Design for Vulnerable Communities (The Urban Book Series)

Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction on Design for Vulnerable Communities
	1.1 Background and Definitions
		1.1.1 Etymology of Vulnerable
		1.1.2 Definition of Vulnerable
		1.1.3 Definition of Vulnerability
	1.2 New Vision of Design
	1.3 Transitional Narrative of Vulnerable
	1.4 Scope, Structure, and Contents of the Book
		1.4.1 Part I: Sustainability and Vulnerabilities in Time of the Anthropocene
		1.4.2 Part II: Approaches, Principles, and Paradigms to Contemporary Research and Practice for Vulnerable Communities
		1.4.3 Part III: Designing for Vulnerabilities. Applications and Actions
		1.4.4 Part IV: Social Engagement in Vulnerable Communities Between Digital and Humanist Visions
		1.4.5 Part V: Vulnerabilities in Context: Analysis and Projects in the US–Mexico Border Region
	References
Part I: Sustainability and Vulnerabilities in Time of the Anthropocene
	Chapter 2: How Technology Devices Can Help or Harm Vulnerable Communities in Technocene. Issues for Designers, Architects, and Policy Makers
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Technological Development and Society
			2.1.2 Market of Technological Development
		2.2 Vulnerable Communities in Technocene
			2.2.1 Vulnerabilities in the Technocene?
			2.2.2 Scenarios
		2.3 Dangers and Negative Scenarios for Vulnerable Communities
			2.3.1 Technology Illiteracy
			2.3.2 Data Production and its Density
			2.3.3 Exclusion
		2.4 Opportunities and Positive Scenarios for Vulnerable Communities
			2.4.1 Reduction in Distances
			2.4.2 Self-production
			2.4.3 Transportation
			2.4.4 Monitoring and Mitigation
			2.4.5 Engagement (in Particular, Youth) with Global Issues
		2.5 Policies, Strategies, Implementation, and Benefits
			2.5.1 Public Policies and Engagement
			2.5.2 Education
			2.5.3 Infrastructures
			2.5.4 Market
		2.6 Results, Benefits, and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Poverty and Design, an Economics and Policy Perspective
		3.1 The Poverty Challenge
			3.1.1 Dimensions of Poverty and Evolving Global Trends
		3.2 Design, Innovation, and Poverty
			3.2.1 Improving Design and Delivery of Goods and Services
			3.2.2 Elements of Design for the Poor
			3.2.3 Design in Poverty Alleviation Programs and Policies
			3.2.4 Raising Incomes and Economic Opportunities for the Poor
		3.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: A Pandemic of Vulnerability: Is Design a Painkiller or a Vaccine?
		4.1 Vulnerability Status
		4.2 Vulnerability and Natural Phenomena
		4.3 Cases of Humanitarian-Economic Vulnerability
		4.4 Conflict Zones
		4.5 Workers Camps
		4.6 Urban Migrants
		4.7 Tech Vulnerability
		4.8 Which Role Does Design Play?
		References
Part II: Approaches, Principles and Paradigms to Contemporary Research and Practice for Vulnerable Communities
	Chapter 5: Thinking Socially: Anthropological Approaches to Contemporary Research
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Thick Description
		5.3 Interpretative Work: Studying Culture in Wutong Shan
		5.4 Aesthetics
		5.5 Environmental Anthropology
		5.6 Actor Network Theory
		5.7 Ethnographic Encounters
			5.7.1 Analysis
		References
	Chapter 6: Thinking in Systems: Sustainability Cognition for Design Communities
		6.1 Sustainability: System
			6.1.1 Sustainability Dilemma
			6.1.2 Sustainability Definition
			6.1.3 Sustainability System: The Coupled Human and Natural System
			6.1.4 Sustainability Complexity
		6.2 Cognition: System Thinking
			6.2.1 Evolution of Thinking
			6.2.2 Hidden Impacts and Blind Spots
			6.2.3 New Sensitivity: Systems Thinking
		6.3 Design for Sustainability: System-based Approaches
			6.3.1 Design: Basic to All Human Activity
			6.3.2 Make Design Positive: Integrate Human and Natural Systems
			6.3.3 Sustainability Cognition Required for the Future Designers
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Towards Conscious Design and Urban Planning: Inspiration from Consciousness in Business
		7.1 Introduction: An Urgent Need of Consciousness
		7.2 Consciousness: Definition and Application to Business
			7.2.1 Purpose: Beyond Profit
		7.3 Managing for Stakeholders: Creating Different Forms of Value
			7.3.1 Sustainability, a Matter of Survival
		7.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: From Storytelling to Numbers: A Discussion on Vulnerability in the Global and Local Context
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Goals, Targets, and Indicators: Narration and Measure
		8.3 Storytelling and Numbers: Shared Goals
		8.4 Storytelling and Data Society
		8.5 Theoretical Framework Towards Flexible Approaches
		8.6 The Paradigm of Flexibility in Vulnerable Contexts
