Development Co-operation Report 2012: Lessons in Linking Sustainability and Development

Foreword
Credits
Author biographies
Acronyms and abbreviations
Table of contents
Preface
Executive summary
Editorial: Integrating policy options to galvanise actions for sustainable development
Part I. Challenges and progress since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992
	Chapter 1. Brazil’s journey from the Earth Summit to Rio +20
		What progress have we made since the 1992 Earth Summit?
		What still needs to be done?
		Towards an inclusive green economy
		The way forward
		References
	Chapter 2.
The DAC’s work to integrate environment and development
		The DAC’s key role in sustainable development
		Notes
		References
		Annex 2.A1.
Key OECD statements and products on environment and development
	Chapter 3.
Trends in aid to environment, a component of sustainable development finance (1991-2011)
		Box 3.1. From environment to sustainable development: A brief history of how DAC measures aid
		What type of sustainable development activities is being supported?
			Figure 3.1. Trends in aid to the environment, 2001-10
			Box 3.2. The DAC’s Creditor Reporting System and the policy marker tool 
for flagging aid to the environment
			Table 3.1. DAC members’ aid to the environment, 2005-10
			Figure 3.2. Sectoral breakdown of aid to environment, 2009-10
			Figure 3.3. Aid to environment by sector, 2009-10
		Challenges in measuring aid for environmental sustainability
			Figure 3.4. Trends in aid to biodiversity, climate change mitigation and desertification, 2005-10
			Box 3.3. Tracking aid to climate change adaptation
				Table 3.2. DAC members’ aid to climate change mitigation and adaptation, 2010
				Figure 3.5. Aid to climate change mitigation
				Figure 3.6. Aid to climate change adaptation
			Figure 3.7. Overlaps in DAC members’ aid marked under the environment marker 
and the Rio markers, 2009-10
			Box 3.4. DAC Recommendation on Good Pledging Practice
		Tracking multilateral and non-ODA flows to the environment
			Box 3.5. Donor improvements to Rio marker data analysis
				Table 3.3. Comparison of CRS reported data and national budget percentages, Finland
		The way forward
		Notes
		Reference
Part II.
High stakes for people and natural resources
	Chapter 4.
Factoring population dynamics into sustainable development
		How population dynamics link to sustainable development
		Demography is not destiny
		The way forward
		References
	Chapter 5.
Delivering sustainable energy for all
		Access to modern energy
			Figure 5.1. How energy poverty is spread throughout the world, 2009
		The EU’s energy initiative
			Box 5.1. Trends in aid: Energy
				Figure 5.2. Trends in aid to energy
				Figure 5.3. Regional breakdown of aid to energy by all donors
				Table 5.1. Aid to energy by donor, 2005-10
				Figure 5.4. Sub-sectoral breakdown of aid to energy, all donors
				Figure 5.5. DAC members’ environment-focused aid in the energy sector
				Figure 5.6. Total flows to energy: Grants, concessional 
and non-concessional loans
		Access and integration
		Challenges and barriers
		The way forward
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 6.
Tackling air pollutants for long-lasting climate benefits
		Environmental impacts of short-lived climate pollutants
			Box 6.1. What are SLCPs?
			Box 6.2. Regional impacts of short-lived climate pollutants
		What can be done to reduce short-lived climate pollutants?
		The way forward
			Box 6.3. The Climate and Clean Air Coalition
		References
	Chapter 7.
Building awareness of water’s vital role
		Is water rising up the development agenda?
		No development without water
			Box 7.1. Gender and water-smart policies in Kenya
		Key steps for putting water back into sustainable development
			Box 7.2. Africans helping Africans
			Box 7.3. An African institution for water and sanitation
		The way forward
			Box 7.4. Trends in aid: Water supply and sanitation
				Figure 7.1. Trends in aid to water and sanitation
				Figure 7.2. Distribution of aid to water and sanitation by region
				Figure 7.3. Distribution of aid to water and sanitation by income group
				Figure 7.4. Climate change-related aid in the water supply and sanitation sector
				Figure 7.5. Gender equality focused aid
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 8.
