Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Editors-In-Chief
Associate Editors
Preface
Contributors
Contents
General Features of Common Human Viruses
	Adenoviruses: General Features
		Introduction
		Taxonomy
		Virion Morphology and Properties
		Nucleic Acid, Genome Organization, and Replication
		Proteins
		Antigenic Properties
		Biological Properties
		Mastadenoviruses
		Aviadenoviruses
		Atadenoviruses
		Siadenoviruses
		Phylogeny
		Further Reading
	Adenoviruses: Pathogenesis
		History
		Prevalence and Spread
		Epidemiology
			HAdV-A
			HAdV-B1
			HAdV-B2
			HAdV-C
			HAdV-D
			HAdV-E
			HAdV-F
		Epizootiology
			Simian Adenoviruses
			Canine Adenoviruses
			Porcine Adenoviruses
			Equine Adenoviruses
			Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, and Other Ruminant Adenoviruses
			Avian Adenoviruses
			Reptilian Adenoviruses
			Frog and Fish Adenoviruses
		Pathogenesis
		Detection and Identification
		Prevention and Therapy
		Further Reading
	Anellovirus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Historical Overview of Anelloviruses
		Virion Properties, Genome, and Replication
		Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Aspects
		Distribution, Epidemiology, and Transmission
		Detection Approaches/Viral Load
		Clinical Significance
		Further Reading
	Arboviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virion: Physical Properties, Composition, and Genome Organization
		Evolutionary Relationships Among Arboviruses
			Evolutionary Relationships of the Flaviviruses
			Evolutionary Relationships of the Alphaviruses
		Disease Associations
		Transmission Cycles
		Further Reading
	Astroviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		History and Classification
		Epidemiology
			Humans
			Animals
		Virus Propagation
		Molecular Virology and Protein Expression
		Evolution
		Clinical Features, Pathology, and Pathogenesis
			Mammalian Astroviruses
			Avian Astroviruses
		Immune Response
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Further Reading
	Bunyaviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Bunyavirus Biology
		Virion Proteins and RNA Segments
		Coding Strategies of the Viral Genomes
		Genome Segment Reassortment
		Viral Replication Cycle
			Attachment, Entry, and Uncoating
			Transcription
			Genome Replication
			Assembly and Release
		Persistent Infections
		Reverse Genetics
		Further Reading
	Common Cold Viruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomic Identification, Genome Organization, and Replication Cycle of Rhinoviruses
			Genome Organization
			Translation of the Polyprotein, Processing, and Capsid Maturation
			Genome Replication
			Attachment and Entry
		Virion/Particle Structure and Phylogenetic Considerations
			The Canyon Hypothesis
			Rhinoviral Antigenicity
			Phylogenetic Considerations
		Rhinovirus Infection Models
		Host Cell Reactions upon Rhinoviral Infections - The Molecular Origin of Symptoms
		Antirhinoviral Strategies
		Further Reading
	Coronaviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virion Properties
		Virion Structure and Composition
		Genome Organization and Expression
		Replication Cycle
		Genome Replication and Recombination
		Evolutionary Relationships among Coronaviruses
		Diseases and Host Range
		Further Reading
	Coxsackieviruses
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Epidemiology, Geographic Distribution, and Seasonality
		Virion Structure and Host Cell Receptors
		Genetics, Genetic Diversity, and Evolution
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Clinical Manifestations
			Central Nervous System Disease
			Febrile Rash Illnesses
			Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Infection
			Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
			Other Acute Illnesses
			Cardiac Disease
			Diabetes
		Treatment and Prevention
		Further Reading
	Echoviruses
		History and Classification
		Molecular Characteristics and Replication
			Virus Particle
			Replication Cycle
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Epidemiology
		Future Perspectives
		See also
		Further Reading
	Enteric Viruses
		Introduction
		Viruses Associated with Acute Gastroenteritis
		Caliciviruses
			History
			Classification
			Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
			Genetics
			Pathogenesis
			Immune Responses, Prevention and Control
		Rotaviruses
			History
			Classification
			Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
			Host Range
			Genetics
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Features
			Immune Response/Prevention and Control
		Adenovirus
			History and Classification
			Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
