Designing tall Buildings structure as architecture

Front Cover
Designing Tall Buildings
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Perspective
Chapter 2. Site
	2.1 Wind
		2.1.1 General Effects
		2.1.2 Code Requirements
		2.1.3 Rational Wind Considerations
	2.2 Seismicity
		2.2.1 Intensity
		2.2.2 Magnitude
		2.2.3 Energy
		2.2.4 Peak Ground Acceleration
		2.2.5 Correlation of Intensity, Magnitude, and Peak Ground Acceleration
		2.2.6 Earthquake, Site, and Building Period
		2.2.7 Probability of Exceedance and Return Period
		2.2.8 Spectral Acceleration
		2.2.9 Design and Maximum Considered Earthquakes
		2.2.10 Levels of Seismic Performance
	2.3 Soils
		2.3.1 Spread or Continuous Wall Footings
		2.3.2 Mat Foundations
		2.3.3 Pile Foundations
		2.3.4 Caisson Foundations
		2.3.5 Basement/Foundation/Retaining Walls
		2.3.6 Deep Foundation Considerations
Chapter 3. Forces
	3.1 Code-Defined Gravity Loads
	3.2 Code-Defined Vertical Force Distribution for Wind
	3.3 Code-Defined Vertical Force Distribution for Seismic
		3.3.1 Earthquake Force
			3.3.1.1 Earthquake Force (E)—IBC 2006
			3.3.1.2 Earthquake Force (E)—UBC 1997
		3.3.2 Static Force Procedure
			3.3.2.1 Seismic Base Shear (V)—IBC 2006
			3.3.2.2 Seismic Dead Load (W)—IBC 2006
			3.3.2.3 Seismic Base Shear (V)—UBC 1997
			3.3.2.4 Seismic Dead Load (W)—UBC 1997
			3.3.2.5 Fundamental Period (Approximate Methods)—UBC 1997
		3.3.3 Distribution of Lateral Forces
			3.3.3.1 Vertical Force Distribution
			3.3.3.2 Horizontal Force Distribution
		3.3.4 Bending Moment Distribution (Overturning)
		3.3.5 Story Drift Limitations
	3.4 Gravity Load Distribution and Takedowns
		3.4.1 Floor Systems
		3.4.2 Exterior Walls
		3.4.3 Loads to Vertical Elements
	3.5 Load Combinations
		3.5.1 Basic Load Combinations—Strength or Load and Resistance Factor Design
		3.5.2 Basic Load Combinations—Allowable (Working) Stress Design
	3.6 Design Axial, Shear, and Bending Moments
Chapter 4. Language
	4.1 Force Flow
	4.2 Structural Framing Plans
		4.2.1 Lateral vs. Gravity Systems
		4.2.2 Steel
		4.2.3 Concrete
		4.2.4 Composite
	4.3 Structural System Elevations
		4.3.1 Steel
		4.3.2 Concrete
		4.3.3 Composite
Chapter 5. Attributes
	5.1 Strength
	5.2 Serviceability
		5.2.1 Drift
		5.2.2 Damping
		5.2.3 Accelerations
		5.2.4 Creep, Shrinkage, and Elastic Shortening
Chapter 6. Characteristics
	6.1 Dynamic Properties
	6.2 Aerodynamics
	6.3 Placement of Structural Materials
	6.4 Floor-to-Floor Heights
	6.5 Aspect Ratios
Chapter 7. Systems
	7.1 Material Quantities
	7.2 Practical Limits of Structural Systems
		7.2.1 Structural Steel
			7.2.1.1 Steel Semi-Rigid Frame
			7.2.1.2 Steel Rigid Frame
			7.2.1.3 Steel Frame with Shear Truss
			7.2.1.4 Steel Frame with Shear, Belt, and Outrigger Trusses
			7.2.1.5 Steel Exterior Framed Tube
			7.2.1.6 Steel Bundled Frame Tube
			7.2.1.7 Steel Exterior Diagonal Tube
			7.2.1.8 Steel Superframe
			7.2.1.9 Steel Diagonal Mesh Tube Frame
		7.2.2 Reinforced Concrete
			7.2.2.1 Concrete Frame
			7.2.2.2 Concrete Shear Wall
			7.2.2.3 Concrete Frame - Shear Wall
			7.2.2.4 Concrete Framed Tube
			7.2.2.5 Concrete Tube-in-tube
			7.2.2.6 Concrete Modular Tube
			7.2.2.7 Concrete Diagonal Braced Tube
			7.2.2.8 Concrete Belt Shear Wall-Stayed Mast
			7.2.2.9 Concrete Diagonal Mesh Tube Frame
		7.2.3 Composite (Combination of Steel and Concrete)
			7.2.3.1 Composite Frame
			7.2.3.2 Concrete Shear Wall - Steel Gravity Columns
			7.2.3.3 Concrete Shear Wall - Composite Frame
			7.2.3.4 Composite Tubular Frame
			7.2.3.5 Composite Tube-in-tube
			7.2.3.6 Composite Modular Tube
			7.2.3.7 Composite Diagonal Braced Tube
			7.2.3.8 Composite Belt Outrigger-Stayed Mast
			7.2.3.9 Composite Diagonal Mesh Tube Frame
	7.3 Major System Details
		7.3.1 The Arch—Broadgate Phase II
		7.3.2 The Rocker—Beijing Poly
		7.3.3 Pipe Collector—Jinao Tower
		7.3.4 Pinned Trusses—Jin Mao Tower
		7.3.5 Pin-Fuse Devices
Chapter 8. Nature
	8.1 Screen Frames
	8.2 Cores and Prestressed Frames
	8.3 The Infinity Column
	8.4 Growth Patterns
	8.5 The Stayed Mast
	8.6 The Perfect Tube
	8.7 The Logarithmic Spiral
Chapter 9. Mechanisms
	9.1 Unnatural Behavior
	9.2 Conventional Beam-to-Column Tests
	9.3 Wood Dowels and Steel Pins
	9.4 Pinned Joints
	9.5 The Pin-Fuse Joint®
	9.6 Managing Large Seismic Movements
	9.7 Combining Natural Forms and Mechanisms
Chapter 10. Environment
	10.1 Automobile Analogy
	10.2 Conventional Versus Enhanced Seismic Systems
	10.3 Reduction of Seismic Mass
	10.4 The Environmental Analysis Tool™
		10.4.1 The Basis of Evaluation
		10.4.2 Carbon Mapping Early in Design
		10.4.3 Carbon Mapping in Advanced Stages of Design
		10.4.4 Environmental Analysis Tool™ Program Details
		10.4.5 Cost-Benefit and PML
	10.5 Reducing Environmental Impact Through Advanced Organic Theories
		10.5.1 Emergence Theory
		10.5.2 Fibonacci Sequence
		10.5.3 Genetic Algorithms
			10.5.3.1 Cable Profile Influenced by Genetics
			10.5.3.2 Cable Profile Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
The Author
Index