Design of Aircraft

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Defining A New Design
		1.1.1 Aircraft Purpose
		1.1.2 Payload
		1.1.3 Cruise and Maximum Speeds
		1.1.4 Normal Cruise Altitude
		1.1.5 Range
		1.1.6 Endurance
		1.1.7 Take-Off Distance
		1.1.8 Landing Distance
		1.1.9 Purchase Cost
		1.1.10 Federal Aviation Regulations
	1.2 Design Process
	1.3 Conceptual Design
Chapter 2: Preliminary Estimate of Take-Off Weight
	2.1 Fuel Fraction Estimates
		2.1.1 Engine Start-Up and Take-Off
		2.1.2 Climb and Accelerate to Cruise Conditions
		2.1.3 Cruise Out to Destination
		2.1.4 Acceleration to High Speed (Intercept)
		2.1.5 Combat
		2.1.6 Return Cruise
		2.1.7 Loiter
		2.1.8 Landing
	2.2 Total Take-Off Weight
	2.3 Spreadsheet Approach for Take-Off Weight Estimate
		2.3.1 Spreadsheet Structure
		2.3.2 Using the Spreadsheet
		2.3.3 Case Study: Take-Off Weight Estimate
		2.3.4 Closing Remarks
	2.4 Problems
Chapter 3: Wing Loading Selection
	3.1 Take-Off
	3.2 Landing
	3.3 Climb
	3.4 Acceleration
	3.5 Range
	3.6 Combat
		3.6.1 Instantaneous Turn Rate
		3.6.2 Sustained Turn Rate
	3.7 Flight Ceiling
	3.8 Glide Rate
	3.9 Spreadsheet Approach for Wing Loading Analysis
		3.9.1 Spreadsheet Structure
		3.9.2 Case Study: Wing Loading Analysis
	3.10 Problems
Chapter 4: Main Wing Design
	4.1 Airfoil Cross-Section Shape
		4.1.1 Airfoil Shape Selection
	4.2 Taper Ratio Selection
	4.3 Sweep Angle Selection
	4.4 3D Lift Coefficient
	4.5 Wing Drag Estimation
		4.5.1 Base Drag Estimation
	4.6 Planform Geometric Relations
	4.7 Spreadsheet for Wing Design
		4.7.1 Case Study: Wing Design
	4.8 Problems
Chapter 5: Fuselage Design
	5.1 Volume Considerations
		5.1.1 Passenger Requirements
		5.1.2 Crew Requirements
		5.1.3 Fuel Storage Requirements
		5.1.4 Internal Engines and Air Inlets
		5.1.5 Wing Attachments
		5.1.6 Landing Gear Placement
		5.1.7 Armament Placement
	5.2 Aerodynamic Considerations
		5.2.1 Fuselage Fineness Ratio
		5.2.2 Fuselage Shapes
	5.3 Drag Estimation
	5.4 Spreadsheet for Fuselage Design
		5.4.1 Case Study: Wing Design
	5.5 Problems
Chapter 6: Horizontal and Vertical Tail Design
	6.1 Tail Arrangements
	6.2 Horizontal and Vertical Tail Sizing
		6.2.1 Vertical Tail Sizing
		6.2.2 Aft-Horizontal Tail Sizing
		6.2.3 Canard Sizing
		6.2.4 Scaling for Different Tail Types
	6.3 Tail Planform Shape
	6.4 Airfoil Section Type
	6.5 Tail Placement
		6.5.1 Stall Control
		6.5.2 Spin Control
	6.6 Spreadsheet for Tail Design
		6.6.1 Case Study: Tail Design
	6.7 Problems
Chapter 7: Engine Selection
	7.1 Propulsion Selection
	7.2 Number of Engines
	7.3 Engine Ratings
		7.3.1 Take-Off
		7.3.2 Maximum Climb
		7.3.3 Maximum Cruise
	7.4 Turbo-Jet Engine Sizing
		7.4.1 Altitude and Velocity Effects
		7.4.2 Installed Thrust Corrections
		7.4.3 Spreadsheet for Turbo-Jet Engine Sizing
	7.5 Propeller Propulsion Systems
		7.5.1 Propeller Design for Cruise
		7.5.2 Static Thrust
		7.5.3 Turboprop Propulsion
		7.5.4 Piston and Turboprop Sizing
		7.5.5 Propeller Spreadsheet
	7.6 Supersonic Business Jet Case Study
	7.7 Problems
Chapter 8: Take-Off and Landing
	8.1 Take-Off
		8.1.1 Ground Roll
		8.1.2 Rotation
		8.1.3 Transition
		8.1.4 Climb
		8.1.5 Balanced Field Length
	8.2 Landing
		8.2.1 Approach