			Genetics/Evolution
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Features
		Astroviruses
			History and Classification
			Genetics and Evolution
			Pathogenesis
		Coronaviruses/Toroviruses
		Picornaviruses
		Parvoviruses
		Picobirnaviruses
		Further Reading
	Flaviviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		General Features
		Flaviviruses
			History and Classification
			Epidemiology and Clinical Disease
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis and Prevention
		Pestiviruses
			History and Classification
			Epidemiology and Clinical Disease
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis, Control, and Prevention
		Hepaciviruses
			History and Classification
			Epidemiology and Clinical Disease
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Clinical Disease
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		GB Viruses
		Further Reading
	Hepadnaviruses: General Features
		Introduction
		The Hepadnaviruses
		Biology of the Viruses
		Genetic Variation and Epidemiology
		Clinical Features and Pathology
		Prevention and Treatment of Infection
		Hepatitis D Virus
		Further Reading
	Hepatitis A Virus
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy
		Morphology and Physicochemical Properties
		Genome Organization and Expression, Replication, Morphogenesis
		Host Range, Transmission, and Tissue Tropism
		Cell Culture and Growth Characteristics
		Clinical Features and Pathology
			Common Course of Infection
			Prolonged Hepatitis A
			Relapsing Hepatitis A
			Fulminant Hepatitis A
			Extrahepatic Manifestations
			Pathology
		Innate and Adaptive Immune Response
			Innate Immune Response
			Adaptive Immune Response
		Diagnosis
		Epidemiology
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
	Hepatitis B Virus: General Features
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Distribution and Epidemiology
		Virion Structure and Genome Organization
		Replication Strategy
		Subtypes
		Genotypes
		Variants
		Markers of Infection
		Natural History of the Disease
			Acute HBV Infection
			Chronic HBV Infection
			Course of Chronic Infection
			Mutant Viruses and Chronic Infection
		Vaccination
			Vaccine Escape Mutants
		Treatment
			HBeAg-Positive Patients
			HBeAg-Negative Patients
			Protracted Treatment
			Resistance
			Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance
		Further Reading
	Hepatitis C Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomy and Geographical Distribution
		Transmission
		Clinical Manifestation
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Genome Organization
		HCV Replication Cycle
		Virion Properties
		Tissue Tropism and Host Range
		Experimental Systems
			Animal Models
			Cell Culture Systems
		HCV-Host Interaction
			Replication Factors
			Innate Immunity
			Adaptive Immunity
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Further Reading
	Hepatitis Delta Virus
		Glossary
		Classification
		Structure
		Replication
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Features
		Control
		Further Reading
	Hepatitis E Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Properties and Structure of Virions
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Genome Organization and Gene Expression
		Epidemiology
		Swine HEV
		Avian HEV
		Host Range and Cross-Species Infection
		Pathogenesis and Tissue Tropism
		Zoonotic Risk
		Transmission and Natural History
		Immunity
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
	Herpesviruses: General Features
		Introduction
		Virion Structure
			Core
			Capsid
			Tegument
			Envelope
		Replication Cycle
			Entry
			Expression
			Replication
			Maturation
			Exit
		Classification
			Morphological Criteria
			Biological Criteria
			Serological Criteria
			Genomic Criteria
			Sequence Criteria
		Genome Organization
		Gene Content
		Herpesvirus Evolution
		Further Reading
	Human Cytomegalovirus: General Features
		Introduction
		History and Classification
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Genetics and Replication
		Evolution
		Pathogenesis and Latency
		Clinical Features and Pathology
		Immune Response, Prevention, and Control
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7
		Introduction
		History and Classification
		Geographical Distribution
		Cellular Tropism, Laboratory Culture, and Latency
		Genome Organization
		Replication Cycle
		Immunomodulation
		Pathogenesis and Disease Associations
			Infant Fever with or without Rash
			Immunocompromised People
				Solid organ transplantation
				Bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
				HIV/AIDS
			Neuroinflammatory Disease and Persistence in the Brain