		8.7 Ethero-organization for Co-design Activities
		8.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Urban Design in the Age of Climate Change: Paradigms and Directions
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Urban Design in the Age of Climate Change
			9.2.1 Methodology
		9.3 Introduction to 12 Principles for Sustainable Urban Design (SUD)
			9.3.1 Density
			9.3.2 Energy Efficiency
			9.3.3 Building Services
			9.3.4 Urban Microclimate
			9.3.5 Solar/Heat
			9.3.6 Embodied Energy
			9.3.7 Operational Energy
			9.3.8 Embodied Maintenance
			9.3.9 Ventilation
			9.3.10 Materials Transportation and Construction
			9.3.11 Post-use
			9.3.12 Design
		9.4 The Role of Urban Designer
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Designing for Vulnerabilities. Applications and Actions
	Chapter 10: Social Housing in Historic Centers: Contemporary Experiences in Latin America
		10.1 Social Housing and Experimentation in Latin America
		10.2 The Uruguayan Experience of Housing Cooperativism
		10.3 Latin American Historic Centers: Tourism as Salvation and Social Housing as Taboo
		10.4 The Pioneering Experiences of Social Housing in the 1980s
			10.4.1 La Boca Urban Recovery and Development Program in Buenos Aires
			10.4.2 The Special Program for the Recovery of Historic Sites of the City of Salvador
			10.4.3 The Manzana de San Francisco in Buenos Aires
		10.5 Social housing in Latin American Historic Centers in the 1990s
			10.5.1 The Recovery Plan for the Historic Center of Salvador
			10.5.2 La Boca Art District in Buenos Aires
			10.5.3 Casa de los Siete Patios and La Victoria Brewery in Quito
			10.5.4 COVICIVI I in Montevideo
			10.5.5 The New Alternatives Program in Rio de Janeiro
		10.6 Social housing in Latin American Historic Centers (2000–2020)
			10.6.1 Quito: From Esquina de San Blas to the Old Hotel Colonial
			10.6.2 The Housing Regeneration Plan and Brasil 44 in Mexico City
			10.6.3 COVICIVI II and Other Cooperative Experiences in the Old City of Montevideo
			10.6.4 La Muralla Housing Complex in Lima
			10.6.5 Social Conflicts and Abandoned Projects in Salvador
			10.6.6 The Villa Sanhauá Experience in João Pessoa
			10.6.7 The Challenge of Converting High-rise Office Buildings in São Paulo
		10.7 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 11: Designing for Vulnerabilities. The Definition of Public Spaces as a Strategy for a Sustainable Renovation of Beijing Heritage Sites
		11.1 Old Beijing’s Vulnerabilities
			11.1.1 Jingzu Policy
			11.1.2 From Quadrangles to Dazayuan
			11.1.3 The Hutong in the Post-Reform Era
			11.1.4 Approach to the Beijing’s Hutong Vulnerabilities
		11.2 Theoretical Framework
			11.2.1 The Renovation of Beijing’s Hutong as a Wicked Problem
			11.2.2 The Research by Design Framework
			11.2.3 The Provisional Typology of Heritage Values
		11.3 The Case Studies
			11.3.1 Selection of the Case Studies
			11.3.2 The Dongguan New Assembly House in Xuanxi North and the #28 #26 #33 #22 Courtyards in Dashilar
		11.4 Implementation of the Theoretical Framework
			11.4.1 The Pre-Design Phase
			11.4.2 The Design Phase
			11.4.3 The Post-design Phase
		11.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 12: Urban Form and Social Vulnerability in Shanghai: A Comparative Study of Hongkou District Before and After the 1990s Urban Renewal
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Literature Review on Distribution Patterns of Commercial Activities
		12.3 Historical Context of Commercial Activities in Hongkou District
			12.3.1 The Development of Commercial Activities in Hongkou District
			12.3.2 A Comparison of Commercial Patterns in Hongkou District before and after the ‘90s
		12.4 Methods
			12.4.1 Case Studies along Sichuan Road in Hongkou District
			12.4.2 Data Overview
		12.5 Data Analysis and Results
			12.5.1 Data Analysis
			12.5.2 Results
		12.6 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Climate Urbanism in the Post-pandemic World: Mapping Vulnerabilities and Exploring Community Activism in East London
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Theory
			13.2.1 Emerging Vulnerabilities in Times of Pandemic and How they Could (Or Should) Inform a Critical Climate Urbanism
			13.2.2 The Case of East London: A Socioeconomic and Environmental History of Vulnerabilities
		13.3 Methodology
			13.3.1 A Framework to Assess Resiliency Against all Hazards and Urban Climate Actions in Design Studios
		13.4 Case Study and Findings
			13.4.1 The Lower Lea Valley in East London: Studio Explorations
		13.5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Facing Vulnerability: Sustainable Healthcare Design in the Global South
