Designing Wind Turbines: Engineering and Manufacturing Process in the Industrial Context

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1 Wind Energy Basics
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	1.1 Why Wind Turbines?
	1.2 Concepts to Utilize Wind Energy
		1.2.1 Drag-Type Wind Turbines
		1.2.2 Lift-Type Wind Turbines
		1.2.3 Power Performance of Different Concepts
	1.3 The c Subscript upper P Baseline left parenthesis lamda right parenthesiscP(λ) Curve
	1.4 Electrical Energy from Wind
	1.5 The Power Curve
2 Modern Wind Turbines
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		2.1 Geometry with Upwind Rotor
		2.2 Components and Systems
		2.3 Rotor Blades
		2.4 Towers
		2.5 Power Generation System
		2.6 Essential Control Concepts
			2.6.1 Variable Speed Operation by Torque Control
			2.6.2 Power Regulation by Blade Pitch
		2.7 Alternative Power Regulation Concepts
		2.8 Operational States
			2.8.1 Safety System
		2.9 Why All Utility-Scale Wind Turbines Look Similar
		2.10 Some Recent Wind-Industry Trends
			2.10.1 Trend to Lower Specific Power
			2.10.2 Cost of Energy
			2.10.3 Trend to High Onshore Towers
			2.10.4 Other Trends
			2.10.5 Onshore and Offshore
		2.11 Wind Turbines Used for Illustration in This Book
3 Development Process and Requirements
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	3.1 Modern Development Process
	3.2 Engineering Process
	3.3 Standards, Guidelines, Certification
	3.4 Load Cases, Ultimate and Fatigue Loads
	3.5 Vertical Integration of Manufacturing in Wind Industry
	3.6 Transport and Logistics
	3.7 Requirements for Offshore Wind Energy
4 Drivetrain
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	4.1 Gearbox or No Gearbox?
	4.2 Hub Concept
	4.3 Rotor Bearing
	4.4 Separated or Integrated Drivetrain
	4.5 Wind Turbines with Gearbox and High-Speed Generator
		4.5.1 Low-Speed Side—Machine Frame and Rotor Bearing Concepts
		4.5.2 Gearbox and Its Interfaces
		4.5.3 High-Speed Shaft and Connection of Gearbox and Generator
		4.5.4 High Speed Generator
		4.5.5 Drivetrain Dynamics for Wind Turbine with Gearbox
	4.6 Concepts with Medium Speed Generator
	4.7 Direct Drive Concepts
		4.7.1 Type of Generator
		4.7.2 The Air Gap Challenge
		4.7.3 Position of the Generator and Integration Concept
		4.7.4 Inner and Outer Rotor
		4.7.5 Eleon as an Example
5 Structural Components
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	5.1 Materials and Manufacturing Process for Main Components
		5.1.1 Cast Iron and Casting Process
		5.1.2 Construction Steel and Welding
		5.1.3 Forged Alloy Steel
		5.1.4 Glas Fiber Reinforced Plastic
	5.2 Hub
		5.2.1 Hub Design Concept
		5.2.2 2 MW Hub Design and Structural Analysis
		5.2.3 Hub Stability Analysis
	5.3 Machine Frame
		5.3.1 Sizing and Analysis
		5.3.2 Optimizing the Structure
	5.4 Generator Frame
	5.5 Main Shaft
		5.5.1 Sizing and Analysis
	5.6 High Speed Shaft
	5.7 Rotor Lock
	5.8 Nacelle Cover and Spinner
		5.8.1 Nacelle Cover
		5.8.2 Spinner
6 Bearings
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	6.1 Main Bearing
		6.1.1 Bearing Housing
	6.2 Pitch Bearing
	6.3 Yaw Bearing
7 Gearbox
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	7.1 Gearbox Concepts
		7.1.1 Alternative Gearbox Concepts
	7.2 Shrink Disc
	7.3 Torque Support
	7.4 Slip Ring and Rotary Union
8 Bolt Connections
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	8.1 Basics Concepts
	8.2 Main Shaft to Hub
	8.3 Main Bearing Housing
	8.4 Tower Top
9 Yaw and Pitch System
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	9.1 Yaw System
		9.1.1 Layout
		9.1.2 Sizing
	9.2 Pitch System
		9.2.1 Layout
		9.2.2 Sizing
10 Auxiliary Systems and Secondary Steel
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	10.1 Mechanical Brake
		10.1.1 Layout
		10.1.2 Sizing
	10.2 Meteorological System
	10.3 Cooling and Heating
		10.3.1 Basics Heat Exchange
		10.3.2 Layout
		10.3.3 HVAC
	10.4 Hydraulics
	10.5 Tower Internals
References