				Multiple sclerosis
		Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Control
			Protective Immunity
			Control
		See also
		Further Reading
	Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
		Glossary
		History
			Classification
		Virion Structure and Viral Proteins
		Genome Organization, Transcription, and Replication
		Viral Infection in Cell Culture and Experimental Animals
		Genetics
		Antigens and Antigenic Subgroups
		Epidemiology and Clinical Factors
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Treatment and Immunoprophylaxis
		Further Reading
	Human Respiratory Viruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
			The Human Respiratory Tract
			Disease Syndromes
			Viruses That Cause Respiratory Illness in Immunocompetent Humans
			Immunocompromised Hosts
		Specific Viral Causes of Respiratory Disease
			Picornaviridae
				Rhinoviruses
				Coxsackieviruses
				Enteroviruses
				Echoviruses
				Parechoviruses
			Paramyxoviridae
				Respiratory syncytial virus
				Human parainfluenza viruses
				Human metapneumovirus
				Measles virus
				Hendra and Nipah viruses
			Orthomyxoviridae
				Influenza viruses
			Adenoviridae
			Coronaviridae
			Herpesviridae
			Parvoviridae
				Human bocavirus
			Bunyaviridae
				Hantavirus
			Reoviridae
				Rotavirus
				Reovirus
			Retroviridae
				Human immunodeficiency virus
			Papovaviridae
				Polyomaviruses
		Co-Infections
			Transmission
		Antiviral Drugs for Respiratory Viruses
		Vaccines
		Summary
		Further Reading
	Influenza
		Glossary
		Introduction: The Disease
		Taxonomy and Nomenclature
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Virus Isolation and Propagation
		The Virus - Structure, Genome, and Proteins
		Evolution of Influenza Virus
		Influenza Virus Genetics
			Reassortment
			Recombination
			Reverse Genetics
		Influenza Pandemics
			The Pandemic of 1918-19 - Spanish Influenza
			The Pandemics of 1957 (Asian Influenza) and 1968 (Hong Kong Influenza)
			The Re-Emergence of H1N1 Viruses in 1977 - Russian Influenza
			The H5N1 `Bird Flu´ Outbreak
		Influenza Virus in Humans
			Antigenic Drift
			Antigenic Shift
		Influenza Virus in Animals
		Molecular Determinants of Host Range Restriction and Pathogenesis
			The HA Protein
				Cleavage of HA
				Receptor specificity
			The NS1 Protein
			The PB2 Protein
			The NA Protein
		Antivirals
			Amantadine and Rimantadine: M2 Ion Channel Blockers
			NA Inhibitors
		Vaccines
			Inactivated Vaccines
			Live Virus Vaccines
		Further Reading
	Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: General Features
		History
		Taxonomy, Classification and Evolution
		Geographic Distribution
		Transmission
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Virus Genetics and Molecular Biology
		Molecular Piracy by KSHV
		Immune Response
		KSHV-Associated Diseases
			Kaposi's Sarcoma
			Primary Effusion Lymphoma
			Multicentric Castleman's Disease
			Other KSHV-Related Disorders
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
		Further Reading
	Measles Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction and Classification
		Viral Particle Structure and Components
		Genome, Replication Complex, and Replication Strategy
		Envelope Proteins and Cellular Receptors
		Clinical Features
		Immune Response and Complications
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Diagnosis, Prevention and Control
		The New Frontiers: MV-Based Multivalent Vaccines and Oncolysis
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
		Glossary
		History and Classification
		Virion, Genome, and Evolution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Clinical Features and Pathology
		Immune Response
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
		Further Reading
	Mumps Virus
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Properties of the Virion
		Properties of the Genome
		Properties of the Proteins
		Physical Properties
		Replication
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Viral Propagation
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Evolution and Genetics
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Clinical Features of the Infection
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Pathogenicity
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
		MuV and Inclusion Body Myositis
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Noroviruses and Sapoviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virion Structure and Composition
		Genome Organization and Expression
		Replication
		Evolution
		Transmission and Host Range
		Pathogenicity
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
		Diagnosis
