Development and Planning Economy: Environmental and Resource Issues

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
1 Introduction......Page 16
PART ONE Analytical tools......Page 22
2.1 ECONOMIC SCIENCE......Page 23
2.2 ECONOMIC RENT......Page 24
2.3 INCREASING AND DECREASING RETURNS......Page 25
2.4 ECONOMIES OF SCALE......Page 27
2.5 PRICES AND DEMAND......Page 28
2.6 EQUILIBRIUM OF NORMAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY......Page 29
2.8 MEDIUM-TERM PRICES......Page 30
2.9 SHORT-TERM PRICES......Page 31
2.11 AGGREGATE NATIONAL DEMAND......Page 32
2.12 NATIONAL INCOME AND THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT......Page 33
2.13 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT......Page 34
2.14 GOVERNMENT AND AGGREGATE NATIONAL DEMAND......Page 35
2.15 EXTERNAL COSTS......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
3.1 DEMAND FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 38
3.2 CLIENTS......Page 39
3.3 OCCUPIERS......Page 40
3.4 OCCUPIERS’ COSTS......Page 43
3.6 HOUSING......Page 45
3.7 COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES......Page 47
3.9 SITE VALUES......Page 48
3.10 DEVELOPERS......Page 52
3.11 RISKS......Page 53
3.12 DEVELOPERS’ EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE......Page 54
3.13 PROPERTY INVESTORS......Page 57
3.14 COST ANALYSIS......Page 58
3.15 PROPERTY OWNERSHIP AND RETURNS......Page 60
3.16 PUBLIC PROVISION OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
4.1 QUANTITATIVE DATA......Page 64
4.2 PROJECTIONS AND PLANNING DATA......Page 66
4.3 SURVEYING THE STOCK......Page 67
4.4 MEASURING CONSUMER DEMAND......Page 68
4.6 DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 69
4.8 PLANNING MODELS......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
PART TWO The context......Page 73
5.1 NATIONAL INVESTMENT......Page 74
5.2 RESOURCES FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 75
5.4 BUILT STOCK......Page 78
5.5 HOUSING......Page 79
5.6 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 84
5.8 CONVERSION AND REPLACEMENT OF BUILDING STOCK......Page 85
5.9 FUTURE NEEDS FOR BUILDING RESOURCES......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
6.2 POPULATION......Page 88
6.3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION......Page 89
6.4 HOUSEHOLD FORMATION......Page 92
6.5 LABOUR MARKET......Page 94
6.6 CHANGES IN NATIONAL OUTPUT AND RESOURCES......Page 96
6.7 CHANGES IN REGIONAL OUTPUT AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING......Page 97
6.8 SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 98
6.9 LIFESTYLES AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES......Page 99
6.10 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE......Page 100
6.11 DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING CONTEXTS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
PART THREE Developing the built environment......Page 105
7.2 CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL ADVANTAGES IN GREAT BRITAIN......Page 106
7.4 INVESTMENT FACTORS......Page 108
7.5 THE CASE FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY......Page 109
7.6 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES......Page 110
7.7 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES......Page 112
7.9 OTHER SPATIAL POLICIES......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 116
8.1 DEVELOPMENT IN TOWN AND COUNTRY......Page 117
8.2 EXISTING URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND OBSOLESCENCE......Page 118
8.3 CITY EXPANSION AND MIGRATION......Page 119
8.4 TOWNS, TRAFFIC AND SERVICES......Page 120
8.5 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 122
8.6 TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 123
8.7 OTHER LARGE LAND USERS......Page 125
8.8 GREEN BELTS AND OTHER OPEN LAND......Page 126
8.9 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 133
9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SETTLEMENTS......Page 134
9.2 CAPITAL COSTS OF CONSTRUCTING A SETTLEMENT......Page 137
