Development of the Nervous System

Front Matter
Copyright
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Neural Induction
	Development and Evolution of Neurons
	Early Embryology of Metazoans
	Derivation of Neural Tissue
		Caenorhabditis elegans
		Drosophila
		Vertebrates
	Interactions With Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Tissue
	The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer
	Conservation of Neural Induction
	Interactions Among the Ectodermal Cells in Controlling Neuroblast Segregation
	Summary
	References
Polarity and Regional Identity
	The Anterior-Posterior Axis and hox Genes
	Hox Gene Function in the Vertebrate Nervous System
	Signaling Molecules That Pattern the Anterior-Posterior Axis in Vertebrates: Heads or Tails
	Organizing Centers in the Developing Brain
	Forebrain Development, Prosomeres, and Pax Genes
	Dorsal-Ventral Polarity in the Neural Tube
	Dorsal Neural Tube and Neural Crest
	Patterning the Cerebral Cortex
	Summary
	References
Genesis and Migration
	What Determines the Number of Cells Produced by the Progenitors?
	The Generation of Neurons and Glia
	Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis
	Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis
	Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration
	Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis
	Summary
	References
Generation of Neural Diversity
	Invariant Lineages and Terminal Selectors: The Caenorhabditis elegans Nervous System
	Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination: Drosophila Neuroblasts
	Asymmetric Cell Division and Asymmetric Fates: Sensory Organ Precursors
	Generating Complexity Through Cellular Interactions: The Drosophila Retina
	Specification Through Interactions With the Local Environment: The Neural Crest
	Spatial Cues and Transcriptional Hierarchies: Spinal Motor Neurons
	Competence, Lineage, Stochasticity, and Feedback: The Vertebrate Retina
	The Cerebral Cortex
	Summary
	References
Wiring Up the Brain: Axon Navigation
	The Emergence of Axons and Dendrites
	Pioneer Axons
	The Growth Cone
	Growth Cone Cytoskeletal Dynamics
	Mechanics, Adhesion, and the Extracellular Matrix
	Cell adhesion Molecules and Labeled Lines
	Repulsion
	Gradients and Local Cues
	Intermediate Targets: Arriving and Leaving
	Integrating Information: Context-Specific Guidance
	Getting From Here to There: The Optic Pathway
	Summary
	References
Target Selection
	Defasciculation
	Target Recognition and Target Entry
	Slowing Down and Branching in the Target Region
	Border Patrol: The Prevention of Inappropriate Targeting
	Topographic Mapping
	Chemospecificity and Ephrins
	The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific Termination
	Cellular and Synaptic Targeting
	Sniffing Out Targets
	Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections
	Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
Naturally Occurring Neuron Death
	What Does Neuron Death Look Like?
	Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells
	How Many Differentiated Neurons Die?
	Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target
	NGF: A Target-Derived Survival Factor
	The Neurotrophin Family
	The Trk Family of Neurotrophin Receptors
	How Does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Soma?
	The P75 Neurotrophin Receptor Can Initiate Cell Death
	Cytokines Act as Neuron Survival Factors
	Hormonal Control of Neuron Survival
	Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis
	Intracellular Signaling Pathways That Mediate Survival
	Intracellular Signaling Pathways That Mediate Death
	Caspases: Agents of Death
	BCL-2 Proteins: Regulators of Programmed Cell Death
	Removal of Dying Neurons
	Synaptic Activity Is a Trophic Signal
	A Dual-Edged Sword: Intracellular Calcium Mediates Survival and Death
	Summary
	References
Synapse Formation
	The Morphology of New Synapses
	The Pace of Synapse Addition
	Synapse Function Begins at the Moment of Contact
	The Decision to Form a Synapse
	The Sticky Synapse
	Differentiation of Presynaptic Terminals
	Postsynaptic Differentiation: Receptor Clustering at the NMJ
	Postsynaptic Differentiation: Receptor Clustering in the CNS
	Postsynaptic Differentiation: Scaffold Proteins in the CNS
	Neurotransmitter Receptor Expression
	The Influence of Synaptic Activity
	Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions
	Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake
	Short-Term Plasticity
	The Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition
	Developing Inhibitory Synapses Can Act Like Excitation
	Summary
	References
Refinement of Synaptic Connections
	Immature Patterns of Connectivity
	Functional Synapses Are Eliminated During Development
	Axonal Arborizations Are Eliminated or Refined
	Activity Influences Synapse Elimination
	Sensory Experience Influences Synaptic Connections
	Sensory Activity Influences Topographic Maps
	Sensory Activity Influences the Maturation of Coding Properties
	Spontaneous Activity in the Developing Nervous System
	Enhanced Plasticity During Developmental Critical Periods
	Synaptic Inhibition Regulates Excitatory Synapse Refinement
	NMDA Receptors Mediate Developmental Plasticity
	Heterosynaptic Depression and Synapse Elimination
	Long-Term Depression and Potentiation
	The Intracellular Signals That Mediate Synapse Elimination
	Calcium-Activated Second Messenger Systems
	Activity-Dependent Refinement of Inhibitory Synapses
	Homeostatic Plasticity: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same
	Synaptic Activity Influences on Brain Morphology
	Summary
	References
Behavioral Development
	Genetic Mechanisms
	Epigenetic Mechanisms and Sensitive Periods
	Embryonic and Juvenile Behavior
	The First Movements Are Spontaneous
	Interconnected Excitatory Networks Drive Spontaneous Movements
	Progressive Assembly of Coordinated Sensory-Motor Circuitry
	Coordinated Limb Movement in Mammals
	Mapping Genes Onto Neurons and Locomotory Circuits
	The Role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior
	Beginning to Make Sense of the World
	The Onset of Hearing
	Auditory Skills Improve Slowly and Asynchornously
	Prolonged Maturation of Visual Skills
	Slowly Developing CNS Sensory Coding Properties
	Sex-Specific Behavior
	Genetic Sex
	Hormonal Control of Brain Gender
	Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain
	Singing in the Brain
	Genetic Control of Brain Gender in Flies
	A Genetic Influence on Brain Gender in Vertebrates
	Genomic Imprinting: The Ultimate in Parental Control
	Hit the Ground Learning
	Learning to Avoid Peril
	The Emergence of Memory Consolidation
	Skill Learning: Development Requires Practice
	Learning to Communicate
	Neural Mechanisms That Support Vocal Learning
	Language
	Summary
	References
Molecules-and-Gene-index
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Subject Index
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