Designing RF Combining Systems for Shared Radio Sites

Designing RF Combining Systems for Shared Radio Sites
	Contents
	Preface
	Introduction
	1 Repeater Site RF Systems Overview
		1.1 Single-Channel Duplexed System
		1.2 Multichannel System
	2Surveying the Sites
		2.1 Site Survey
		2.2 Tower Mapping
		2.3 RF Surveys
			2.3.1 Spectrum Monitoring
			2.3.2 Noise Monitoring
		2.4 Tower Structural Survey
	3Essential Background
		3.1 Noise in RF Systems
			3.1.1 The Behavior of Noise in RF Systems
			3.1.2 Noise Figure
		3.2 IM
			3.2.1 Third-Order IM and Third-Order Intercept Point
			3.2.2 Third-Order IM with Unequal Input Signals
			3.2.3 Third-Order IM with Three Input Signals
			3.2.4 Fifth-Order IM and Fifth-Order IP
			3.2.5 Fifth-Order IM with Unequal Input Signals
			3.2.6 Fifth-Order IM with Three Input Signals
	4Sources of Interference at Shared Radio Sites
		4.1 Transmitter Harmonics
		4.2 Transmitter Sideband Noise
		4.3 Transmitter IM
		4.4 Receiver Blocking
		4.5 Receiver IM
		4.6 Minimizing Site Interference by Antenna Placement and Frequency Planning
	5Antennas and Site Antenna Systems
		5.1 The Isotropic Radiator
		5.2 Antenna Specifications
			5.2.1 Directivity
			5.2.2 Gain
			5.2.3 Beamwidth
			5.2.4 Reciprocity
			5.2.5 E-Plane
			5.2.6 H-Plane
			5.2.7 Azimuth
		5.3 Omnidirectional Antennas
			5.3.1 Half-Wave Dipole
			5.3.2 Half-Wave Folded Dipole
			5.3.3 Quarter-Wave Monopole
			5.3.4 Dipole Arrays
			5.3.5 Binary Dipole Array
			5.3.6 Elliptical Dipole Array
			5.3.7 Offset Dipole Array
			5.3.8 Colinear Antennas
			5.3.9 Dual Antennas
		5.4 Directional Antennas
			5.4.1 Yagi-Uda
			5.4.2 Panel Antennas
		5.5 Down-Tilt
		5.6 Calculating the Isolation Between Antennas on a Radio Tower
			5.6.1 Isolation Between Horizontally Separated Antennas
			5.6.2 Isolation Between Vertically Separated Antennas
			5.6.3 Isolation Between Slant Separated Antennas
		5.7 Antenna System Topology
		5.8 Site Antenna System Design Rules
		Selected Bibliography
	6Calculating the Interference Threshold
		6.1 Calculating the Initial Receiver Sensitivity
		6.2 Adding the Effect of Site Noise
		6.3 Calculating the 1-dB Interference Threshold
		6.4 Accounting for Multiple Interference Mechanisms
		6.5	Recalculating the Final Receiver Sensitivity
		6.6 Summary
		Reference
	7Duplexers
		7.1 Types of Duplexers
		7.2 Specifying Duplexer Design Requirements
			7.2.1 Transmit to Antenna Filter
			7.2.2 Antenna to Receiver Filter
			7.2.3 Final Duplexer Frequency Response
		7.3 Duplexers and Passive IM
		Selected Bibliography
	8Transmitter Combining Systems
		8.1 Isolators
		8.2 Cavity Filters
		8.3 Types of Transmitter Combiners
			8.3.1 T-Pass Transmitter Combiners
			8.3.2 Star Combiners
			8.3.3 Hybrid Combiners
			8.3.4 Combinations of Different Types
		8.4 Specifying Transmitter Combiner Design Requirements
		8.5 Differences for Duplexed Multichannel Systems
		8.6 Site Transmitter Combiner Design Rules
		Selected Bibliography
	9Receiver Multicoupling Systems
		9.1 Receiver Sensitivity
		9.2 Types of Receiver Multicouplers
			9.2.1 Standard Multicoupler
			9.2.2 Channelized Multicoupler
			9.2.3 Use of Crystal Filters in Channelized Multicouplers
		9.3 Use of Tower Top Amplifiers in Receiver Multicouplers
		9.4 Correctly Setting the Gain of Receiver Multicoupling Systems
		9.5 Calculating Receiver Filter Requirements
		9.6 Differences for Duplexed Multichannel Systems
		9.7 Site Receiver Multicoupler Design Rules
		Selected Bibliography
	10Power and Antenna System Monitors
		10.1 Power Monitors
		10.2 Antenna System Monitors
		References
	11Transmission Line Systems
		11.1 Transmission Line Systems for Multichannel Site RF System Designs
		11.2 Transmission Line Systems for Single-Channel Duplexed RF System Designs
		11.3 RF Surge Suppression Devices
		11.4 Transmission Line Grounding Devices
		Selected Bibliography
	12Design Example
		12.1 Information Gathering
			12.1.1 Site Survey
			12.1.2 Tower Mapping
			12.1.3 RF Survey
		12.2 Antenna System Design
		12.3 Calculating the Interference Threshold
		12.4 Transmitter Combiner Design
		12.5 Receiver Multicoupler Design
			12.5.1 Gain Setting
			12.5.2 Calculating the Receiver Filter Requirements
		12.6 Antenna System Monitor
		12.7 Transmission Line System
			12.7.1 RF Surge Suppression Devices
			12.7.2 Transmission Line Grounding Devices
		12.8 The Finished Design
		12.9 Concluding Remarks
		Selected Bibliography
	About the Author
	Index