Development of cardiovascular systems: Molecules to organisms

Frontmatter......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 12
Foreword by Constance Weinstein......Page 15
The primacy of the developing cardiovascular system......Page 17
The scope and content of this book......Page 18
Part I - Molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms determining cardiovascular development......Page 21
Drosophila: The power of genetic screens in invertebrates......Page 23
The mouse: The power of gene knockout......Page 27
The zebra fish: The power of genetic screens of a vertebrate......Page 29
Summary......Page 32
The developing sarcolemma......Page 33
The transverse tubule system......Page 35
The sarcoplasmic reticulum......Page 36
Resting and action potentials......Page 37
Excitation-contraction coupling......Page 38
Relaxation......Page 39
Conclusion......Page 41
Mechanisms for diversity in contractile protein isoforms......Page 42
The contractile process......Page 43
Conclusions and future directions......Page 49
Precoronary events......Page 50
Precursor cells and early vascularization......Page 51
The coronary arterial system......Page 53
Postnatal vascular growth......Page 54
Regulation of coronary vascularization......Page 55
Unanswered questions......Page 57
Introduction......Page 58
Cardiac cushion formation......Page 61
Cardiac cushion maturation......Page 62
Three-dimensional organization of heart cells......Page 64
Myofibrillogenesis......Page 65
Proteoglycans......Page 67
Conclusions and future directions......Page 70
Endothelial cell development......Page 72
The role of the extracellular matrix in pathogenesis......Page 76
The unanswered questions......Page 79
Introduction: Scope and definitions......Page 80
Embryonic cardiovascular morphometry......Page 81
Atrial function......Page 83
Ventricular function......Page 88
Ventricular--vascular coupling......Page 96
Functional consequences of ventricular growth acceleration......Page 100
Cardiovascular consequences of autonomic nervous maturation......Page 101
Significance and future directions of research......Page 102
Introduction......Page 103
Catecholamines and their effects......Page 104
Atrial natriuretic peptide and its effects......Page 109
Endothelin-1......Page 111
Conclusions and future directions......Page 112
Part II - Species diversity in cardiovascular development......Page 114
Introduction......Page 116
Common solutions to common problems......Page 117
The evolution of cardiovascular systems......Page 119
Vertebrate cardiovascular evolution......Page 121
Mammalian cardiac development......Page 124
Forming a divided heart......Page 126
Future directions......Page 128
The origin of the heart and early morphogenesis......Page 129
Heart induction......Page 132
Heart differentiation......Page 133
The cardiac loop......Page 135
Unanswered questions and some critiques......Page 140
Annelida......Page 142
Arthropoda......Page 145
Mollusca......Page 152
Echinodermata......Page 155
Urochordata......Page 157
Concluding remarks......Page 159
Morphogenesis......Page 160
Physiology......Page 168
Adaptive responses......Page 176
Concluding remarks......Page 179
Cardiovascular anatomy of amphibians......Page 181
Hemodynamic maturation......Page 186
Diffusive versus convective oxygen delivery in early amphibian embryos: Do vertebrate embryos need hearts?......Page 194
Developmental plasticity of the amphibian cardiovascular and respiratory systems......Page 195
A perspective on future research......Page 197
Introduction......Page 198
Structural development of the circulatory system......Page 199
Erythrocyte and hemoglobin function......Page 203
Cardiovascular responses to hypoxia......Page 204
Reptilian development and insights into vertebrate embryonic cardiovascular function......Page 205
Introduction......Page 208
Embryogenesis and development of the chick heart......Page 209
Developmental pattern of cardiovascular variables......Page 211
Model analysis of cardiovascular shunts and cardiac output in the late embryo......Page 219
Concluding remarks and perspective......Page 223
Functional adaptations of fetal ventricles......Page 226
Adaptations of the fetal coronary tree......Page 231
Summary and future directions......Page 237
Part III - Environment and disease in cardiovascular development......Page 240
Hypoxia......Page 242
Temperature......Page 249
Conclusion......Page 253
Introduction......Page 255
Gas exchange models for developing vertebrates......Page 259
Summary and a perspective 257......Page 272
The paradox of the double-outlet right ventricle......Page 274
Future directions......Page 281
Fetal cardiovascular physiology......Page 283
Transitional circulation......Page 285
Postnatal intervention......Page 288
In utero interventions......Page 292
Introduction......Page 296
Cardiovascular development and surgical therapy......Page 297
Cardiovascular development and opportunities for prevention of congenital cardiovascular malformations......Page 298
Epilogue: Future directions in developmental cardiovascular sciences......Page 300
References......Page 302
Systematic index......Page 366
Subject index......Page 368