Design for Tomorrow―Volume 3: Proceedings of ICoRD 2021 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 223)

Conference Organisation
Sponsors
Endorsers
About the Conference
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Design Ideation, Creativity and Synthesis
1 Developing the P.O.L.E Framework for User Subjective Experience
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Developing a Framework
		1.2.1 Physiological Dependency
		1.2.2 Ontogeny
		1.2.3 Laws of Nature|Limitation of the Individual
		1.2.4 Environmental Limitation
	1.3 P.O.L.E Framework Applied
		1.3.1 Physiological Dependency
		1.3.2 Ontogeny
		1.3.3 Laws of (Design) Nature|Limitation of the Individual
		1.3.4 Environmental Limitation
	1.4 Testing and Validation
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Questionnaire-Based Investigation of Preferences in Idea Evaluation Depending on Educational Backgrounds
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Creativity and Concept Selection in Design Process
	2.3 Research Question and Overview of Method
	2.4 Development of a Questionnaire
	2.5 Testing Preference of Idea
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Decoding Nature-Inspired Form Generation Processes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methodology
	3.3 Data Collection and Analysis
	3.4 Findings
	3.5 Discussions
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4 Practices in Bio-design: Design Research Through Interdisciplinary Collaboration
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Scientific and Design Processes
	4.3 Casual Knowledge Exchanges in Interdisciplinary Collaboration
	4.4 Adoption of Laboratory Methods: Material Development
	4.5 Integrating Science Within Design Practice: Yggdrasil
	4.6 Casual Exchange for Narrative Creation: Ecological Graphic Novel
	4.7 Discussion
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5 Tool for Flood-Proof Residential Design
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Basic Terminologies of Flood Proofing
	5.3 Learning from the Vernacular/Traditional
	5.4 Technical Aspects
		5.4.1 Water Loads
		5.4.2 Impact Loads
		5.4.3 Soil Loads
		5.4.4 Stability Issues to Be Considered During Floods
		5.4.5 Services
	5.5 Research Questions
		5.5.1 Research Question 1
		5.5.2 Research Question 2
		5.5.3 Research Question 3
	5.6 Literature Review
	5.7 Methodology
		5.7.1 Output Guidelines for Map Tool
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Understanding Emotion in Design Inspiration Contexts Through the Core Affect Model
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Background
		6.2.1 Design Inspiration
		6.2.2 Emotion, Design Inspiration, and the Need for an Ontological Approach
	6.3 The Core Affect Model of Emotion in Design Inspiration
		6.3.1 Five Technical Terms of the Core Affect Model
		6.3.2 Mapping the Core Affect Model of Emotion to Design Inspiration Contexts
	6.4 Potential of Adopting the Core Affect Model to Design Inspiration
		6.4.1 A Sample Graphic Design Inspiration Scenario
		6.4.2 Applying the Core Affect Model: Delineating Emotion and Relevance for Methodology
	6.5 Discussion
	6.6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
7 Role of Prototyping in Insight Generation for Product Development in Healthcare
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Impact of Prototyping
		7.1.2 Research Question
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Assessing the Impact of Each Prototype on the Final Prototype
		7.2.2 Considering the Research Question for Discussion
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
8 Brassiere: Modern Approach to an Age-Old Problem
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Literature Review
	8.3 Methodology
	8.4 Result
	8.5 Discussion
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Investigating the Use of 3D Solid-Modeling Tools in the Early Idea Generation Stage of Product Design: An Exploratory Study
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Aim of the Study
	9.2 Methodology
		9.2.1 Participants
		9.2.2 Procedure and Task
		9.2.3 Data Collection
	9.3 Analysis
		9.3.1 Research Parameters
		9.3.2 Visual Mapping of the Parameters
	9.4 Findings
		9.4.1 CAD in Product Ideation Phase
		9.4.2 Advantages of Using CAD in Ideation Phase
		9.4.3 Limitations of CAD
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 A Case for Intuition-Driven Design Expertise
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Background
		10.2.1 Domain Expertise as Expert Intuition
		10.2.2 Designerly as a Form of Design Expertise
		10.2.3 Designerly Concepting
	10.3 Method
		10.3.1 Sampling
		10.3.2 Instrumentation
	10.4 Results and Discussion
		10.4.1 Initial Themes
		10.4.2 Expert and Senior Designer Intuition Attributes
		10.4.3 Novice Intuition Type
		10.4.4 Intuitive Thinking in Experienced and Non-experienced Designer
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11 Recreating the Past Methodology to Design a Better Society for the Future
	11.1 Background of the Study
	11.2 Research Methodology—Analyzing Design in Past Societies
		11.2.1 Analyzing the Past Through Literature
		11.2.2 Unstructured Interviews—In Conversation with the Elderly