9.3 CAPITAL COSTS OF MAIN ROADS......Page 138
9.4 EXPANDING SETTLEMENTS......Page 140
9.6 COSTS-IN-USE OF JOURNEYS TO WORK......Page 141
9.7 OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING COSTS-IN-USE OF SETTLEMENTS......Page 144
9.8 BUILDING FORMS AND TOWN FORMS......Page 145
9.9 PHASING AND ADAPTABILITY OF SETTLEMENTS......Page 148
9.10 MACHINERY FOR DEVELOPING AND REDEVELOPING SETTLEMENTS......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 150
10.2 UTILIZING EXISTING BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 152
10.3 LOCATION AND DEMAND FOR SPACE......Page 154
10.4 SETTLEMENTS AND THE DEMAND FOR LAND......Page 155
10.5 LOCATION OF SETTLEMENT GROWTH......Page 156
10.6 ECONOMICS OF SETTLEMENT GROWTH......Page 157
10.7 SETTLEMENT DECLINE......Page 159
10.8 ECONOMICS OF SETTLEMENT DECLINE......Page 160
10.9 LOCATION OF DECLINING AREAS......Page 161
10.10 POTENTIAL OF DECLINING SETTLEMENTS......Page 162
10.11 REVIVING AREAS OF DECLINE......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 168
PART FOUR Design and planning economics......Page 169
11.1 ECONOMICS OF DESIGN......Page 170
11.2 DEVELOPMENT NEEDS......Page 171
11.3 LOCATION AND THE SITE......Page 173
11.4 SIZE, SHAPE AND FORM......Page 174
11.5 BUILT-IN FLEXIBILITY......Page 175
11.6 STRUCTURE AND CLADDINGS......Page 178
11.7 GLAZING......Page 179
11.8 HEATING AND VENTILATION......Page 180
11.9 FINISHES AND FITTINGS......Page 183
11.10 STANDARDS OF COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE......Page 184
11.11 APPEARANCE, VALUE AND COST......Page 186
11.12 DESIGN AND ERECTION......Page 189
11.13 RISK AND UNCERTAINTY......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
12.1 MAINTENANCE AND DURABILITY......Page 193
12.3 REPAIR AND RENEWAL......Page 195
12.4 ALTERATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS......Page 196
12.5 CONVERSION, REHABILITATION AND REBUILDING......Page 197
12.6 CONSERVATION......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
13.1 COSTS AND BENEFITS......Page 201
13.2 DECISION TECHNIQUES FOR COMPARING DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING OPTIONS......Page 202
13.4 DEVELOPERS AND OCCUPIERS......Page 204
3.5 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES......Page 205
13.8 OFFICIAL PLANNING DECISIONS......Page 206
13.9 PLANNING BALANCE SHEETS—COSTS AND BENEFITS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
PART FIVE Financial and planning machinery......Page 209
14.2 SECTORS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 210
14.3 OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING......Page 211
14.4 PRIVATE RENTED HOUSING......Page 212
14.5 CONTROL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE......Page 213
14.6 PUBLIC RENTED HOUSING......Page 214
14.8 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ESTATE......Page 216
14.9 HOSPITAL SERVICE BUILDING......Page 217
14.10 HIGHWAYS......Page 218
14.12 FINANCIAL CONTROL OF PROPERTY FOR PUBLIC SERVICES......Page 219
14.13 PUBLIC CORPORATIONS......Page 220
14.14 BUSINESS SECTOR......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 222
15.1 THE MARKET AND THE OFFICIAL PLANNING PROCESS......Page 223
15.2 PURPOSE OF OFFICIAL PLANNING......Page 224
15.3 PLANNING CONTEXT......Page 225
15.4 PLANNING AND THE COMMUNITY......Page 226
15.5 PLANNING MACHINERY IN BRITAIN......Page 227
15.6 CRITICISM AND CHANGE IN THE PLANNING PROCESS......Page 230
15.7 PLANNING COSTS......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
16.1 THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING......Page 236
16.2 SITES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 237
16.3 ECONOMIC, TECHNOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND REGIONAL CHANGE......Page 238
16.5 SETTLEMENT DECLINE......Page 240
16.7 FINANCE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 241
16.8 RESOURCE CONFLICTS......Page 242
16.9 OFFICIAL PLANNING PROCESS......Page 244
16.10 PLANNING ISSUES......Page 245
16.11 ECONOMIC ISSUES......Page 247
Index......Page 251