives: Conditions Commonly Presenting in the Toddler and Preschool Years Developmental Delay Autism Behavior and Social-Emotional Problems Recommendations and Evidence-Based Interventions Strategies for Increasing Positive Behavior Managing Challenging Behavior Therapeutic Referrals for Clinically Significant Concerns Avoiding and Managing Elopement and Other Threats to Safety Promoting Social Engagement and Prosocial Behavior Early Intervention and Transition to School-Based Services Conclusion References 8. Middle Childhood 8 Middle Childhood Introduction Developmental Progression Transition From Early Childhood Physical Changes Expected Achievements Cognition (Thinking) Social Language Emotional Development Academic Learning Home, Self-Care, and Community Living Tasks and Challenges Adaptation to School Conscience Formation Achieving Mastery Social Acceptance Self-Regulation Self-Image Cultural Influences Readiness for Adolescence When Things go Awry—Patterns of Dysfunction Attention Deficits Learning Differences Peer Problems and Bullying Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Externalizing Behavior Anxiety and Internalizing Behavior Clinical Implications Approach to the Visit Sexuality Trauma and Loss Collaboration—It Takes a Village Advising Parents (and Teachers) Conclusion References 9. Adolescence 9 Adolescence Introduction Developmental Changes During Adolescence Physical Development Pubertal and Hormonal Development Motor Skill Development and Coordination Brain Development Cognitive Development Abstract Thinking Language Development Emotional Development and Intensity Self-Regulation Psychosocial Development Personal Identity Development Autonomy Development Perspective Taking Peer Relationships Family Relationships Gender Sexual Orientation Race/Ethnic Identity Social Consciousness Awareness of Social Justice Contextual Influences Role of Social Media Schools Work Cultural Influences on Adolescents Religion Assessing adolescents’ health and health behaviors Decision Making During Adolescence Risk and Benefit Perceptions Comprehensive Assessments of Health: HEADSS Drugs/Substances Sexuality Sleep Suicide/Depression Treating Adolescents General Considerations Consent and Confidentiality Trauma-Informed Care The Broader Context of Health Management Engagement of Microsystems and Mesosystems Exosystems and Macrosystems Chronosystems Special Populations and Developmental Considerations Adolescent Parents Adolescents in Foster Care Adolescents and Youth in the Justice System Adolescents Who Are Immigrants Mental Health in Adolescence Anxiety Mood Disorders Suicidal Behavior CONCLUSIONs References 10. Transition to Adulthood 10 Transition to Adulthood Introduction The Developmental Process Neurologic Processes Cognitive Processes Social Processes Psychosocial Development Interpersonal and Social Relationships Family of Origin Friends Romantic/Sexual Relationships Marriage and Parenthood Education Work and Finances Finances Households and Homeownership Community Life Religious and Spiritual Life Political Life and Civic Engagement Health Care Needs and Transition Physical Health Care Mental Health Conclusion References 11. End-of-Life, Death, and Bereavement 11 End-of-Life, Death, and Bereavement Approaching End of Life Communication Culture Planning for the End of Life Death Bereavement Conclusion References 12. Understanding Child Development and Behavior in the Context of Family Systems 12 Understanding Child Development and Behavior in the Context of Family Systems Introduction A Family Systems Perspective on Child Development and Behavior Role of the Family System in Development Parents/Primary Caregivers Grandparents Siblings Extended Relatives and Family of Choice Family Life Cycle Developmental Delays and Disabilities in a Family Life cycle Context Initial Concerns and Diagnosis Family Management and Organization Transitions, Adulthood, and Family Life Cycle Supporting Families: A Summary and Conclusion References 13. Parenting and Parenting Behavior 13 Parenting and Parenting Behavior Parenting and Child Development Parenting Styles and Dimensions Relational Health The Role of Fathers Parenting Across the Lifespan Parenting in Infancy Breastfeeding Infant Sleep Establishing Routines for Language-Rich Interactions Parenting in the Toddler and Preschool Years Supporting Autonomy Discipline Parenting in Middle Childhood Academic Achievement Screen Time Parenting Adolescents Parenting Styles in Adolescence Adjustment and Peer Relationships Parenting in Context Poverty Racism Racial Socialization Colorism Parenting Children With Developmental Disabilities Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinical Implications References 14. Foster Care and Adoption- Implications for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 14 Foster Care and Adoption: Implications for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Introduction Key Terms and Definitions Epidemiology Family and Child Preparation Transition Considerations Feeding Challenges Sleep Problems Need for Control Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes Within the Context of Adoption Cognitive and Educational Outcomes Following Adoption Mental Health Issues and Support Seeking Following Adoption Impact of Preadoptive Deprivations: Lessons Learned From Studies of Previously Institutionalized Children Limitations and Current Knowledge Gaps Identity Development Considerations Postadoption Ethnic/Racial Identity Adoption Identity Discussions Practice and Policy Implications Conclusion References 15. Trauma, Resilience, and Child Development 15 Trauma, Resilience, and Child Development Frameworks: Trauma, Toxic Stress, and Resilience Trauma Definition of Trauma Prevalence Types of Trauma Implications of Trauma Adverse Childhood Experiences, Toxic Stress, and Adversity The Origin of ACEs Role of Race in ACEs Neurobiology of Toxic Stress Resilience Defining Resilience Resilience Factors Clinical Interventions Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Trauma Screening Assessment Treatment and Trauma-Informed Care Definition and Principles of Trauma-Informed Care Promoting Resilience Using a Resilience-Building Framework Building Resilience in Clinical Settings Secondary Trauma, Resilience, and Self-Care for Clinicians Systemic Interventions Addressing Trauma in Schools Building Resilience in Schools Building Resilience Through Policy Further Considerations Conclusion References 16. Childcare 16 Childcare Types of Childcare Childcare Arrangements Defining Quality in the Childcare Setting Clinicians’ Roles Conclusion References 17. Peers 17 Peers Social Development and the Importance of Peer Relationships Problems in Peer Relationships Children with Special Health Care Needs as a Potentially Vulnerable Population Implications for Clinicians Conclusion References 18. Schools as a Milieu 18 Schools as a Milieu Introduction School Environment Academic Emphasis Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Teacher Training and Support Teachers and Peers Positive Behavior Supports Extracurricular Activities Physical Features Size and Space Neighborhood Factors Structure and Technology The School’s Role in Promoting Physical Health and Wellbeing Food Insecurity Child Maltreatment/Abuse Medication Administration and Health Screening Role of Clinician as an Advocate Conclusion References 19. Neighborhoods and Personal Networks 19 Neighborhoods and Personal Networks Defining the Neighborhood and the Personal Network Neighborhood Personal Network Neighborhood Mechanisms of Effect Recent Trends in Neighborhood Research Economic Disadvantage Components of economic disadvantage: Income poverty, material hardship, family health. Dynamics of disadvantage according to individual and family characteristics. Restricted Physical Environment (Increased Density, Diminished Green Space) Geographic Mobility and Residential Instability Neighborhood Effects on Infants Neonatal and Infant Mortality Nutrition and Growth Neighborhood Effects on Children Intellectual Development School Readiness and Achievement Psychological Wellbeing and Ethnic Density Neighborhood Effects on Adolescents Violence-Related Mortality Involvement in the Criminal Justice System High School Completion Personal Networks Mechanisms of Effect Recent Trends in Personal Networks Research Networks Across the Life Span Neonatal and Infant Health Children Adolescents Network Effects on Health Care Neighborhoods and Personal Networks: Strategic Activities Applying Knowledge to Interventions Engaging Clinicians Engaging Communities Engaging Public Health Professionals and Federal Programs Advancing Research Conclusion References 20. Celebrating Sociocultural Diversity in the Exam Room and Addressing Racism and Bias 20 Celebrating Sociocultural Diversity in the Exam Room and Addressing Racism and Bias Introduction Defining Racial Terminology Race Ethnicity Racism Microaggressions Implicit Racial Bias Racial/Ethnic Socialization Racial Literacy Social Determinants of Health Racial Awareness and Racial Identity Development in Childhood Newborn to Toddler (Birth–2 Years) Preschool and Early Childhood (3–5 Years) Middle Childhood (6–11 Years) Adolescence (≥12 Years) Cultural Humility Putting Cultural Humility into Practice: A return to Omari’s case Considerations for Care of Children in Immigrant Families Conclusion: Promoting Resilience by Celebrating Diversity References 21. The Influence of Digital Media on Children and Families 21 The Influence of Digital Media on Children and Families Prevalence of Digital Media Evolution of Digital Media Content Parent Role in Media Associations with Health Outcomes and Children’s Wellbeing Overview Sleep Obesity Language Development Executive Functioning Children’s Developmental Stages and Associations with Digital Media Infancy Infant Development and Screen Media Relevance for Parents/Clinicians Caring for Infants