		Vaccination
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Parainfluenza Viruses of Humans
		Introduction
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virion Structure, Genome Organization, and Protein Composition
		Attachment Protein
		Fusion Protein
		M Protein
		Transcription, Translation, and Replication
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Viral Propagation
		Genetics and Evolution
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology and Transmission
		Pathogenicity
		Clinical Features
		Pathology
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Parvoviruses: General Features
		The Family Parvoviridae: An Overview
		Genera in the Subfamily Parvovirinae
			Genus Parvovirus
			Genus Dependovirus
			Genus Erythrovirus
			Genus Amdovirus
			Genus Bocavirus
		Genera in the Subfamily Densovirinae
			Genus Densovirus
			Genus Pefudensovirus
			Genus Iteravirus
			Genus Brevidensovirus
		Further Reading
	Poliomyelitis
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis and Disease
		The Virus Genome
		The Virus Particle
		The Poliovirus Receptor
		Classification
		Vaccines
		Attenuation of the Sabin Vaccine Strains
		The Global Polio Eradication Program
		Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus
		Cessation of Vaccination
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Polyomaviruses
		Classification
		Morphological, Physicochemical, and Physical Properties
		Genome
		Proteins
		Replication Cycle
			Nuclear Entry
			Receptors and Modes of Cytoplasmic Entry
				mPyV
				SV40
				JCV
				BKV
			Host Cell Susceptibility
		Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Poxviruses
		Introduction
		Classification
		Virion Structure
		Genome Structure
		Gene Content
		Phylogeny
		Replication Cycle
			Entry
			Gene Expression
			DNA Replication
			Morphogenesis
		Pathogenesis
			Immune Evasion
		See also
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Rabies Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Genome and Morphology
		Phylogeny and Evolution
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Spectrum
		Diagnosis
		Epidemiology
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
	Reoviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Fusogenic Orthoreoviruses
		Mammalian Reoviruses
			Serotypes and Strains
			Distribution and Host Range
			Epidemiology
			Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Attachment and Penetration
			Virus-Cell Interactions
			Clinical Features and Infection
			Immune Response
		Further Reading
	Retroviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		Introduction
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Genome Structure and Organization
		Virus Morphology
		Viral Proteins
		Retrovirus Replication Cycle
			Attachment and Penetration
			Reverse Transcription
			Integration
			Genomic and mRNA Transcription
			Assembly and Release of Virions
		Pathogenesis
		Further Reading
	Rhinoviruses
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virion Structure and Physical Properties
		Properties of the Rhinovirus Genome
		Properties of Rhinovirus Proteins
		Life Cycle
			Entry, Replication, and Assembly
		Host Range, Propagation, and Detection
		Serological Relationship and Antigenic Variability
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus-Induced Disease
			Transmission
			Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
			Immune Response and Immunity
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
	Rotaviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Morphology
		Classification and Epidemiology
		The Viral Genome and Viral Replication
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment
		Immune Response
		Viral Vaccines
		Further Reading
	Rubella Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Classification
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Properties of the Virion
		Genomic Organization
		Intracellular Replication Cycle
		Genetics and Evolution
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Histopathology
		Immune Response and Serodiagnosis
		Diagnosis
		Prevention and Control of Rubella
		Future
		Further Reading
	Togaviruses: General Features
		Glossary
		Introduction and History
		Structure, Systematics, and Evolution
		Diseases
		Transmission Cycles
		Alphaviruses of Greatest Medical and Veterinary Importance
			Chikungunya Virus
			Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
			Mayaro Virus
			O'nyong-nyong Virus
			Ross River Virus
			Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
			Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