		14.1 Introduction and Scenario
		14.2 Methodology
		14.3 Case Studies
		References
	Chapter 15: Coastal Vulnerability: Sustainable Settlements for Outdoor Tourism
		15.1 Italian Coasts in Transition
			15.1.1 Towards Sustainable Tourism: Impact and Potential
			15.1.2 Different Issues for Different Italian Coastal Areas
		15.2 Methodology: Which Method? Which Goal?
		15.3 Open-Air Tourism: A Possible Answer
		15.4 Designing Sustainable Tourism in Bibione
			15.4.1 Outcomes
		15.5 Designing a New Landscape in Cervia
			15.5.1 Outcomes
		15.6 Comparing Outcomes and Strategies
		15.7 Discussion and Research Limitations
		References
Part IV: Social Engagement in Vulnerable Communities Between Digital and Humanist Visions
	Chapter 16: Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) as Tools to Empower Vulnerable Communities: Opportunities and Challenges for Designers
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 AR/VR/AVR
			16.1.2 Main Characteristics and Differences
			16.1.3 New Devices and Design Challenges
			16.1.4 Vulnerable Communities
			16.1.5 Research Question
		16.2 Analysis of Existing AR/VR Projects Which Work with Vulnerable Groups
			16.2.1 Definition of Common Characteristics
		16.3 Analysis of Existing AR/VR PROJECTS Which Work with Local Communities
			16.3.1 Definition of Common Characteristics
		16.4 Results and Conclusions
			16.4.1 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Digital Participation for Inclusive Growth: A Case Study of Singapore’s Collaborative Digital Governance Model
		17.1 Digital Transformation Makes Strong Impact on Governance
			17.1.1 From Public Engagement to Digital Participation
			17.1.2 Digital Participation in Urban Governance
		17.2 A Case Study of Singapore’s Collaborative Digital Governance Innovation Model
			17.2.1 Smart Nation Plan
			17.2.2 Digital to the Core, Serve with Heart
			17.2.3 3C: Connect, Collect, Comprehend
				17.2.3.1 Connect
				17.2.3.2 Collect
				17.2.3.3 Comprehend
		17.3 Design for Vulnerable: Design Thinking Empowers Public Service
			17.3.1 User-Centered Design: Design for Disables
			17.3.2 Collaborative Service Design: LifeSG
		17.4 Singapore’s Collaborative Digital Governance Innovation Model
			17.4.1 From “Government for You” to “Government with You”
			17.4.2 Cross-Regional, Cross-Departmental, and Cross-Level Data Interconnection and Information Sharing
			17.4.3 Encourage Citizens to Transform from Consumers to Co-creators
			17.4.4 Bridging the Digital Gap, Let Everyone Benefits from a Smart Nation
		17.5 Singapore Lesson Learnt
		References
	Chapter 18: The “Rebuilding the World” Post-graduation Programme at ENSAP Bordeaux: Responding to Contemporary Urban and Environmental Issues, Through an Innovative Pedagogy with a Humanist Vision
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Key Concepts Addressed in the RBW Programme
			18.2.1 New Phenomena That Act on the Whole Planet
			18.2.2 The Knowledge of New Operational Concepts to Deal with the Crisis and Design Human Settlements According to New Paradigms
			18.2.3 New Thoughts and Intervention Approaches in the Territory That Offer Alternative and Innovative Methods of Action
		18.3 The Rebuilding the World (RBW) Programme
			18.3.1 Postulates and Objectives of the RBW Programme
			18.3.2 Background of the Programme
			18.3.3 Experimental Character of the Programme’s Pedagogy
			18.3.4 Programme Sequences
			18.3.5 Types of Action Research Developed After Five Years Since the Programme’s Inception
		Bibliography
Part V: Vulnerabilities in Context: Analysis and Projects in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region
	Chapter 19: Climate Resilient Development Pathways in the US-Mexico Border Region: The Case of the El Paso del Norte Metropolitan Area
