Design of Effective Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance Programs

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Executive Summary......Page 16
1.1 Purpose and Scope......Page 20
1.2 Organization of this Report......Page 22
2. Objectives......Page 24
2.1.1 Documentation of Radiation Doses......Page 25
2.1.2 Radiation Protection of the Ecosystem......Page 28
2.1.3 Process, Project and Material Control......Page 29
2.2 Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance Program Requirements......Page 30
2.2.1 Licensed Facilities......Page 32
2.2.2 DOE Facilities......Page 37
2.2.3 EPA Monitoring Requirements......Page 38
2.2.4 Other Federal Agencies......Page 39
2.2.6 Other Monitoring and Surveillance Requirements......Page 40
2.3 Typical Facility Surveillance Programs......Page 42
2.3.1 Nuclear Fuel-Cycle Facilities......Page 43
2.3.2 Radioactive Waste Storage and Disposal Facilities......Page 51
2.3.4 DOD Sites......Page 52
2.3.6 Other Facilities......Page 53
2.3.7 Radiation- and Radionuclide-Producing Machines......Page 56
2.3.9 Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities......Page 57
2.3.10 Nonuranium Mines and Oil and Gas Production Facilities......Page 58
2.3.12 Indoor Radon......Page 59
2.4.1 Preoperational Environmental Surveillance......Page 60
2.4.3 Inactive Sites......Page 64
2.4.5 Incidents or Accidents During the Operating Life of the Facility......Page 65
2.4.6 Decommissioning......Page 67
2.4.7 Post-Closure......Page 68
2.4.8 Regional and National Environmental Surveillance Systems......Page 69
3.1 Introduction......Page 72
3.2 Step 1: State the Problem......Page 73
3.3 Step 2: Identify the Decision......Page 75
3.4 Step 3: Identify Inputs to the Decision......Page 76
3.5 Step 4: Define the Study Boundaries......Page 77
3.6 Step 5: Develop a Decision Rule......Page 81
3.7 Step 6: Specific Limits on Decision Errors......Page 82
3.8 Estimating Measurement Sensitivity......Page 85
3.9 Step 8: Optimize the Design for Obtaining Data......Page 89
4.1 General......Page 91
4.2.2 Implementation......Page 93
4.2.3 Data Quality Assessment......Page 94
4.2.4 Decision Making......Page 95
4.3.2 Training and Qualification......Page 96
4.3.3 Equipment and Facility Design and Fabrication......Page 97
4.3.5 Equipment Calibration and Maintenance......Page 98
4.3.7 Sample Management......Page 99
4.3.9 Inter- and Intra-laboratory Performance Evaluation......Page 101
4.3.10 Record Keeping and Data Management......Page 102
4.3.13 Assessments and Audits......Page 104
5.1 Introduction......Page 106
5.2.1 Meteorology......Page 111
5.2.2 Geology......Page 112
5.2.3 Subsurface Hydrology......Page 113
5.2.5 Demography......Page 114
5.2.6 Radioecology......Page 116
5.2.7 Land Use......Page 117
5.3 Studies......Page 118
5.4.1 Pathway Definition......Page 119
5.4.3 Levels of Analysis......Page 120
5.5 Data Sources for Small Facilities......Page 121
6.1 Introduction......Page 123
6.2.1 Releases to Air......Page 125
6.2.2 Releases to Surface Water......Page 128
6.2.3 Releases to Groundwater......Page 130
6.2.4 Soils......Page 131
6.3.1 Atmospheric Dispersion......Page 132
6.3.2 Surface-Water Flow and Transport Analysis......Page 140
6.3.3 Groundwater Flow and Transport Analysis......Page 143
6.3.4 Multimedia Analysis......Page 147
6.4 Direct Radiation Exposure......Page 153
6.5.1 Uncertainty Analysis......Page 156
6.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis......Page 159
6.6 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Ecological Endpoints......Page 160
7.1 Introduction and Scope......Page 162
7.2 General Radiological Effluent Sampling Methods......Page 163
7.3.1 Air-Sampling Considerations......Page 164
7.3.3 Sampling Locations......Page 166
7.3.4 Qualifying Air-Sampling Locations......Page 168
7.3.6 Probes......Page 169
7.3.7 Transport Lines......Page 175
7.3.8 Collectors......Page 177
7.3.9 Sample and Stack Flow Measurements......Page 180
7.3.11 Accident Scenarios......Page 181
7.4.1 Water Sampling Considerations......Page 183
7.4.3 Online Monitoring Systems......Page 184
7.5 Estimating Radionuclide Releases Associated with Fugitive Emissions......Page 185
7.6 Monitoring at Small Facilities......Page 186
8.1 Introduction......Page 187
8.2.1 Air Sampling......Page 188
8.2.2 Water Sampling......Page 209
8.2.3 Aquatic Biota......Page 215
8.2.4 Soil Sampling......Page 217
8.2.5 Sediment Sampling......Page 219
8.2.6 Vegetation and Food Products......Page 220
8.2.7 Wildlife......Page 221
8.2.8 Direct Radiation Monitoring......Page 222
8.3.1 Sample Preparation......Page 228
8.3.2 Analytical Methods......Page 230
8.3.3 Current Radiochemical Separation Methods......Page 231
8.3.4 Current Developments in Radiochemical Analysis......Page 236
8.3.5 Contracted Analytical Services......Page 239
9.1 Introduction......Page 241
9.2.1 Data Management......Page 242
9.2.3 Measurement Sensitivity......Page 243
9.2.5 Data Presentation......Page 244
9.2.6 Record Keeping......Page 247
9.2.7 Reporting......Page 248
9.3 Data Review and Evaluation......Page 249
9.3.1 Verification and Validation......Page 250
9.3.2 Data Quality Assessment......Page 251
9.4 Assessment of Impacts......Page 253
Appendix A. Allocation of Sampling Sites......Page 256
B.1 Example 1: Offsite Doses from a University Nuclear Research Reactor......Page 259
B.2 Example 2: Long-Term Stewardship of Closed Radiological Sites......Page 261
Glossary......Page 266
Acronyms and Symbols......Page 276
References......Page 278
Officers......Page 316
Distinguished Emeritus Members......Page 317
NCRP Reports......Page 325
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting......Page 331
Lauriston S. Taylor Lectures......Page 333
NCRP Statements......Page 335
Other Documents......Page 336