Toddlers and Preschoolers Toddler/Preschooler Development and Screen Media Relevance for Parents/Clinicians Caring for Toddlers/Preschoolers School Age School-Age Children’s Development and Screen Media Relevance for Parents/Clinicians During School Age Adolescence Relevance for Parents/Clinicians During the Adolescent Years Disparities and Access Practical Applications Resources References 22. Natural and Human Disasters 22 Natural and Human Disasters The Impact of Disasters on Children Natural Versus Manmade Disasters The Vulnerability of Children, Especially Those With Disabilities Adjustment Reactions of Children Following Disasters Risk Factors for Adjustment Difficulties Bereavement in Children Children’s Conceptual Understanding of Death Guilt Secondary and Cumulative Losses and Stressors Trauma and Grief Triggers and Anniversary Reactions Effective Communication with Children Following Disasters Social Support from Caregivers and Other Caring Adults Psychosocial Support in the Aftermath of a Disaster Promoting Effective Coping Strategies Early Interventions—Psychological First Aid Long-Term Interventions Use of Psychotropic Medications Resiliency and Posttraumatic Growth Consultation to Schools The Value of Universal Supports Advice for Educators Personal Impact of Disasters on Clinicians and Professional Self-care CONCLUSION References 23. Biological Mechanisms of Human Development and Behavior 23 Biological Mechanisms of Human Development and Behavior Introduction Where does one start when assessing children with developmental disabilities for underlying biologic diagnoses? History Physical Examination Advances in Medical Care Advances in Genetics References 24. Genetic Disorders and Their Associated Mechanisms 24 Genetic Disorders and Their Associated Mechanisms Introduction Epigenetic Mechanisms of Disease Epigenetics Genomic Imprinting Disorders Associated With Genomic Imprinting Angelman Syndrome Prader-Willi Syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Silver-Russell Syndrome Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery Somatic Mosaicism Mendelian Genetic Syndromes and Conditions Rasopathies Neurofibromatosis Type I Noonan Syndrome Costello Syndrome Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome Connective Tissue Disorders Marfan Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Osteogenesis Imperfecta Skeletal Dysplasias Achondroplasia Multifactorial Conditions Cleft Lip and Palate Congenital Heart Disease CHARGE Syndrome Neural Tube Defects Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Maternal Diabetes References 25. Chromosome Disorders and Inheritance Patterns 25 Chromosome Disorders and Inheritance Patterns Introduction Karyotype Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Microarray Balanced and Unbalanced Translocations Copy Number Variants 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Williams Syndrome (7q11.23 Deletion) 16p11.2 Deletion Aneuploidy Trisomy Trisomy 21 Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 Monosomy Mosaicism Atypical Chromosome Structure Isochromosome Ring Chromosomes Inversions Inheritance Patterns Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Penetrance Expressivity Age of Onset Allelic Heterogeneity and Locus Heterogeneity Sex Limited Conditions Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Aspects of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Consanguinity. Inbreeding. Founder effect. Carrier frequency. X-Linked Inheritance X-Linked Recessive Disease Manifesting heterozygotes. X-Linked Dominant Disease References 26. Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy 26 Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy Introduction Turner Syndrome Genetics and Diagnosis of Turner Syndrome Definition and Prevalence of Turner Syndrome Genetic Variations and Mechanisms in Turner Syndrome Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Turner Syndrome Clinical Features of Turner Syndrome Physical and Medical Features of Turner Syndrome Developmental and Psychological Features of Turner Syndrome Screening and Treatment Recommendations for Turner Syndrome Xxy/Klinefelter Syndrome Genetics and Diagnosis of XXY/Klinefelter Syndrome Clinical Features of XXY/Klinefelter Syndrome Medical and Physical Features of XXY/Klinefelter Syndrome Developmental-Behavioral Features of XXY/Klinefelter Syndrome Xyy Syndrome Genetics and Diagnosis of XYY Clinical Features of XYY Physical and Medical Features of XYY Developmental-Behavioral Features of XYY Trisomy X/47,Xxx Genetics and Diagnosis of Trisomy X Clinical Features of Trisomy X Medical and Physical Features of Trisomy X Developmental-Behavioral Features of Trisomy X Tetrasomy And Pentasomy Conditions (Xxyy, Xxxy, Xyyy, Xxxxy, Xxyyy, Tetrasomy X, Pentasomy X) Genetics of Sex Chromosome Tetrasomy and Pentasomy Clinical Features of Tetrasomy and Pentasomy Conditions Genetic Research in Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies Patient and Professional Resources Conclusion References 27. Down Syndrome 27 Down Syndrome Down Syndrome History of Down Syndrome Genetics Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis Making the Diagnosis in the Newborn Period Informing the Family Health Concerns in Individuals with Down Syndrome Gastrointestinal Disorders Ophthalmologic Difficulties Audiologic and Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems Sleep Difficulties Cardiovascular Disease Endocrinology Hematology Infectious Disease and Immunology Musculoskeletal Disease Neuropsychiatric Concerns Intellectual Disability Autism Spectrum Disorder Down Syndrome Disintegrative Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Epilepsy Dementia Health Care Guidelines for Children and Adults Growth and Development Education Transition Conclusion References 28. Fragile X Syndrome and FMR1 Variants 28 Fragile X Syndrome and FMR1 Variants Introduction Genetics oF Fragile X Fragile X Syndrome Physical, Medical, and Motor Features of FXS Developmental-Behavioral and Cognitive Features of FXS Evaluation and Treatment Approaches for FXS Speech-Language Therapy Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Special Education Behavioral Therapies Psychological and Social Skills Therapies Medical Evaluations and Treatments in FXS Medical evaluations. Psychopharmacologic medications. Targeted treatment medications. FMR1 Premutation–Associated Disorders Fragile X–Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome Fragile X–Associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Fragile X–Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders Genetic Counseling and Cascade Testing Resources for Providers and Families References 29. Nervous System 29 Nervous System Prenatal Brain Development Neuroanatomy Supratentorial Anatomy Infratentorial Anatomy Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System Meninges Cerebrovascular Circulation Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Neurologic History and Physical Examination History General Examination Neurologic Examination Techniques in Infants Telehealth Indications for Imaging Central Nervous System Malformations Forebrain and Cerebral Cortex Holoprosencephaly Agenesis of Corpus Callosum Septo-Optic Dysplasia Lissencephaly Polymicrogyria Schizencephaly Neuronal Heterotopia Focal Cortical Dysplasia Posterior Fossa Dandy-Walker Malformation Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Chiari I to IV Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathways Hydrocephalus Arachnoid Cyst Brain Size Megalencephaly Microcephaly Neural Tube Defects Anencephaly Encephalocele Spina Bifida and Myelomeningocele Vascular Disease Perinatal/Neonatal Stroke Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Neonatal Hemorrhagic Stroke Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis Periventricular Venous Infarct Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Childhood/Adolescence Stroke Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke Focal cerebral arteriopathy. Moyamoya disease. Vasculitis. Arterial dissection. Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis Vascular Malformations Prognosis Headache Migraine Tension-Type Headache Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias References 30. Neuromuscular Disorders 30 Neuromuscular Disorders Overview of Neuromuscular Disorders What Are the Neuromuscular Disorders? Diagnostic Workup of Neuromuscular Disorders Specific Neuromuscular Disorders Motor Neuron Disorders Nerve Neuromuscular Junction Muscle Clinical Implications of a Neuromuscular Diagnosis References 31. Seizures and Epilepsy 31 Seizures and Epilepsy Background First-Time Seizure Evaluation and Management Risk of Recurrent Seizures andFuture Epilepsy Epilepsy Diagnosis and Classification Types of Seizures Types of Epilepsy Epilepsy Syndromes Causes of Epilepsy Epilepsy Evaluation Treatment of Epilepsy Status Epilepticus and Acute Treatment Options Antiseizure Medications Other Consequences of Epilepsy Neurocognitive Effects of Epilepsy Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Patients Seizure Safety Epilepsy Support and Resources References 32. Diffuse Acquired Brain Injury 32 Diffuse Acquired Brain Injury Introduction to Diffuse Acquired Brain Injury Epidemiology Pathophysiology Injury Grading/Severity Neuroimaging/Electroencephalography Plasticity Versus Development and the Role of Age at Injury Individual and Contextual Predictors of Outcomes Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes Clinical Management Rehabilitation Medication Management Neuropsychological Monitoring Psychological and Behavioral Interventions Cognitive Rehabilitation Educational Supports Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Abusive Head Trauma Anoxic Brain Injuries Conclusions and Future Directions References 33. Congenital Infections 33 Congenital Infections Introduction Overview of the