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Theoretical Framework: Double Exposure, Climate Change Adaptation and Climate Resilient Development Pathway Concepts
		19.3 Key Characteristics of Climate Change Impacts in Northern Mexico
		19.4 El Paso del Norte Metropolitan Area
		19.5 Climate Change Adaptation and Climate Resilient Development Pathways: Scenarios for the Case Study
		19.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 20: Nutritious Landscapes: The Food Environments in the Metropolitan Peripheries of Mexico
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Literature Review and Theory
			20.2.1 The Food Environment in Mexico’s Peri-Urban Zones
		20.3 Methods
			20.3.1 Descriptive Statistical Analyses
		20.4 Results
		20.5 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 21: Drawn Across Borders
		21.1 Background
			21.1.1 An Invisible Risk
			21.1.2 Problematics of Measuring Atmospheric Conditions
			21.1.3 Cross-Jurisdictional Data
			21.1.4 Proprietary Data
			21.1.5 Nephelometry
		21.2 Pilot Project: Delta Fabrics
		21.3 Project Development
			21.3.1 Increasing Spatial Resolution
			21.3.2 Increasing Temporal Resolution
			21.3.3 Providing Real-Time Visualization
			21.3.4 Increased Participation
			21.3.5 Developing Toolsets for Desert Cities
		21.4 Engaging a Binational Airshed
			21.4.1 Paso del Norte (PdN) Airshed
		21.5 Nephelometry Project Overview
			21.5.1 Real-Time Visualization, Spatial and Temporal Resolution
			21.5.2 Public Sensing
		21.6 Nephelometry Project Sites
			21.6.1 El Paso
			21.6.2 Ciudad Juárez
			21.6.3 Anapra + Sunland Park
			21.6.4 Rio Bosque Wetlands Park
		21.7 Nephelometry Project Details
			21.7.1 Sensor Design
			21.7.2 Sensor Bundle Design
			21.7.3 Sensor Housing Design
				21.7.3.1 Security Camera Housings
				21.7.3.2 Electrical Junction Box Housings
			21.7.4 Sensor Network Design
			21.7.5 Online Visualization Design
			21.7.6 Real-Time, Interactive Visualization Design
			21.7.7 Transboundary Drawings
		21.8 Results and Discussion
		References
	Chapter 22: Sustainable Energy Through Design: An Approach to Alleviate Energy Poverty in Vulnerable Communities on the US–Mexico Border Region
		22.1 Vulnerable Communities in the US–Mexico Border Region
			22.1.1 Prevalence of Vulnerability and Its Relation to Energy Poverty in Communities Across the US–Mexico Border
				22.1.1.1 Energy Poverty
				22.1.1.2 The Social Dimension of Energy
				22.1.1.3 The Justice Dimension of Energy
		22.2 Community Physical Design and Its Role on Energy Access
			22.2.1 Energy Use and Community Physical Design
			22.2.2 Energy Poverty and Community Physical Design
		22.3 Urban Capacity Building for Sustainable Energy Access as Adaptation to Climate Change Effects
			22.3.1 Building Capacity for Operational Energy Efficiency
			22.3.2 Building Capacity for Transport Energy Efficiency
			22.3.3 Building Capacity for Embodied Energy Efficiency
			22.3.4 Sustainable Energy Access as Adaptation to Climate Change Effects
			22.3.5 The Community Energy Model as a Capacity Building Strategy
				22.3.5.1 Community Integrated Sustainable Energy (CISE) Strategy
		22.4 Conclusions and Next Steps
		References
	Chapter 23: Design with Vulnerable Communities
		23.1 Introduction
			23.1.1 Real Life Web Lab
			23.1.2 Design Groups
			23.1.3 Experts’ Round Tables
		23.2 Paso del Norte, Chihuahua
		23.3 Research by Design
			23.3.1 TEAM 1: Networks and Nodes
			23.3.2 TEAM 2: Paso Del Norte, New Generations and Sense of Belonging
			23.3.3 TEAM 3: Restructuring of the Neighborhood Council and Community Pavilion Paso Del Norte
			23.3.4 TEAM 4: Paso Del Norte Ecological Corridor
			23.3.5 TEAM 5: Paso del Norte Route
		23.4 Conclusions
		References
Index