		Alphavirus Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Control of Disease
		Further Reading
	Varicella-Zoster Virus: General Features
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Genetics
		Evolution
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenicity
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
	AIDS: Disease Manifestation
		Introduction
		Opportunistic Infections and Malignancies Associated with HIV Infection
		The Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Individuals
		HIV-Specific Diseases
			Lipodystrophy
			HIV and Kidney Disease
				Acute renal failure
				Chronic kidney disease
				HIV-associated nephropathy
				HIV-associated immune complex disease
				Thrombotic microangiopathy
				Renal disease associated with HAART
			Neurologic Manifestations of HIV
				Aseptic meningitis or encephalitis
				HIV-associated dementia
				Distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathy
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	AIDS: Global Epidemiology
		Glossary
		Brief History of HIV/AIDS
		Molecular Epidemiology
		Modes of Transmission
		Epidemiology
			Sub-Saharan Africa
			Asia
			Eastern Europe and Central Asia
			Caribbean
			Latin America
			North America
			Western Europe
			Oceania
			Middle East and North Africa
		Global Response
		HIV Prevention
		HIV Care and Treatment
		Future Prospects
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Antiretroviral Agents
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Entry Inhibitors
		Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
		Integrase Inhibitors
		Protease Inhibitors
		Maturation Inhibitors
		Combination Therapy
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Origin
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Taxonomy, Classification, and Genomic Structure
			Taxonomy
			Classification
				Classification of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)
				Classification of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs)
			Genomic Structure
		Evolutionary History
			HIV-2 and SIVsmm from Sooty Mangabeys
			HIV-1 and SIVcpz from Chimpanzees
			HIV-1 and SIVgor from Gorillas
		Cross-Species Transmission
			Where?
				HIV-1
				HIV-2
			When?
			How?
			Other SIV Cross-Species Transmissions, Risk for Novel HIV?
		Evolution of SIVs in their Natural Primate Hosts: The Origin of SIVcpz
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Pathogenesis
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Direct Cytopathic Effect of HIV on Infected CD4+ T Lymphocytes
		Indirect Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis during HIV Infection
		Determinants of HIV Transmission and Early Replication
		The Acute/Early Phase of HIV Infection
		Generation of HIV-Specific Immune Responses and the Acute-to-Chronic Phase Transition
		The Chronic Phase of Infection
		Implications for HIV Therapy and Vaccine Development
		Further Reading
Exotic Virus Infections
	Bunyaviruses: Unassigned
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Bhanja Virus
		Kasokero Virus
		Tataguine Virus
		Wanowrie Virus
		Keterah Virus (Also Known As Issyk-Kul Virus)
		Other Unassigned Orthobunyaviruses Causing Disease in Humans
		Further Reading
	Cowpox Virus
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Properties of the Virion
		Properties of the Genome
		Properties of Proteins
		Physical Properties
		Replication
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Propagation
		Genetics
		Evolution
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Virulence
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Other Nairoviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		History
			Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
			Other Important Members of the Genus Nairovirus
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Geographical Distribution
		Ecology and Epidemiology
		Properties of the Virion and Genome
		Phylogenetic Relationships
		Clinical Features
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis
		Prevention and Control
		Treatment
		Disclaimer
		Further Reading
	Dengue Viruses
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Genetics
		Evolution
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenicity
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control of Dengue
		Future
		Further Reading
	Ebolavirus
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Biological and Physical Properties of Virion
		Properties of Genome
		Properties of Viral Proteins
			RNP Complex and Matrix Proteins
			Glycoproteins
		Viral Life Cycle
		Host Range and Experimental Models
			Natural Hosts and Geographic Distribution
			Experimental Models