Pathophysiology of Congenital Infections Congenital Infections and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Types of Congenital Infections TORCH Infections Congenital Cytomegalovirus Epidemiology Presentation and Classification of Disease Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Congenital Toxoplasmosis Epidemiology Presentation and Classification of Disease Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Congenital Syphilis Epidemiology Presentation and Classification of Disease Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Emerging Congenital Infections Zika Virus Epidemiology Presentation and Classification of Disease Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemiology Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Congenital Infections and Hypothetical Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder The Role of the Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrician References 34. Consequences of Preterm Birth 34 Consequences of Preterm Birth Introduction Epidemiology of Preterm Births Incidence of Preterm Birth Racial Disparities Obstetric Dating Practices Etiology of Preterm Birth Neonatal Conditions and Assessment of Risk Preterm Perinatal Brain Injury Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Retinopathy of Prematurity Necrotizing Enterocolitis Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Overview Cerebral Palsy Intellectual Disability Neurosensory Impairments Neuromotor Abnormality Language Disorders Learning Behavioral Outcomes Follow-up of the Preterm Infant Conclusion References 35. Nutritional Disorders 35 Nutritional Disorders Overview of the Brain-Nutrient Interaction High Metabolic Demands Timing and Dose of the Nutritional Deficiency Vulnerability and Plasticity The Role of the Microbiome Epigenetics Critical Macronutrients Protein Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Critical Micronutrients Iron Iodine Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Zinc Vitamin D Nutrition Status Assessment in Children with Developmental Disability Anthropometrics, Body Composition, and Bone Density Standard Growth Charts Special Growth Charts Midupper Arm Circumference Triceps Skinfold Thickness Subscapular Skinfold Thickness Body Composition Weight Gain Velocity Arm and Leg Length Measures Assessment of Bone Mineral Density Basic Principles for Assessment of Nutritional Requirements in Children With Disabilities Recommended Dietary Allowance Resting Energy Expenditure and Total Energy Expenditure References 36. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 36 Inborn Errors of Metabolism Background General Approach Laboratory Evaluation Newborn Screening Disorders Presenting with Hyperammonemia Overview Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency Argininosuccinic Aciduria Arginase Deficiency Hyperornithinemia, Hyperammonemia, Homocitrullinuria Syndrome Amino Acid Disorders Phenylketonuria Disorders of Hyperhomocystinemia and Hypermethioninemia Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia The Tyrosinemias Organic Acidemias Neurometabolic Disorders Glucose Transporter Type-1 Deficiency Neurotransmitter Disorders Creatine Deficiency Syndromes Vitamin-Responsive Disorders: Disorders of B6 Metabolism Disorders of Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism Isolated Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency Purine and Pyrimidine Disorders Disorders Of Carbohydrate Metabolism Galactosemia Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Peroxisomal Disorders Overview X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders: The Zellweger Spectrum Mitochondrial Diseases Overview Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Lysosomal Storage Disorders Overview Mucopolysaccharidoses Niemann-Pick C Neuronal Lipofuscinosis Disorders of Cholesterol Metabolism Disorders of Cholesterol Synthesis: Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis Therapeutics Gene and RNA-Based Therapies Enzyme Replacement Therapies Cell-Based Therapies Small Molecule Therapies Conclusion References 37. Prenatal Exposure of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs 37 Prenatal Exposure of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs Introduction Alcohol Syndromes Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Epidemiology of Prenatal Alcohol Use Mechanisms of Prenatal Alcohol Effects Nicotine Prescription Medications Affecting Development And Behavior Antiepileptic Drugs Valproic Acid Other Medications Antineoplastic Agents Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Anticoagulants Psychotropic Medication Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Antipsychotics Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Antidepressants Mood Stabilizers Retinoids Illicit and Recreational Drugs Cocaine Opioids Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Cannabis Amphetamines Screening for Exposure References 38. The Impact of Environmental Chemicals on the Developing Brain 38 The Impact of Environmental Chemicals on the Developing Brain Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Caused by Toxic Chemicals in the Environment Ubiquitous Nature of Environmental Chemicals Children’s Unique Vulnerabilities to Toxic Chemicals From Acute Toxicity to Silent Toxicity Environmental Influences on Development Lead Mercury Organophosphate Pesticides Additional Developmental Neurotoxicants Specific Developmental Disabilities: Autism Spectrum Disorder Environmental Health Disparities CONCLUSION: Advice for Developmental-Behavioral Clinicians Conclusion References 39. Cerebral Palsy and Other Motor Disorders 39 Cerebral Palsy and Other Motor Disorders Definition of Cerebral Palsy Etiology Making the Diagnosis History Physical Examination Neuroimaging Additional Investigations Classification of Cerebral Palsy Movement Disorders in Children with CP Systemic Medications Injections Surgical Management Orthopedic Issues in CP Contractures Scoliosis Spastic Hip Dysplasia Evaluation and Management of Pain Bone Health Evaluation and Management Growth Puberty Growth Attenuation Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Issues Pulmonary Concerns Gynecologic and Urologic Issues Sexual Health Vision and Hearing Issues Mental Health Considerations Life Expectancy and Quality of Life Rehabilitation Therapies Participation Orthoses and Durable Medical Equipment Conclusion References 40. Intellectual Disability 40 Intellectual Disability Intellectual Disability: Evolution of Terminology Prevalence Etiologic Factors Genetics Metabolic Infections Trauma Toxins Evaluation of Intellectual Disability CoOccurring Conditions Behavioral and Emotional Seizures and Epilepsy Gastrointestinal Orthopedic Sensory Sleep Outcomes and Disparities Life Expectancy Guardianship and Supported Decision Making Advocacy and Self-Determination Community Integration Employment Postsecondary Education Sexuality Poverty Diversity Prevention Immunizations Nutritional Safety Laws and Recommendations Environmental Neonatal Screening Social Determinants of Health Recent and Future therapies and Advances Resources Parent Groups Advocacy Organizations Youth and Adult Activities Employment Professional Organizations Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion References 41. Autism Spectrum Disorder 41 Autism Spectrum Disorder Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder Epidemiology Etiology Diagnostic Criteria Social Communication, Social Interaction, and Symbolic Play Repetitive and Restrictive Patterns of Behaviors Severity Levels/Support Accompanying Impairments Onset and Developmental Course Infancy/Early Childhood School-Aged Children Adolescents Adults Historically Understudied Populations Screening/Assessment/Diagnostic Evaluation Surveillance and Screening Comprehensive Assessments and Multimodal Evaluation Methods Medical Evaluations Differential Diagnosis Versus Comorbidities Intellectual Disability Social Communication Disorder Selective Mutism Language Disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Anxiety Disorders Childhood Onset Schizophrenia Stereotypic Movement Disorder Co-occurring Medical and Mental Health Conditions Medical Co-occurring Conditions Mental Health Co-occurring Conditions Interventions Behavioral Interventions for Core Symptoms Educational Supports Speech and Language Therapy Occupational Therapy Behavioral and Mental Health Interventions Medical Interventions Complementary and Alternative Therapies Family-Centered, Culturally and Linguistically Competent and Equitable Care Future Directions References 42. Developmental Considerations in Deafness 42 Developmental Considerations in Deafness Terminology Epidemiology Etiology Genetic Developmental Disabilities Risk Factors for Childhood Hearing Loss Evaluation Hearing Screening Diagnostic Hearing Evaluation Medical Evaluation Developmental Evaluation Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes Auditory Development Speech Development Language Development Cognitive Development Social and Emotional Development Academic Management Family-Centered Early Intervention Medical Management Audiological Management Developmental Interventions Education Assistive Technology, Transition Services, Vocational Planning Conclusion Acknowledgments References Resources 43. Blindness and Visual Impairment 43 Blindness and Visual Impairment Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment Diseases of the Orbit Craniosynostosis Syndromes Other Orbital Syndromes Ocular Abnormalities Microphthalmia Cornea Anterior Segment Lens Glaucoma Retina/Vitreous Neuroophthalmologic Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment Optic Nerve Abusive Head Trauma Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Screening Responsibilities Characteristics and Definitions of Blindness and Visual Impairment Ophthalmologic Interventions and Management Developmental and Educational Implications of Pediatric Blindness/Visual Impairment School-Age Children and Adolescents Conclusion and Recommendations References Resources 44. Language and Speech Disorders 44 Language and Speech Disorders Definitions Normal Development Developmental Variations Developmental Delay Evaluation Procedures Screening Diagnostic Testing Observational and Interview Assessment Strategies Norm-Referenced Formal Measures Criterion-Referenced Measures Assessment of Speech Language Disorders Epidemiology Known Causes Unresponsive Social Environment and Impoverished Language Environment Hearing Loss Cognitive Impairment Chromosomal and Genetic Causes of Cognitive Impairment Autism Neurologic Conditions Specific Language Impairment Management of Language Disorders Speech Sound Disorders Articulation Disorders Phonologic Disorders Anatomic Disorders Neurologic Disorders Stuttering Voice and Resonance Management of Speech Sound Disorders Conclusion References 45. Sensory Processing Disorders 45 Sensory Processing Disorders Types of Sensory Processing Disorder Sensory Modulation Disorder Sensory-Based Motor Disorders Vestibular-Based Postural Disorders Dyspraxia Sensory Discrimination Disorder Assessment History Intervention Outcomes of Sensory Integration Intervention Conclusion References 46. Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 46 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) What is ADHD? Understanding ADHD Historical Perspective The Evolving Understanding of the Fundamental Nature of ADHD Neurobiology Neurophysiology Neuropsychological Foundations Genetics Other Etiologic Factors. The Impact of ADHD Health Disparities and Socioeconomic Costs Persistence Into Adulthood Functional Impairment in Children and Adolescents Medical Comorbidities Adult Outcomes Complex ADHD as a Concept and Focus on Improving Functional Outcomes Diagnosis and Nomenclature Assessment Treatment Psychoeducation and Psychosocial Interventions Pharmacotherapy Psychoeducation Medication Choice Continuous Versus Intermittent Treatment When to Consider Stopping Medication Fostering Understanding and Adherence Treatment Across the Life span Conclusion References 47. Learning Disabilities 47 Learning Disabilities Background, Definitions, and Symptomatology of Learning Disorders Specific Learning Disorder/Disability With Impairment in Reading Specific Learning Disorder/Disability With Impairment in Written Expression Specific Learning Disorder/Disability With Impairment in Mathematics Nonverbal Learning Disability Epidemiology and Etiology Coexisting Conditions Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Speech and Language Disorders Other Specific Learning Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Developmental Coordination Disorder Mental Health Conditions Social Impairment Genetic Disorders Diagnostic Approach Medical Assessment of Learning Disability Psychological Assessment of Learning Disability Treatment Dyslexia and Reading Disorders Dyscalculia and Math Disorders Dysgraphia and Writing Disorders Laws Impacting Special Education The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Title II of the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Prevention Response to Intervention Transition to Postsecondary Education and Adult Life Postsecondary Education Employment Criminal Justice System and Learning Disability Primary Care Provider Role and Establishing Partnerships Conclusion References 48. Talent and Giftedness 48 Talent and Giftedness Definitions Gifted and Talented as Ability Gifted and Talented as Multifactorial Developmental Concerns Cognitive Development Social-Emotional Development Educational Identification and Programming Curriculum Alternatives Ability Grouping Acceleration Enrichment Special Considerations Identification of Underrepresented Groups The Underachieving Gifted and Talented Child Identification of Twice Exceptional Students Conclusion References 49. Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents 49 Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents Depressive Spectrum Disorders Brief Overview Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Comorbid Conditions Screening and Assessment Treatment Psychotherapeutic Interventions Pharmacotherapy Prevention Suicide in Children and Adolescents Background Treatment Bipolar Spectrum Disorder Brief Overview Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Comorbid Conditions Screening and Assessment Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Acute Manic/Mixed Mania Bipolar Depression Maintenance Treating Comorbid Conditions Specific Medication Considerations Second-Generation Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizers Antidepressants Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychotherapeutic Interventions Prevention Conclusion References 50. Suicide Prevention Care in the Pediatric Setting- A Trauma-Informed Approach 50 Suicide Prevention Care in the Pediatric Setting: A Trauma-Informed Approach Epidemiology and Presentation of Suicide Risk Factors Increasing Suicide and Self-Harm Risk Traumatic Stress, Adversity, and Social Determinants of Health Care Process Model for Screening, Evaluation, and Management of Suicide/Self-Harm Risk and Traumatic Stress Screening for Suicide/Self-Harm Risk—Assess (A) Screening for Traumatic Stress—Assess (A) SAFETY-A/FISP Overview and Empirical Support SAFETY-A and ABCD Case Illustration with Carlos Assess Build Hope and Reasons for Living Connect Develop Plan Clinical Implications and Conclusions References 51. Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents 51 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents Introduction Correlates and Risks Factors Temperament Genetics Societal Factors Parenting and Family Relationships Stressors and Adverse Childhood Experiences Comorbidities Types of Anxiety Disorders Separation Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Specific Phobias Selective Mutism Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Assessment Differential Diagnosis Treatments Behavior Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Exposure and Response Prevention Psychopharmacology Antidepressant Medications Benzodiazepines Other Medications Medication for OCD Other Treatments Combined Treatments Conclusion and Clinical Implications References 52. Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents 52 Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents Clinical High-Risk States for Psychosis Clinical Description Differential Diagnosis Psychotic-Like Experiences Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Personality Disorders Assessment Course and Prognosis Treatment Pharmacologic Interventions Psychosocial Interventions Multicomponent Interventions Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents Clinical Description Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders Schizophreniform Disorder Schizoaffective Disorder Affective Disorders With Psychosis Unspecified Schizophrenia Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder Other Disorders With Psychosis in Children and Adolescents Substance-Induced Psychosis Psychosis Associated With a General Medical Condition Differential Diagnosis Neurobiologic and Genetic Risk Factors Course and Prognosis Treatment Pharmacologic Treatment Psychosocial Interventions Multicomponent Interventions Substance Use and Psychosis Conclusion References 53. Substance Use Disorders and Other Risk-Taking Behaviors in Youth 53 Substance Use Disorders and Other Risk-Taking Behaviors in Youth Introduction Adolescent Development Substance Use Epidemiology Tobacco Alcohol Cannabis Illicit Drugs Prescription Drugs Substance Use Progression Associated Problems Prevention Risk Factors Principles of Effective Prevention Principles of Effective Parent Guidance Screening And Assessment Screening Tools CRAFFT NIAAA S2BI BSTAD Assessment Interventions Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Substance Use Disorder Treatment Brief Interventions Treatment Options Psychosocial/Behavioral Interventions Medical/Psychiatric Interventions Detoxification Medication-Assisted Treatment Acute Residential Treatment Long-Term Residential Treatment Outpatient Treatment Pediatric Clinicians Family ADHD, Psychostimulants, and Substance Use Intoxication and Withdrawal Parents/Caregivers Who Use Alcohol and Other Substances Conclusion References 54. Dual Diagnosis of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 54 Dual Diagnosis of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Prevalence and Epidemiology Diagnostic Considerations Diagnostic Assessment Rating Instruments Diagnosis Of Specific Mental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Anxiety Mood Disorders Suicide and Suicide Risk Assessment Gender Diversity and Gender Dysphoria Conduct Problems and Aggression Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Stereotypic Movement Disorder Pica Evaluation and Treatment of Medical Conditions Treatment Treatment Planning Psychotherapies and Psychological Interventions Psychotropic Medications Care Coordination and Consultation Conclusion References 55. Aggression and Disruptive Behavior Disorders 55 Aggression and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Introduction Defining Disruptive Behavior Disorders Prevalence Role of Aggression in Disruptive Behavior Disorders Forms of Aggression Functions of Aggression How Bullying Relates to Disruptive Behavior Disorders Etiology of Aggression and Disruptive Behaviors Biologic Theories Social Learning Theories Social Information Processing Developmental/Ecologic Theories Assessment of Disruptive Behavior Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders Lifestyle Interventions Empirically Supported Parent Training and Family Therapies for Disruptive Behavior Disorders Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS) Multisystemic Treatment (MST) The Coping Power Program Medication Wraparound or Behavioral Health Rehabilitative Services (BHRS) Outcomes Conclusion References 56. Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth 57. Adjustment and Adjustment Disorders in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 57 Adjustment and Adjustment Disorders in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Introduction Concepts of Stress and Adjustment Stress Response Systems Resilience Ecologic and Cultural Perspectives Adjustment Disorders Prevalence Adjustment Disorders and Medical Illness Adjustment Disorders and Psychosocial Stressors Prevention and Treatment Conclusion References 58. Impact of Hospitalization and Acute Medical Care on Children and Families 58 Impact of Hospitalization and Acute Medical Care on Children and Families Impact of Hospitalization on Child and Caregiver Functioning Conceptual Models Bioecologic Systems Theory Pediatric Psychosocial Preventative Health Model Intervention Conclusion References 59. Children with Chronic Illness and Medical Complexity 59 Children with Chronic Illness and Medical Complexity Definitions of Chronic Illness and Medical Complexity Etiology Complexity of Diagnoses and Management Coordinating the Care Team Intensity of Care Needs From Medical Clinicians An Approach to the Child with Medical Complexity Developmental Concerns Growth Issues Nutritional Problems and Gastrointestinal issues Dysphagia Gastrointestinal Complications Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastritis. Constipation. Respiratory Issues Abnormalities of the Airway Lung Diseases Ventilatory Support Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts Urologic Procedures in Children With Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder Orthopedic Procedures in CMC Other Specialized Medical Technologies Conclusion References 60. Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors-Developmental and Behavioral Considerations 60 Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors: Developmental and Behavioral Considerations Pediatric Brain Tumors Types and Frequency Clinical Suspicion of a Brain Tumor Tumor Treatments Late Effects of Brain Tumors and their Treatment Mechanisms of Injury Medical Late Effects Physical Changes Sensory Impairment: Vision and Hearing Neurologic Dysfunction: Seizures, Strokes, Balance Impairment Endocrine Dysfunction Sleep Disorders Secondary Malignancy Neuropsychological Late Effects Neurocognitive Late Effects IQ, Working Memory, and Processing Speed Attention Interventions for Neurocognitive Functioning Neurobehavioral Late Effects Social Competence Interventions for Social Skills Survivorship Care References 61. Neurodevelopment in Children With Congenital Heart Disease 61 Neurodevelopment in Children With Congenital Heart Disease Etiology of neurodevelopmental deficits in CHD Neurodevelopment in children with CHD Intelligence Speech and Language Visual-Spatial Skills Executive Function Social Cognition Psychiatric outcomes and quality of life Guidelines for Neurodevelopmental Screening and Evaluation Impact of CHD on the Family Transition to Adult Care Therapeutic interventions Conclusion References 62. Medications With Developmental and Behavioral Side Effects 62 Medications With Developmental and Behavioral Side Effects Introduction Antiepileptic Drugs (Anticonvulsants) Antihistamines First-Generation Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine, Hydroxyzine, and Cyproheptadine) Second-Generation Antihistamines (Cetirizine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine) Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Methylprednisolone) Corticosteroid Usage in Specific Pediatric Medical Conditions Corticosteroid Usage in Preterm and Low Birthweight Infants Conclusion References 63. Palliative Care for Children With Medical Complexity 63 Palliative Care for Children With Medical Complexity Overview Relationship to Primary Care and Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Pain Signs of Pain Pain Assessment Tools Approach to Treatment Feeding Intolerance Difficult Conversations Responsibility for initiating Palliative Care Recommendations for Positive Difficult Conversation Team Coordination Sharing Serious News as a Team Shared Mental Model Methods Understanding Legal and Institutional Policies Team Flexibility Barriers to Successful Difficult Conversations Caregiver Barriers Clinician Barriers Health System Barriers Regoaling Caregiver Regoaling Clinician and Health System Regoaling Conclusion References 64. Chronic Pain 64 Chronic Pain The Significance of Childhood Chronic Pain Definitions and Common Childhood Pain Conditions Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Functional Abdominal Pain Disorder Headache Impact of Chronic Pain on Children and Families Long-Term Course and Outcomes of Childhood Chronic Pain Understanding Chronic Pain: A Biopsychosocial Framework Developmental Biologic Psychological Social Assessment of Chronic Pain in Children Pain History Pain Impact Chronic Pain Management in Children Counseling Families Treatment of Chronic Pain in Children Psychological Interventions Physical Interventions Pharmacologic Treatments CAM Therapies Interdisciplinary Pediatric Pain Treatment Programs Telehealth and Digital Health Interventions Conclusion References 65. Feeding and Swallowing Disorders 65 Feeding and Swallowing Disorders Introduction Typical Feeding Development Swallowing Disorders Anatomy and Physiology of Swallowing Dysphagia and Aspiration Instrumental Assessments to Evaluate Swallow Function The International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative Management Tips Common Problems Future Directions International Association for Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Video Appointments Research Conclusion References 66. Growth Faltering 66 Growth Faltering Medical Anthropometric Evaluation: Objective Identification of Growth Faltering Complex Consideration in Addressing Growth Faltering Following Low Birthweight Laboratory Assessment Nutritional Developmental-Behavioral dysfunction Social-Emotional Social Determinants of Health in Growth Faltering Child Protection Considerations in Growth Faltering and Indications for Hospitalization Psychiatry/Mental Health Support Conclusion References 67. Childhood Obesity 67 Childhood Obesity Epidemiology Assessment Screening and Classification Evaluation Special Considerations for Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs Parenting Styles and Practices The Role of Pediatric Providers in Weight Management Taking a Developmental Approach to Prevention and Treatment Infancy Early Childhood School Age Adolescence Young Adulthood Conclusion References 68. Urinary Incontinence and Nocturnal Enuresis 68 Urinary Incontinence and Nocturnal Enuresis Overview Biobehavioral Framework and Contributing Factors Etiology and Correlates Clinical Disorders Externalizing Disorders Internalizing Disorders Developmental Disorders Biopsychosocial Factors and Quality of Life Evaluation Medical Behavioral Management First-Line Interventions Daytime Incontinence Nocturnal Enuresis Second-Line Interventions Daytime Incontinence Nocturnal Enuresis Clinical Implications Future Directions References 69. Toileting and Encopresis 69 Toileting and Encopresis Scope of the Problem Bowel Function and Encopresis Toilet Training Toileting Refusal/Stool Withholding Toilet Training in Special Populations Encopresis/Functional Fecal Incontinence Overview Etiology Diagnosis History Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation and Imaging Treatment Education Cleanout Maintenance Diet Behavioral Plan Relapses/Treatment Failure Other Therapies Outcome Conclusion References 70. Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children 70 Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children Sleep from A Developmental-Behavioral Perspective Basic Sleep Mechanisms The Sleep History Measuring Sleep Actigraphy Polysomnograms and Multiple Sleep Latency Test Developmental Trajectory of Normal Sleep Sleep in Newborns Sleep in Infants (1–12 months) Sleep in Toddlers (12–36 months) Sleep in Preschoolers (3–5 years) Sleep in Middle Childhood (6–12 years) Sleep in Adolescents (12–18 years) Neurobehavioral and Neurocognitive Impact of Inadequate and Disrupted Sleep in Children Good Sleep Hygeine Common Sleep Disorders in Children Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep-Disordered Breathing Parasomnias Sleep Terrors, Sleep Walking, and Nightmares Rhythmic Movement Disorders Bruxism Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Narcolepsy Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood (Sleep Onset Association and Limit Setting Subtypes) Sleep Issues in Special Populations Chronic Health Concerns Anxiety Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Specific Genetic Diagnoses Medications for Sleep Sleep-Related Side Effects of Psychopharmacology Conclusion References 71. Movement Disorders 71 Movement Disorders Background Neurobiology/Pathophysiology Clinical starting point Tic Disorders Definitions Epidemiology and Natural Course Phenomenology Distinctions From Similar Repetitive Behaviors Secondary Tic Disorders Genetics Associated Nontic Neurobehavioral Symptoms Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Anxiety and Mood Disorders Obsessions and Compulsions Academic Difficulties Rage Attacks Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Social Communication Deficits Sleep Disorders Evaluation and Management Prioritize Most Burdensome Symptoms Psychoeducation Behavioral Tic Management Medication Brain Electrical Stimulation Noninvasive. Surgical. Nontic Movement Disorders Stereotypic Behaviors/Stereotypic Movement Disorder (Primary Motor Stereotypies) Key Similarities to and Differences From Tics Pathophysiology Management Developmental Coordination Disorder Evaluation and