Design of Deep Braced Excavation and Earth Retaining Systems Under Complex Built Environment: Theories and Case Studies

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Symbols and Abbreviations
	Symbols
	Abbreviations
1 Overview
	1.1 Geological Investigation and Soil Tests
	1.2 Conditions of Ground and the Adjacent Properties
	1.3 Design Criteria
	1.4 Types of Excavation Support Systems
	1.5 Auxiliary Methods and Protection of Neighboring Properties
	1.6 Instrumentations and Monitoring System
	1.7 Organization of this Book
2 Basal Heave Stability
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Factors of Safety
	2.3 Review of the Limit Equilibrium Method
	2.4 Review of Upper Bound Method
		2.4.1 Basic Theory
		2.4.2 Upper Bound Method for the Terzaghi and Prandtl Failure Model
		2.4.3 Multi-block Upper Bound Method
	2.5 Deterministic and Reliability Analysis of Basal Heave Stability for Excavation in Spatial Variable Soils
		2.5.1 Shear Strength Reduction Technique
		2.5.2 Numerical Schemes
		2.5.3 Simulation Results
		2.5.4 Reliability Analysis
		2.5.5 Summary
	2.6 Evaluation of Basal Heave Stability of Braced Excavations in Anisotropic Clay
		2.6.1 Soil Anisotropic Constitutive Model
		2.6.2 Numerical Modeling
		2.6.3 Computed Results and Analyses
		2.6.4 Estimation of FS
		2.6.5 Validation of the Predictive Model
		2.6.6 Summary
	References
3 Lateral Earth Pressure and Strut Forces
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Review of Conventional Earth Pressure Theory
		3.2.1 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
		3.2.2 Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory
		3.2.3 Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory
		3.2.4 Comparison and Summary
	3.3 APD for Different Soils and Retaining Systems
		3.3.1 ADP Determination for Braced Excavation in Clays
		3.3.2 ADP Determination for Braced Excavation in Sands
		3.3.3 Summary and Conclusions
	3.4 ADP for Braced Excavation in Anisotropic Clay
		3.4.1 Finite-Element Modeling
		3.4.2 Results and Analyses
		3.4.3 Summary and Conclusions
	References
4 Retaining Wall Deflection
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Triggering Factors
		4.2.1 Excavation in Front of the Wall
	4.3 Wall Deflections Induced by Deep Braced Excavation
		4.3.1 Empirical Methods
		4.3.2 Finite Element Method
		4.3.3 Beam on Elastic Foundation Method
	4.4 Surrogate Models for Maximum Retaining Wall Deflections
		4.4.1 A Simple Prediction Model (2D)
		4.4.2 A Simple Prediction Model (3D)
		4.4.3 A Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) Model
	4.5 Predictive Models for Wall Deflection Profiles
		4.5.1 Case Histories
		4.5.2 MARS Modeling
		4.5.3 Model Validations
	4.6 Predictive Models for Wall Deflection Envelope
		4.6.1 Numerical Modeling Results
		4.6.2 MARS Surrogate Model
		4.6.3 Case Validations
	4.7 Estimation of Wall Deflections in Anisotropic Clays
		4.7.1 Finite Element Modeling
		4.7.2 Results and Analyses
		4.7.3 Summary and Conclusions
	References
5 Ground Settlements and Dewatering
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Relation Between δhm and δvm
	5.3 Analysis of Ground Settlements
		5.3.1 Peck’ Method
		5.3.2 Clough and O’Rourke’s Method
		5.3.3 Bowles’ Method
		5.3.4 Ou and Hsieh’s Method
	5.4 Dewatering Effect
		5.4.1 Logarithm Regression (LR) Model
		5.4.2 Artificial Neural Network Model
	References
6 Probabilistic Analysis on Excavation Responses
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Reliability Analysis on Serviceability Limit State
		6.2.1 Probability Density Determination
		6.2.2 Statistical Information of Input Variables