		Clinical Features
		Pathogenicity
		Treatment
		Vaccines
		See also
		Further Reading
	Filoviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Background
			Ebola Virus History
			Marburg Virus History
			Transmission
			Virion Structure and Composition
			Genome Organization and Expression
		Pathogenesis
			Clinical Features/Presentation
			Animal Models
			Host Responses
		Treatment and Prevention
		See also
		Further Reading
	Hantaviruses
		Glossary
		Historical Introduction
		Virology
		Ecology and Epidemiology
		Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis
		Diagnostics and Prevention
		Further Reading
	Henipaviruses
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Molecular Biology
		Host Range and Viral Propagation
		Serologic Relationships
		Geographical Distribution
		Evolution and Genetics
		Epidemiology and Transmission
		Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenicity
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Immune Response
			Adaptive
			Innate
		Prevention and Control
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Human T-cell Leukemia Viruses: General Features
		Glossary
		Introduction
		History and Classification
		Geographic Distribution
			Geographic Clustering
			Age-Dependent Infection
				Familial aggregation
		Host Range and Transmission
			Receptor, Infection, and Transformation
			Natural Transmission
		Genetics and Replication
			Genome
			Replication with Feedback Regulation
				Reverse transcription and integration
				Transcription and splicing
				Maturation and budding
			Variability and Evolution
		Pathogenicity
			Adult T-Cell Leukemia
				Clinical features
				Etiology of ATL
				Molecular mechanism of leukemogenesis
					Tax protein
					Paradox in the leukemogenic mechanism
			HAM/TSP and other diseases
				Clinical features
				Etiology and other features
		Prevention and Control of Infection
		Future
		Further Reading
	Japanese Encephalitis Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Virus
		Physical Properties
		Replication Cycle
		Geographic Distribution
		Epidemiology
		Molecular Epidemiology
		Pathogenicity and Virulence
		Clinical Symptoms
		Diagnosis
		Transmission
		Treatment
		Control
		Further Reading
	Lassa, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito Viruses
		History
		Classification
		Properties of the Virion
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Virus Propagation
		Genetics
		Evolution
		Epidemiology
			Lassa Fever
			Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF)
			Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF)
			Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenesis
			Lassa fever
			AHF and BHF
		Clinical Features
			Lassa Fever
			AHF and BHF
			Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever
		Pathology and Histopathology
			Lassa Fever
			AHF and BHF
			Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
			Rodent Control
			Vaccines
			Drug Prophylaxis
		Therapy
			Lassa Fever
			AHF
			BHF
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: General Features
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Viral Propagation
		Genetics
		Evolution
		Serological Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenicity
		Clinical Features of Infection
		Pathology and Histopathology
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control of LCMV
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Marburg Virus
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Virus Structure and Composition
		Genome Organization and Expression
		Replication
		Evolutionary Relationship between Viruses
		Transmission and Host Range
		Clinical Features
		Pathogenesis and Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
		See also
		Further Reading
	Orbiviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Historical Overview
		Host Range and Transmission
		Epidemiology and Disease
		Viral RNAS, Proteins, Virion Structure, and Properties
		Genome Organization and Replication
		Evolutionary Relationships among the Orbiviruses
		Orbiviruses of Humans
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Orthobunyaviruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		La Crosse Virus
		Akabane Virus
		Oropouche Virus
		Reassortment
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
		Glossary
		History
		Virology
			SARS Virus
			SARS CoV Genome
			Ecology and Animal Reservoir
			Phylogeny
			Virus Receptors
		Human Disease
			Transmission
			Clinical Features
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Pathogenesis
			Treatment
		Animal Models
		Vaccines and Immunity
		Conclusion: Will SARS Return?