Comorbidity Management Chorea Dystonia Dopa-Responsive Dystonia Management Tremor Evaluation and Management Drug-Induced Movement Disorders Infant/Toddler Specific Functional Movement Disorders conclusion References 72. Habit Disorders in Children and Adolescents 72 Habit Disorders in Children and Adolescents Classification Etiology Stereotypic Movements Sucking Banging Body Rocking Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors Picking Trichotillomania Nail Biting Behavioral Treatment of Stereotypic and Repetitive Behaviors Behavioral Interventions Habit Reversal Other Repetitive Behaviors Bruxism Tic Cough (Habit) and Somatic Cough Syndrome (Psychogenic) Breathholding Spells Rumination conclusion References 73. Sexuality and Its Variations 73 Sexuality and Its Variations We Are Sexual Beings from Birth to Death Typical Sexual Development by Age Fetal Life and Infancy: A Time of Exploration Toddlerhood: Learning the Self, Learning Others School-Age Children: Healthy Socializing Builds the Framework for Healthy Sexuality Preteens: A Moving Target of Developmental Achievement Adolescence: Asserting the Self Experiences Impacting/Complicating the Development of Sexuality Initiation of Sexual Activity/Intercourse High-Risk Sexual Behavior Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Conclusion References 74. Sexuality in Children and Youth With Disabilities 74 Sexuality in Children and Youth With Disabilities Introduction General Concepts when Addressing Sexuality Needs of individuals with Disabilities Physical Disabilities Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Family and Caregivers Sexual Education Puberty Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Menstruation and Menstrual Management, Contraception, Pregnancy, Reproductive Care, and Sexually Transmitted Infections Sexual Activity Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders Adolescents With Spina Bifida or Spinal Cord Injury (Examples of Physical Disability) Problem Sexual Behaviors Problem Sexual Behaviors in Children Individuals With Disabilities Are at Risk for Sexual Abuse and Victimization The Role of the Developmental Behavioral Clinician References 75. Gender and Its Variation in Youth 75 Gender and Its Variation in Youth Gender Dysphoria Gender Identity Development Preschool (Ages 3–5 Years) Childhood (Ages 6–9 Years) Preteen (Ages 10–12 Years) Adolescence (Age 13+ Years) Risk and Resilience Gender-Affirmative Interventions Additional Considerations in Providing Gender-Affirmative Care Neurodiversity in Gender-Diverse Youth Nonbinary Presentations and Medical Transition Clinical Implications References 76. Fundamentals of Developmental, Behavioral, and Psychological Assessment 76 Fundamentals of Developmental, Behavioral, and Psychological Assessment Introduction to Psychological Assessment Screening Psychological Testing The Purpose of Psychological Assessment Test Design and Psychometrics Reliability Validity Test Construction Competencies to Conduct Assessments Assessment Planning Sources of Assessment Data Interview Observations Caregiver and Self-Report Measures Broadband Versus Domain Report Measures Performance-Based Measures Integrating Information Conclusion References 77. The Interview in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 77 The Interview in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Initiating and Supporting the Relationship Meeting and Greeting Agenda Setting Potential Challenges for Consideration Building an Alliance With Children Family History Discussing Diagnosis and Treatment Shared Decision Making Recognizing the Emotional Needs of the Family Managing the Challenging Interview Conclusion References 78. The Physical Exam- Laying on of Hands…or Not 78 The Physical Exam: Laying on of Hands…or Not Conducting the physical examination Behavioral Observation Relevant physical findings Growth and Physical Maturity Abnormal Findings Neurologic Examination When We Are Unable to Lay on Hands: Telehealth General Principles Advantages of the Telehealth Visit Limitations of the Telehealth Visit Examination in the Telehealth Visit Patient Privacy and Security The Clinician’s Considerations The Child and Family Considerations conclusion References 79. Evaluation of Children Who Are Nonverbal-Minimally Verbal 79 Evaluation of Children Who Are Nonverbal/Minimally Verbal Defining the population of children who are minimally verbal Caregiver interview Critical observations to make of the child during interaction and play Psychological assessment Nonverbal Cognitive Functioning Communication Skills Behavioral Rating Scales Additional Areas for Consideration Academics Fine Motor Skills and Visual-Motor Integration Memory Conclusion and Clinical Implications References 80. Assessment of Temperament 80 Assessment of Temperament Introduction What Does Temperament Predict? How Temperament Modifies Experience or Response to Environment Assessment of Temperament How And When To Intervene Conclusion References 81. Developmental Surveillance and Screening 81 Developmental Surveillance and Screening Background Definitions and Chapter Scope Child Find and the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Clinician Screening Rates Identifying Children at Risk for Delays and Disabilities Autism Screening Social-Emotional Screening Surveillance and Screening Must Be Family Centered Beyond the United States Validation and Evidence for Screening Validation Evidence for Screening Implementation of Developmental Screening in Clinical Settings Components of an Effective Implementation Common Implementation Challenges Developmental Care and the Electronic Health Record Special Populations and Circumstances Results Interpretation of Results Borderline Results Communicating Results and Forming a Plan Referral After Referral Further Reading References 82. Evaluation of Emotion and Behavior 82 Evaluation of Emotion and Behavior Assessment Methods Broadband Measures Omnibus Rating Scales Structured Diagnostic Interviews Projective Techniques Narrowband Measures Implementation of Emotion and Behavior Assessments in Clinical Settings Instrument Selection Access/Purchasing Requirements Administration of Measures Scoring and Interpretation Providing Feedback Financial Considerations Securing Data Cultural and Language Considerations Clinical Implications References 83. Evaluation of School Readiness-Beyond ABCs 83 Evaluation of School Readiness: Beyond ABCs Introduction What is school readiness? Why should we evaluate school readiness in a child? How should we assess school readiness in a child? Use of Culturally Responsive Assessment Tools Assessing School Readiness in Pediatrics How should we interpret school readiness assessments? New Models for Assessing school readiness in Action Clinical implications References 84. Observational Assessment in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 84 Observational Assessment in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Introduction Observational Assessment Methods Time Sampling Event Sampling Duration Sampling Latency Sampling Functional Behavior Assessment Published instruments for observational assessment Behavior Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinical Implications References 85. Developmental, Cognitive, and Intelligence Testing 85 Developmental, Cognitive, and Intelligence Testing History of Intellectual and Developmental Testing History of Intellectual Testing History of Theories of Intelligence History of Developmental Testing Uses and Limitations of Testing Uses of Developmental Versus Intellectual Testing Limitations of Testing Environmental Influence on Intelligence Scores Cultural and Linguistic Influence on Test Scores Reasons for Referring for Developmental, Intellectual, or Cognitive Testing Integrated Behavioral Health Models Referral Model Referrals to Early Intervention Referrals for Testing in Public Schools Referrals to Psychology Practices Framing Referral Questions Testing Process and Interpretation Record Review, Clinical Interview, and Rating Scales Test Selection Test Administration Interpretation of Testing Scores Reporting Scores and Interpretations Using Testing for Diagnostic Decision Making Providing Feedback and Recommendations Conclusion References 86. Educational Testing and Evaluation of Academic Performance 86 Educational Testing and Evaluation of Academic Performance Importance of Understanding Educational Testing and Evaluation Policies Related to Educational Testing and Evaluation Testing and Laws Focused on Equal Opportunity Laws Focused on Students With Disabilities Types of Assessments Norm-Referenced Assessments Criterion-Referenced Assessments Curriculum-Based Evaluation Portfolio Assessments A MultiTiered System of Support: A Framework for Assessment and Intervention Overview of MTSS Universal (Tier 1) Targeted (Tier 2) Intensive (Tier 3) Physician Contributions Across the Tiers and Overcoming Barriers to Coordination References 87. Neuropsychology in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Practice 87 Neuropsychology in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Practice Defining Neuropsychology Who is a Neuropsychologist? Neuropsychological Evaluation Differs from Psychological Evaluation When to Refer for a Neuropsychological Evaluation Neuropsychology in Practice Coding and Billing for Neuropsychological Services Neuropsychological Report conclusion References 88. Evaluation of Adaptive Functioning 88 Evaluation of Adaptive Functioning Introduction Adaptive Behavior Definitions and Frameworks Purpose of Adaptive Behavior Assessment Assessment of Adaptive Functioning Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (Vineland 3) Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition Scales of Independent Behavior–Revised Conclusion References 89. Assessments of the Central Nervous System 89 Assessments of the Central Nervous System Structural