Managing watersheds for resilient livelihoods in Ethiopia
		What is integrated watershed management and why is it sustainable?
		Watershed management in Tigray
			Box 8.1. India’s participatory watershed management history
			Box 8.2. The Abrha Atsbha Natural Resource Management Initiative
		From pilot project to national strategy
		The way forward
			Box 8.3. Trends in aid to agriculture and rural development (ARD)
				Figure 8.1. Trends in aid to ARD
				Table 8.1. Aid to ARD and other food-security-related sectors in 2005-10
				Figure 8.2. DAC members’ environment-focused aid in the ARD sectors
				Figure 8.3. Overlap between environmental objectives of activities in the ARD sector
				Figure 8.4. Gender equality focused aid in the ARD sector
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 9.
Breaking the mineral and fuel resource curse in Ghana
		Forty years of oil management experience: lessons from Norway
			Box 9.1. A roadmap for making the most of natural resource wealth
			Box 9.2. Trends in aid: Mineral resources and mining
				Figure 9.1. Trend in aid to mineral resources and mining
				Figure 9.2. Regional breakdown of aid to mineral resources and mining,
all donors
				Table 9.1. Aid to mineral resources and mining by donor, 2005-10
		Ghana’s success story: A flagship of democracy in Africa
		The way forward
		Notes
		Reference
Part III.
Green growth for sustainable development
	Chapter 10.
A green growth business model
		Box 10.1. Green growth: What is it?
		Increasing demand for green growth
		Increasing the supply of green growth inputs
		The way forward
		References
	Chapter 11.
Green growth as a national project in China, Kenya and Korea
		Green economic development in China
			Figure 11.1. Strategic framework for China’s green development
		Kenya’s first steps towards a green economy
			Figure 11.2. Conceptual framework for the transition to a green economy in Kenya
		Green growth fuels Korea’s economy
			Figure 11.3. Korea’s Five-Year Green Growth Strategy: Three strategies and ten policy directions
			Table 11.1. Framework for implementing Korea’s Green Growth Strategy
			Box 11.1. Korea’s green ODA and global development initiatives
		The way forward
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 12.
The private sector driving green growth
		Sustainability as a driver of opportunity
			Box 12.1. Business examples of saving resources and money
			Box 12.2. Spreading ripples of sustainability along global value chains
			Box 12.3. Paying and accounting for natural capital
			Box 12.4. Unleashing the power of partnerships
		Shared value and social enterprise as new business norms
		The way forward
		Notes
		References
Part IV.
Towards the future we want
	Chapter 13.
Right-sizing ODA and greening the global economy
		Strategic and coherent ODA
		Recalibrating the global economy
		References
	Chapter 14.
Challenging development co-operation post-Rio +20
		Defining and using sustainable development goals as a framework
to guide future development co-operation
		Mainstreaming green growth into all development co-operation activities
		Using ODA effectively and as a catalyst for sustainable development finance
			Box 14.1. The Busan Building Block for coherent climate and development financing
		Improving and accelerating knowledge sharing to enhance institutional and human capacity
		Investing in natural capital
			Box 14.2. Making WAVES in natural accounting
		The way forward
			Box 14.3. A taste of the Rio +20 voluntary actions
		Notes
		References
Part V.