		Further Reading
	Smallpox and Monkeypox Viruses
		Glossary
		Variola Virus
			History
			Clinical Features
			Variolation and Vaccination
			Smallpox Eradication
		Monkeypox Virus
			History
			Human Monkeypox
			Clinical Features
			Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox
			Genetics
			Ecology
			New Hosts and Geographic Expansion
			Person-to-Person Transmission
			Treatment
			Diagnostics
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	St. Louis Encephalitis
		Glossary
		History
		Distribution
		Classification
		Host Range
			Arthropods
			Wild Birds
			Humans
			Domestic Animals
			Wild Mammals
		Pathogenicity
		Epidemiology
			Overwintering
				Persistence in mosquito populations
				Persistence in vertebrate populations
				Reintroduction of virus
			Amplification
			Subsidence
			Risk Factors for Human Infection
				Residence
				Age
				Occupation
				Socioeconomic status
				Weather
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
	Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses
		Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Phylogenetic Relationships
		Virions
		TBEV Life Cycle
			Virus Entry into the Cells
				Cellular receptors for tick-borne flaviviruses
				The E protein mediates attachment and entry of virions into cells
			Strategy of the TBEV Genome
				Translation and processing of virus proteins
				Replication of viral RNA
			Assembly, Maturation, and Release of Virions
		Pathogenesis of TBEV
			Incidence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
			Variety of Clinical Manifestations
			Human Disease Produced by Other Tick-Borne Flaviviruses
		Prevention and Control of TBE
		Further Reading
	Togaviruses Causing Rash and Fever
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Acute Infection
			Chronic Illness Following Infection
			Infection in Pregnancy
		Pathogenesis of Alphavirus Arthritis
		Diagnosis of Infection
		Treatment of Alphavirus Infections
		Barmah Forest Virus
		Chikungunya Virus
		Mayaro Virus
		O´nyong-nyong Virus (Including Igbo-Ora Variant)
		Ross River Virus
		Semliki Forest Virus
		Sindbis Virus (Including Ockelbo Virus)
		The Future
		Further Reading
	Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Etiologic Agent of Prion Diseases
		Prion Diseases of Animals
			Scrapie
			Chronic Wasting Disease
			Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
		Prion Diseases of Humans
			Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
			Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
			Prion Diseases of Humans Associated with Genetic Mutations
				Familial CJD
				Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome
				Fatal familial insomnia
		Disclaimer
		Further Reading
	West Nile Virus
		Glossary
		Classification
		History and Geographic Distribution
		Molecular Epidemiology
		The Virion and the Viral Genome
		Replication
		Ecology
			Vectors
			Vertebrates: Birds
			Vertebrates: Other
		Vertebrate Pathogenesis
		Clinical Disease
		Diagnostics
			Human
			Surveillance Specimens
		Prevention and Control
			Vaccines and Therapeutics
			Public Health Measures
		Summary
		Further Reading
	Yellow Fever Virus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		History
		Taxonomy, Classification, and Variation
		Properties of the Virion
		Properties of the Genome
		Viral Proteins
		Assembly and Replication
		Molecular Determinants of Virulence
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Disease Incidence
		Epidemiology and Transmission Cycles
		Clinical Features
		Pathology and Pathogenesis
		Immune Responses
		Prevention and Control
		Further Reading
Tumor-Associated Viruses
	Adenoviruses: Malignant Transformation and Oncology
		Transforming and Oncogenic Properties of Human Adenoviruses
		Transforming and Immortalizing Properties of E1A
		Oncogenicity of E1A
		Transforming Properties of Adenovirus E1B and E4 Regions
		EIB-19K
		E1B-55K and E4orf6
		E4orf3
		Ad9 E4orf1
		`Hit and Run´ Transformation
		Conclusions
		Further Reading
	Epstein-Barr Virus: General Features
		Taxonomy and Genome Structure
		History
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Genetics and Strain Variation
		Evolution
		EBV Primary Infection and Persistence
		Immune Response
		EBV-Associated Diseases
			Infectious Mononucleosis
			Lymphomas in Immunosuppressed Individuals
			Burkitt's Lymphoma
			Hodgkin's Lymphoma
			Virus-Associated T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas
			Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
			Gastric Carcinoma and Other Epithelial Tumors
		Prevention and Control of EBV Infection
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses: Human Disease
		Introduction
		Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
			Epidemiological Aspects
			Diagnosis Criteria and Classification
			Clinical, Cytological, and Immuno-Virological Features