		6.2.3 Serviceability Criterion and Threshold  ( hm /He  )T
		6.2.4 Reliability Assessment Methods: FORM and MCS
		6.2.5 Developed FORMPR and MCSPR Frameworks
		6.2.6 Probabilistic Analyses and Target Reliability Indices
	6.3 Conclusions
	References
7 One-Strut Failure Analysis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 One-Strut Failure in Clay
		7.2.1 Numerical Schemes
		7.2.2 Analysis of Two Hypothetical Cases
	7.3 One-Strut Failure in Sand
		7.3.1 Numerical Schemes
		7.3.2 Model Verification
		7.3.3 Analysis Results
	7.4 One Column Failure of Structure Above Excavation Pit
		7.4.1 Case Details and Numerical Model
		7.4.2 Analysis Results
	7.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
8 Jet Grouting Slabs and Jet Grouting Piles
	8.1 Inroduction
	8.2 Effect of Jet Grouting Slabs (2D) on Braced Excavations
		8.2.1 Case Study
		8.2.2 Parametric Study
		8.2.3 Summary
	8.3 Effect of Jet Grouting Piles (3D) on Braced Excavations
		8.3.1 Numerical Back Analysis
		8.3.2 Parametric Analysis
		8.3.3 Summary
	References
9 Protection of Adjacent Infrastructures
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Upper Slope
		9.2.1 Numerical Scheme
		9.2.2 Result and Analysis
		9.2.3 Surrogate Models for Limit State Functions
		9.2.4 Probabilistic Assessment of the Limit State Functions
		9.2.5 Summary
	9.3 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Piles
		9.3.1 Numerical Modeling
		9.3.2 Parameteric Analysis
		9.3.3 Modification Factors and the Proposed Design Charts
		9.3.4 Summary
	9.4 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Tunnel
		9.4.1 Introduction
		9.4.2 Numerical Model and Validation
		9.4.3 Simplified Model
		9.4.4 Numerical Results and Analysis
		9.4.5 Summary
	9.5 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Ground Structures
		9.5.1 Numerical Modeling and Validation
		9.5.2 Parametric Analyses
		9.5.3 Optimization of Retaining System
		9.5.4 Summary
	References
10 Case Reports and Back Analysis
	10.1 A Case Report of Excavations in BTG Residual Soils, Singapore
		10.1.1 Subsurface Conditions
		10.1.2 Excavation Support System Description
		10.1.3 Construction Activities
		10.1.4 Field Instrumentation
		10.1.5 Field Observations
		10.1.6 Comparison of Braced Excavation Responses
	10.2 Back Analysis
		10.2.1 MARS Back Analysis Models
		10.2.2 FORM EXCEL Spreadsheet Method
	References
11 Excavation Failure Cases and Analysis
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Nicoll Highway Collapse, Singapore, 2004
		11.2.1 Case Description
		11.2.2 Lessons Learned
	11.3 Xianghu Metro Station Collapse, Hangzhou, China, 2008
		11.3.1 Case Analysis
		11.3.2 Lessons Learned
	11.4 Guangzhou Haizhu City Square Foundation Pit Collapse
		11.4.1 Case Analysis
		11.4.2 Lessons Learned
	11.5 Shanghai Metro Line 4 Seepage Failure
		11.5.1 Cause Analysis
		11.5.2 Repair Plan
	11.6 Excavation Collapse at 14th and H Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C.
		11.6.1 Case Analysis
		11.6.2 Lesson Learned
	11.7 Temporary Excavation System Collapse at Klang Valley in Peninsular Malaysia
		11.7.1 Case Analysis and Lesson Learned
	11.8 Shangcheng Road Station of Metro Line 9 Collapse, Shanghai
		11.8.1 Case Analysis
		11.8.2 Lesson Learned
	11.9 Retaining Structure Failure, Nanchang, 2010
		11.9.1 Failure of the Retaining Structure
		11.9.2 Reasons for the Failure
		11.9.3 Remedial Measures and Lessons Learned
	11.10 Nanning Greenland Central Square Foundation Pit Collapse, 2019
		11.10.1 Case Condition
		11.10.2 Failure Discription
		11.10.3 Cause Analysis
	11.11 Other Cases
	References
Appendix Database of Propped and Anchored Deep Excavation
	References