		8.2.2 Transition
		8.2.3 Free-Roll
		8.2.4 Braking
	8.3 Spreadsheet Approach for Take-Off and Landing Analysis
		8.3.1 Case Study: Take-Off and Landing
	8.4 Problems
Chapter 9: Enhanced Lift Design
	9.1 Passive Lift Enhancement
		9.1.1 Lift Determination
		9.1.2 Drag Determination
	9.2 Active Lift Enhancement
	9.3 Spreadsheet for Enhanced Lift Calculations
		9.3.1 Case Study: Enhanced Lift Design
	9.4 Problems
Chapter 10: Structural Design and Material Selection
	10.1 Structural Loads
		10.1.1 Load Factors
		10.1.2 V-n Diagrams
		10.1.3 Design Load Factor
		10.1.4 Wing Load Distribution
		10.1.5 Shear and Bending Moment Analysis
		10.1.6 Fuselage Load Distribution
		10.1.7 Shear and Bending Moment Analysis
	10.2 Internal Structure Design
		10.2.1 Structural Analysis
	10.3 Material Selection
		10.3.1 Material Properties and Applications
	10.4 Spreadsheet for Structure Design
		10.4.1 Load Factors
		10.4.2 Wing Load Distribution
		10.4.3 Fuselage Load Distribution
	10.5 Case Study: Structural Analysis
		10.5.1 Load Factor
		10.5.2 Wing Load Distribution
		10.5.3 Fuselage Load Distribution
	10.6 Problems
Chapter 11: Static Stability and Control
	11.1 Refined Weight Estimate
		11.1.1 Wing Weight
		11.1.2 Horizontal Tail Weight
		11.1.3 Vertical Tail Weight
		11.1.4 Fuselage Weight
		11.1.5 Main Landing Gear Weight
		11.1.6 Nose Landing Gear Weight
	11.2 Static Stability
		11.2.1 Longitudinal (Pitch) Stability
		11.2.2 Lateral Stability
		11.2.3 Directional Stability
		11.2.4 Aileron Sizing
		11.2.5 Rudder Area Sizing
		11.2.6 Longitudinal Stability Effect on Performance
	11.3 Spreadsheet for Refined Weight and Stability Analysis
		11.3.1 Refined Weight Analysis
		11.3.2 Static Stability Analysis
	11.4 Case Study: Refined Weight and Static Stability Analysis
		11.4.1 Refined Weight Analysis
		11.4.2 Static Stability Analysis
	11.5 Problems
Chapter 12: Cost Estimate
	12.1 Cost Estimating Relationships
		12.1.1 Airframe Engineering
		12.1.2 Development Support Cost
		12.1.3 Engine and Avionics Cost
		12.1.4 Manufacturing Labor Cost
		12.1.5 Manufacturing Materials Cost
		12.1.6 Tooling Cost
		12.1.7 Quality Control
		12.1.8 Flight Test Cost
		12.1.9 Profit
		12.1.10 Hourly Rates
	12.2 Unit Price
	12.3 Spreadsheet for Cost Estimation
	12.4 Case Study: Cost Estimate
	12.5 Problems
Chapter 13: Design Summary and Trade Study
	13.1 Trade Study
		13.1.1 SSBJ Trade Study
	13.2 Problems
APPENDIX A: 1976 STANDARD ATMOSPHERE DATA
APPENDIX B: CASE STUDY: HIGH-PERFORMANCE KIT AIRCRAFT (HPKA)
	B.1 Take-Off Weight Estimate
	B.2 Wing Loading Selection
	B.3 Wing Design
	B.4 Fuselage Design
	B.5 Tail Design
	B.6 Propulsion System Design
	B.7 Take-Off and Landing Analysis
	B.8 Enhanced Lift Design
	B.9 Refined Weight Analysis
	B.10 Static Stability Analysis
	B.11 Cost Analysis
	B.12 Summary
APPENDIX C: CASE STUDY: KC-42 TANKER/TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
	C.1 Take-Off Weight Estimate
	C.2 Wing Loading Selection
	C.3 Wing Design
	C.4 Fuselage Design
	C.5 Tail Design
	C.6 Engine Selection
	C.7 Take-Off and Landing Analysis
	C.8 Enhanced Lift Design
	C.9 Refined Weight Estimate
	C.10 Static Stability and Control
	C.11 Cost Estimate
	C.12 Design Summary
Bibliography
Index