			Specific Features and Complications
			ATLL Pathogenesis
			Therapeutic Aspects of ATLL
		Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy
			Diagnostic Criteria
			HAM/TSP Pathogenesis
			Therapeutic aspects of HAM/TSP
		Infective Dermatitis
		Myositis
		Uveitis
		Other Ocular Lesions Associated with HTLV-1 Infection
		Further Reading
	Polyomaviruses of HumansPolyomaviruses
		JC Virus
			Genome Organization: Regulatory and Coding Regions
			Regulatory Region
			Cellular Transcription Factors Involved in JCV Gene Expression
			Life Cycle
			JCV Reactivation and Other Viral Infections
				HIV infection and JCV reactivation
				Interaction of JCV with other human viruses
			Lytic Infection versus Tumor Induction
				PML
				Oncogenic potential of JCV
		BK Virus
			Infection and Associated Disorders
			Oncogenicity of the Genome in Experimental Animals
			Association of the Genome with Human Tumors
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	Retroviral Oncogenes
		Glossary
		Historical Perspective
		Taxonomy of Oncogene-Carrying Retroviruses
		Acquisition of Cellular Sequences by Retroviral Genomes
		Retroviruses Carrying an Oncogene Are Replication Defective
		Oncoproteins Are Often Fusion Proteins
		Functional Classes of Oncogenes
		Retroviral Transduction of a Cellular Oncogene Results in Gain of Function
		Cooperation of Oncogenes
		Coda and Outlook
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Simian Virus 40
		History
		Taxonomy and Classification
		Properties of the Virion
		Properties of the Viral Genome
		Properties of Viral Proteins
		Replication
			Overview of SV40 Replication Cycle
			Strategy of Replication of Nucleic Acid
			Characterization of Transcription
			Post-Translational Processing
			Uptake and Release of Virions
		Geographic and Seasonal Distribution
		Host Range and Virus Propagation
		Genetics
		Serologic Relationships and Variability
		Epidemiology
		Transmission and Tissue Tropism
		Pathogenicity and Pathology
		Immune Response
		Prevention and Control
		Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
	Tumor Viruses: Human
		Glossary
		Introduction
		EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Malignancies
			Lymphocyte Transformation In Vitro
			Lymphomas in Immunosuppressed Individuals
			Hodgkin's Lymphoma
			Burkitt's Lymphoma
			Lymphoid Malignancies with T-Cell or NK-Cell Characteristics
		EBV-Associated Carcinomas
			Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
			Other Carcinomas
		Malignant Diseases Related to the KSHV
			Kaposi's Sarcoma
			B-Lymphoid Malignancies
		Papillomaviruses as Major Cause of Human Cancers
		Chronic Hepatitis B and C in Hepatocarcinogenesis
		The Role of HTLV-1 in the Oncogenesis of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
			Transformation of T Cells
			Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
		General Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		Further Reading
General Topics
	Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Recognition of Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases
		Human Demographics and Behavior
		Zoonotic Diseases
		Ecological Factors Favoring Virus Emergence
		Prospects
		Further Reading
	Herpesviruses: Latency
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Alphaherpesvirinae
		Betaherpesvirinae
		Gammaherpesvirinae
		Common Themes
		Further Reading
	Human Eye Infections
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Ocular Immunology of Relevance to Viral Infection
		Ocular Disease Caused by RNA Viruses
		Ocular Disease Caused by DNA Viruses
		Ocular Complications of AIDS
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	Zoonoses
		Introduction
		Rabies Virus
		Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers and Pulmonary Syndrome Viruses
		Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
		YF Virus
		West Nile Virus
		Chikungunya Virus
		Sindbis Virus
		Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
		Sandfly Fever Viruses
		Viruses Occurring in the Americas
			Encephalitis Viruses
			Colorado Tick Fever Virus
			Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
			Other Neotropical Viruses
			Cowpox-Like Viruses
		Viruses Occurring in Europe
		Viruses Occurring in Africa and the Middle East
			Rift Valley Fever Virus
			Marburg and Ebola Viruses
			Monkeypox Virus
			Semliki Forest Virus
			Orungo Virus
			Alkhurma Virus
		Viruses Occurring in Asia
			Influenza Viruses
			Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
			Kyasanur Forest Disease
			Japanese Encephalitis Virus
			Chandipura
			Nipah
		Viruses Occurring in Australia
			Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus and Kunjin Virus
			Ross River Virus
			Barmah Forest Virus
		Control
		Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses
			Ecological Change
			Social Change
		Summary
		Further Reading
Subject Index