Profiles and policies of bilateral donors
	Development Assistance Committee members’ aid performance in 2011
		Figure V.1. Components of DAC donors’ net ODA, 2000-11
		Donor performance
			Figure V.2. Aid cuts to DAC countries with large fiscal deficits, 2009
			Figure V.3. Composition of DAC members’ bilateral ODA, 2010
			Figure V.4. Tied status of DAC countries’ aid, 2010 (excluding donors’ administrative costs and technical co-operation)
			Figure V.5. Total DAC members’ ODA commitments for gender equality and women’s empowerment, 2002-10
			Figure V.6. Total DAC ODA commitments targeted at the objectives of the Rio conventions, 2007-10
		Notes
		References
	Notes on DAC members
		Australia
			Figure V.7. Official development assistance: Australia
		Austria
			Figure V.8. Official development assistance: Austria
		Belgium
			Figure V.9. Official development assistance: Belgium
		Canada
			Figure V.10. Official development assistance: Canada
		Denmark
			Figure V.11. Official development assistance: Denmark
		European Union institutions
			Figure V.12. Official development assistance: European Union institutions
		Finland
			Figure V.13. Official development assistance: Finland
		France
			Figure V.14. Official development assistance: France
		Germany
			Figure V.15. Official development assistance: Germany
		Greece
			Figure V.16. Official development assistance: Greece
		Ireland
			Figure V.17. Official development assistance: Ireland
		Italy
			Figure V.18. Official development assistance: Italy
		Japan
			Figure V.19. Official development assistance: Japan
		Korea
			Figure V.20. Official development assistance: Korea
		Luxembourg
			Figure V.21. Official development assistance: Luxembourg
		The Netherlands
			Figure V.22. Official development assistance: the Netherlands
		New Zealand
			Figure V.23. Official development assistance: New Zealand
		Norway
			Figure V.24. Official development assistance: Norway
		Portugal
			Figure V.25. Official development assistance: Portugal
		Spain
			Figure V.26. Official development assistance: Spain
		Sweden
			Figure V.27. Official development assistance: Sweden
		Switzerland
			Figure V.28. Official development assistance: Switzerland
		United Kingdom
			Figure V.29. Official development assistance: The United Kingdom
		United States
			Figure V.30. Official development assistance: The United States
	OECD DAC peer reviews
		OECD DAC peer review of Canada (15 May 2012)
		OECD DAC peer review of the European Union (28 March 2012)
		OECD DAC peer review of Greece (8 November 2011)
		OECD DAC peer review of Spain (13 December 2011)
		Mid-term reviews
		References
	Notes on other OECD donors
		Chile
		Czech Republic
			Figure V.31. ODA key statistics, 2010: The Czech Republic
		Estonia
		Hungary
		Iceland
		Israel
		Mexico
		Poland
		Slovak Republic
		Slovenia
			Box V.1. Special review of Slovenia’s development co-operation: A summary
		Turkey
			Figure V.32. ODA key statistics, 2010: Turkey
		Notes
	Notes on non-OECD providers of development co-operation
		ODA flows for countries that report to the DAC
		ODA flows for countries that do not report to the DAC
			Figure V.33. Countries’ concessional financing for development (“ODA-like” flows), 2010
			Box V.2. Economic transformation and poverty reduction: How it happened in China, helping it happen in Africa
		Private development flows
		Notes
		References
Statistical annex
	Figure A.1. DAC members’ total net resource flows to developing countries, 1970-2010
	Figure A.2. Net official development assistance, 1960-2011
	Figure A.3. Donor shares of net official development assistance, 1970-2010
	Figure A.4. Trends in sector-specific aid, 1971-2010
	Table A.1. DAC members’ net official development assistance in 2011
	Table A.2. Total net flows from DAC countries by type of flow
	Table A.3. Total net flows by DAC country
	Table A.4. Net official development assistance by DAC country
	Table A.5. Total net private flows by DAC country
	Table A.6. Official development finance to developing countries
	Table A.7. ODA by individual DAC countries at 2010 prices and exchange rates
	Table A.8. ODA from DAC countries to multilateral organisations in 2010
	Table A.9. Aid by major purposes in 2010
	Table A.10. Distribution of ODA by income group
	Table A.11. Regional distribution of ODA by individual DAC donors
	Table A.12. ODA from non-DAC donors
	Table A.13. Concessional and non-concessional flows by multilateral organisations
	Table A.14. Deflators for resource flows from DAC donors (2010 = 100)
	Table A.15. Annual average dollar exchange rates for DAC members
	Table A.16. Gross national income and population of DAC member countries
Technical Notes – Notes on definitions and measurement
	Changes in the concept of official development assistance (ODA) and the coverage of gross national income (GNI)
	Recipient country coverage
	Donor country coverage
	Treatment of debt forgiveness
	Reporting year
	Table B.1. DAC list of ODA recipients
	Table B.2. Debt forgiveness of non-ODA claims
Glossary of development terms