Assessment of the Central Nervous System Brain Imaging Head Ultrasound Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Computed Tomography Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Considerations When Ordering MRI Spinal Imaging Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Considerations When Ordering Spinal Imaging Vascular Imaging Direct Angiography Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Computed Tomography Angiography/Venography Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Magnetic Resonance Angiography/Venography Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Considerations When Ordering MRA/MRV Functional Assessment of the Central Nervous System Neurophysiologic Studies Electroencephalogram Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Considerations When Ordering EEG Magnetoencephalogram Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Functional MRI Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Direct Assessment of The Central Nervous System Lumbar Puncture Mechanism, Advantages, and Limitations Indications Conclusion References 90. Integration of Data Sources and Uncertainty 90 Integration of Data Sources and Uncertainty Factors Contributing to Uncertainty in Diagnosis and Care Developmental Changes Defining Normal Parent Perspectives Scientific Advances Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Early Childhood Adversity Variations Across Disciplines Methods for Approaching Ambiguity in Care Data Gathering Uncertainty Management Theory Shared Decision Making conclusion References 91. Counseling and Readiness to Change 91 Counseling and Readiness to Change Background: Why Readiness to Change Matters The Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change Stages of Change and Clinical Practice Limitations of the Transtheoretical Model Application to Clinical Practice Assessing Readiness to Change Facilitating Readiness to Change Motivational Interviewing Guiding Principles OARS (Open-Ended Questions, Affirmations, Reflective Listening, Summary Statements) Change Talk Putting it All Together References 92. Common Factors and Lifestyle Interventions 92 Common Factors and Lifestyle Interventions Common Factor Skills Derived From Psychotherapy Identifying Treatment Goals Essential Skills Reducing Patient and Parent Levels of Distress and Conflict (At Least Temporarily) Essential Skills Immediate Relief Essential Skills Agreement on Next Steps Essential Skills Using Common Factor Skills in Developing Collaborations That Support Families Lifestyle Factors Related To Mental Health Physical Activity Mood and Anxiety Problems Attention and Behavior Problems Neurodevelopmental Disorders Psychosis and Substance Use Problems Assessment Recommendations Sleep Diet/Nutrition Mood and Anxiety Problems Attention and Hyperactivity Problems Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Assessment Recommendations Conclusion References 93. Behavioral Parent Training and Consultation 93 Behavioral Parent Training and Consultation Evidence-Based Parent Training Packages Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Incredible Years Triple P Positive Parenting Program Helping the Noncompliant Child and Defiant Children Community Parent Education Program Parent Management Training–Oregon Model Behavioral Counseling During Medical Care Initiating Counseling Assessment of Child Characteristics Developmental Stages Temperament Developmental Delays and Disabilities Selecting the Behavior to Change Elements of Evidence-Based Parent Training Programs Modifying the Environment Effective Instructions Modeling Appropriate Behavior Increasing Praise Differential Attention or Reinforcement Reward Systems Punishment Extensions to Improve Access, Engagement, and Outcomes Conclusion References 94. Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorder 94 Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorder Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder History of Autism Treatment Approaches Principles of Applied Behavior Analysis ABA as an Evidence-based Intervention for ASD ABA For Challenging Behavior Qualifications of ABA Providers Variations in ABA Therapy for ASD Dosage (Hours of Therapy) Variations on ABA Modalities Home-Based Versus Center-Based Approaches Other Behavioral Models Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship-Based/Floortime Play Relationship Development Intervention Behavior Therapy and Modified Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy Conclusion References 95. Crisis Management in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 95 Crisis Management in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Introduction Suicidality and Self-harm Assessment Intervention Violent Outburst and Aggression Assessment Intervention Restraint and Seclusion Threats of Harm to Others Assessment Intervention Duty to Warn and Duty to Protect Concerns for Anxiety or Panic Assessment Intervention Concerns for Disclosure of Abuse, Neglect, Sexual Assault, or Domestic Violence Assessment Intervention Acute Presentation of Concerns for Psychosis Assessment Intervention Potentially Intoxicated Child or Caregiver Assessment Intervention Caregiver Mental Health Crisis Assessment Intervention Conclusion References 96. Individual Therapy for Children and Adolescents- Play Therapy and Interpersonal Therapy as Developmentally Centered Relational Change Modalities 96 Individual Therapy for Children and Adolescents: Play Therapy and Interpersonal Therapy as Developmentally Centered Rel ... Effectiveness of Therapy with Children and Adolescents Integrated Behavioral Health Therapeutic Strategies for Medical Clinicians and Supportive Therapy Therapeutic Approaches: The Therapeutic Relationship as the Vehicle of Change Relational Approaches Play Therapy Empirical Support Incorporating Play Therapeutically Individual Therapy Modalities for Adolescents Interpersonal Therapy Empirical Support Therapeutic Relationship to Process Adolescents’ Experiences Conclusion References 97. Family Systems Therapy and Its Importance in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 97 Family Systems Therapy and Its Importance in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics What is Family Therapy? Defining the Family Why Family Systems? Evidence for Family Systems Interventions Pediatric Psychology Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Neurodevelopmental Difficulties What is involved in family systems therapy? Key Techniques for Systems Interventions Interventive Interviewing Circular Questions Versus Linear Questions Specific Family Communication Strategies How do I Help Families, With and Without Family Therapy? Thinking About Your Client and Family Using Brief Face-to-Face Time to Maximize Content and Reinforce Relationship Assessing Need for Family Therapy Referring for Treatment Conclusion References 98. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 98 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy A Brief History of CBT The B in CBT—Behavior Examples of Behavioral Strategies The C in CBT—Cognitive Examples of Cognitive Strategies Relaxation-Based Strategies Typical Format of CBT Individual and Group Models An Important Note About Appropriate Training in CBT Appropriateness of CBT Referral Common Applications of CBT in Children and Adolescence Anxiety Gradual exposure. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Exposure and Response Prevention and Habit Reversal Training Depression CBT for depression. CBT for Youth With Neurodevelopmental Differences Common Modifications to CBT for Neurodiverse Youth In Combination With Pharmacologic Intervention New Waves of CBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Conclusion References 99. Psychopharmacology 99 Psychopharmacology Stimulants Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Atomoxetine Mechanism of Action Efficacy Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Tricyclic Antidepressants Bupropion Clinical Pearls Antiepileptics Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Atypical Antipsychotics Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Miscellaneous Medications Lithium Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Amantadine and Memantine Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls N-Acetylcysteine Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Clinical Pearls Naltrexone Mechanism of Action Efficacy Side Effects Approved Indications Off-Label Uses Dosing Monitoring Interactions Clinical Pearls Polypharmacy Conclusion References 100. Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation 100 Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation Introduction Therapeutic Language Diaphragmatic Breathing Hypnotherapy Principles and Procedures Applications of Hypnosis Biofeedback Principles and Procedures Applications of Biofeedback Meditation Principles and Procedures Applications of Mindfulness Meditation Summary References 101. Growth Mindset as a Brief Intervention- Research to Practice 101 Growth Mindset as a Brief Intervention: Research to Practice What is Growth Mindset? Why is Growth Mindset Important? Academic Skills Academic Achievement Attrition or Dropout Reading Language Social/Interpersonal Skills Social Bullying International Relations Health How Do We Promote Growth Mindset in Pediatrics? What are the Caveats for Implementing Growth Mindset? How can we apply mindset to public education and public health? Conclusion References 102. Treatment of Developmental, Behavioral, and Mental Health Conditions via Technology 102 Treatment of Developmental, Behavioral, and Mental Health Conditions via Technology Introduction Telehealth Phone- and Application-Based Treatments Wearable Devices Virtual Reality VideoGames Procedural Technologic Intervention CONCLUSIONS AND Limitations to Treatment with Technology References 103. Early Intervention 103 Early Intervention What is Early Intervention? A Brief History of Part C Early Intervention Federal Requirements and State Implementation Federal Requirements State Implementation Core Principles Family-Centered Care Routine-Based Learning in Natural Environments Primary Coaching Evidence Supporting Part C Early Intervention Process Evaluation Child Find Setting Timeliness Service Use Outcome Evaluation Infant and Toddler Outcomes Family Outcomes Early Identification to Intervention Pathway Early Identification Referral Evaluation Intervention EI Challenges and Innovations conclusion References 104. Special Education Services 104 Special Education Services Overview of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act History of IDEA IDEA Versus 504 Equity In Special Education Partnering With Children And Adolescents And Their Families The Special Education Process Identification Identification Process Overview Child Find. Response to intervention. Assessment and Eligibility Process Overview Development Of The Iep Or 504 Plan Overview of the IEP Development Process The Team and the Meeting Developing the IEP, Goals, Services, and Accommodations Present Levels Goals Transition Part C to Part B Adolescence to Adulthood Alternative Placements Implementation of IEP Quarterly Reporting IEP Review and Revision Triennial Reevaluation or Three-Year Review Developing a 504 Plan Resources References 105. Transition to Adulthood for Young Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 105 Transition to Adulthood for Young Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Introduction Transition To Adult-Based Health Care Health Care Transition Overview Priority and Goals of Health Care Transition for AYA With IDD Challenges to Health Care Transition for AYA With IDD Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Poor Health Care Transition Differences Between Pediatric- and Adult-Based Approach to Care Pediatric Versus Adult Provider Approach to Care Care Coordination and Service Availability Decision-Making Support Evidence and Framework for Transitioning to Adult-Based Care Evidence Base for Transition Planning Practices Framework for Health Care Transition Insurance Coverage Changes and Options in Adulthood Psychosocial Issues During Transition Into Adulthood Postsecondary Opportunities Sexuality Mental Health Housing Options References 106. Rehabilitation Services- Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy 106 Rehabilitation Services: Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Historical Perspective and Evolution of the Professions Contemporary Practice Scope of Practice Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Clinical Implications References 107. Speech-Language Pathology for Developmental-Behavioral Disorders 107 Speech-Language Pathology for Developmental-Behavioral Disorders Introduction to Speech-Language Pathology Settings and Team Members Assessment methods Identification of Children at Risk for Language Disorders Assessment of Speech and Language/Swallowing Assessment of Swallowing Service Delivery Models Used in Treatment Treatment effectiveness Summary References 108. Art and Music Therapy 108 Art and Music Therapy Introduction Art Therapy History Definition Art Therapy Credentials Art Therapy Assessments Art Therapy in Medical and Pediatric Settings Research on Art Therapy, Brain Functions, and Stress Measures Music Therapy Definition Music Therapy Credentials Music Therapy Treatment Process Research on Music Therapy and Brain Function Music Therapy in Pediatric Medical Care Music Therapy in the NICU Conclusion References 109. Integrative Medicine for Disorders of Development and Behavior 109 Integrative Medicine for Disorders of Development and Behavior Introduction Definitions High Prevalence of Integrative Medicine Use Principles of Integrative Medical Care Autism Spectrum Disorder and Integrative Medicine Gastrointestinal Disturbances Probiotics Prebiotics Gluten-Free and Casein-Free (GFCF) Diet Impaired Metabolism Methylated Vitamin B12 Folinic Acid Minimize Oxidative Stress Immune Dysregulation Vitamin D3 Omega-3 Lifestyle Factors Aberrant Neurobiology Sensory Integration Therapy Oxytocin Acupuncture Sleep Therapies Conclusions Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Integrative Medicine Nutrition Supplements Omega-3 Fatty Acids Iron Mind-Body Neurofeedback Mindfulness/Meditation Nature Conclusion Controversial Treatments in Integrative Medicine Medical Marijuana Chelation Therapy Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Conclusion References References 110. Community-Based Interventions 110 Community-Based Interventions Introduction What is community-based intervention? Complex Problems Considerations in Community-Based Interventions Cultural Humility and Sociocultural Implications Ethical Standards Sustainability Tiered Response to Intervention Evidence Base Health System as a Partner for Communities Community-Based Intervention in Action Suicide Bullying Additional Resources Programming Framework Community-Based Participatory Research Data Sets Conclusion References 111. Endocrine and Gynecologic Management of Children With Severe Disabilities 111 Endocrine and Gynecologic Management of Children With Severe Disabilities Endocrine management of children with developmental disabilities Bone Density and Preventing Fragility Fractures Clinical Presentation of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures in Children With Developmental Disabilities The Role of Imaging to Screen for Fracture Risk Management of Low Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis General Screening and Management Considerations of Endocrine Conditions for Children With Complex Medical Conditions Hypopituitarism Overview of the hypothalamic-pituitary-organ axes. Symptoms of hypopituitarism. Screening for pituitary dysfunction. Management of pituitary disorders. Precocious Puberty Concerns for Abnormal Growth Challenges with measuring height. Interpretation of height and linear growth. Evaluation of abnormal growth. Growth Attenuation Treatment Gynecologic management of adolescents with developmental disabilities Menstrual Periods: Physiology and Assessment Menstrual Management Prescribing Hormonal Therapy and Contraception Screening Recommendations Contraception and STD Prevention Treatments to Avoid References 112. Social Inclusion 112 Social Inclusion Social Inclusion An era of community membership Legal Foundations Section 504 The Americans With Disabilities Act IDEA Rosa’s Law Dilemmas of Inclusion References 113. Education Law- Implications for Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 113 Education Law: Implications for Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Overview Special education: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act History of IDEA Part B of IDEA Response to Intervention Part C of IDEA Accountability: The Every Student Succeeds Act Civil rights: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Implications for clinicians References 114. Health Care Systems for Children With Disabilities 114 Health Care Systems for Children With Disabilities Introduction Goals of the Health Care System Quality and Value of Health Care Achieving the Goals of the Health Care System for Children with Disabilities Access to Care Health Insurance and Financing Private insurance. Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid waivers and demonstrations. Children’s Health Insurance Program (Chip). The Affordable Care Act (ACA). Other Funding Sources That Promote Access to Health Care Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Title V Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Program. Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) savings accounts. Special needs trusts. Adequacy of Insurance Coverage for Children With Disabilities Benefits Continuity of Coverage Delivering Health Care Primary Care Medical Home Coordination of Care Innovations in Health Care Delivery for Children With Disabilities Health Homes and the Medical Neighborhood Mental Health Integration Telehealth Conclusion References 115. Interprofessional Team-Based Care 115 Interprofessional Team-Based Care Introduction Complexity in Clinical Practice Fragmentation Across Systems Fragmentation Across Providers Delivery of Interprofessional Team-Based Care Models Coordinated Colocated Integrated Team-Based Strategies Team Huddles Debriefs Barriers to Interprofessional Care Physical Space Time Information Sharing and Security Hiring and Training Hiring Training Implications for Practice, Payment, and Policy Conclusion Resources References 116. Ethical Considerations 116 Ethical Considerations Introduction A Brief Review of Ethical Theories Principlism Natural Law Ethics Virtue Ethics Utilitarianism Deontology Casuistry Narrative Ethics Historical Experiences of Individuals with Disabilities Suggestions for Practical Consideration A Few Practical Suggestions Conclusion References 117. The Pitfalls of Guardianship (Conservatorship) and the Promise of Alternatives 117 The Pitfalls of Guardianship (Conservatorship) and the Promise of Alternatives Overview What is a guardianship? Why be Wary of Guardianships? The Guardianship Will Outlast the Guardian, in Which Case the Court Holds the Control Guardianships Do Not Necessarily Make People Safer Self-Determination Can Make People Safer Guardianship Includes a Harmful Message What are the Alternatives? Alternatives for Specific Scenarios Supported Decision Making What Choices Need Support? How Does Supported Decision Making Differ From Guardianship? What Does a Supported Decision-Making Agreement Look Like? Conclusion Additional resources References 118. The Right to Belong, The Right to be Different 118 The Right to Belong, The Right to be Different The Right to Belong The Right to be Different A Final Word
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