		11.2.3 The Design Intent—Popular Media of the Past
	11.3 Findings from the Study
		11.3.1 Design for Everyone
		11.3.2 Thoughtful and Long-Lasting Homes and Systems
		11.3.3 Nostalgia and Physical Presence
		11.3.4 Back to the Basics
	11.4 Discussion and Future Work
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Narrative—A Vehicle to Generate Product Form
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Aesthetic Assessment
	12.3 Designing the Assessment Scale
	12.4 Format of Measurement
	12.5 Selection of Aesthetic Terms to Form the Concept Scale
	12.6 Concept Scale
	12.7 Testing the Three-Factor Scale
	12.8 Experiment Design
	12.9 Discussion
	References
13 Development of Design Heuristics for Furniture Design
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Design Fixation and Design Heuristics
	13.3 Design Heuristics for Furniture Design (DHfFD)
		13.3.1 Existing Methods of Extracting Design Heuristics
		13.3.2 Development of the Design Heuristics for Furniture Design
		13.3.3 Design Heuristics for Furniture Design Identified
		13.3.4 Defining Design Heuristics Card for Furniture Design
	13.4 Effectiveness of DHfFD
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 Effect of Persona Stereotyping on Design Solutions: Observations from an Empirical Study with Novice Designers
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Background
		14.2.1 Persona in Design
		14.2.2 Social Categorization or Stereotyping
		14.2.3 Persona and Stereotyping
	14.3 Empirical Study with Novice Designers
		14.3.1 Methodology
		14.3.2 Participants
		14.3.3 Persona Description
		14.3.4 Design Task
		14.3.5 Procedure
		14.3.6 Observations and Results
	14.4 Discussions
	14.5 Limitations and Future Work
	References
Part II Design for X (Safety, Manufacture & Assembly, Cost, Reliability, Robustness, Social Interaction, etc.)
15 Multi-inspirational Design for Additively Manufacturable Products
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Results and Discussion
		15.2.1 Multi-inspirational Design for Additive Manufacturing (MiDAM)
	15.3 Conclusion
	References
16 Scope of Improvement in Assembly-line of FMCG Industries through Ergonomic Design
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Methodology
	16.3 Ergonomic Design Interventions in Assembly-line Work
		16.3.1 Manufacturing Aspects and Production/Operation Excellence
		16.3.2 Lean-Manufacturing Principles and Work-standardization Approaches
		16.3.3 Operations, Packaging and Inventory Management
		16.3.4 Supply Chain, Logistics and Distribution
		16.3.5 Identification and Evaluation of Ergonomic Stressors
		16.3.6 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), Accidents/Injuries
		16.3.7 Design Interventions as Mitigating Strategies (Physical and Virtual)
	16.4 Research Gaps
		16.4.1 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and Ergonomic Issues
		16.4.2 Standardization of Work Activities
		16.4.3 Context-specific Ergonomic Design Interventions and Kaizens
	16.5 Future Scope of Work in Assembly-line-Related Work
		16.5.1 Implementing Kaizen with Thorough Ergonomic Considerations
		16.5.2 Implementing Context-specific Work and Time Standardization Techniques for FMCG Assembly-line-Related Work
		16.5.3 Devising Context-specific Innovative Tools for FMCG-Related Work
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
17 Design for X: An Iterative Approach for Design Optimization in Pre-engineered and Pre-cast Construction
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Genesis and Evolution for Pre-engineered Technology
		17.2.1 The Iterative Design Approach
	17.3 Value in Design
	17.4 Genesis of Pre-cast Technology and QFD
		17.4.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Breakeven Quantity
		17.4.2 The Design Targets (DfL, DfM, DfA, and DfP)
	17.5 Procurement Management, Monitoring, and Control
	17.6 Summary and Scope for Future Work
	References
18 Space Design Intervention for Shivarapatna Craft
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Literature Review
	18.3 Research Gap
	18.4 Methodology and Methods
	18.5 Sampling and Sample Size
	18.6 Questionnaire
	18.7 Understanding the Underlying Needs
	18.8 Feedbacks
	18.9 Results and Discussion
	18.10 User Experience of Digital Platform and Space Layout
	18.11 Reviews
	18.12 Conclusions
	References
19 Non-lethal Devices for Personal Safety
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Literature Review
	19.3 Methodology
	19.4 Result
	19.5 Analysis
	19.6 Discussion
	19.7 Conclusion
	References
20 Design for Obsolescence Resilience
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Literature Review
		20.2.1 Obsolescence
		20.2.2 Bayesian Network (BN)
	20.3 Obso-Mitigation Process
		20.3.1 Obso-Perimeter
		20.3.2 Risk Analysis and Identification of Obso-Consequences
		20.3.3 Choice of Obso-Remediation
		20.3.4 Modeling of Remediation by BN
		20.3.5 Simulations et Interpretations
	20.4 Case of Study
		20.4.1 Usage-Design HOO and Risk Analysis
		20.4.2 Choice of Remediation
	20.5 Interpretations and Future Scope
	Appendix
	References
21 Lightweighting in Electric Vehicles: Review of the Design Strategies Based on Patents and Publications
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Lightweighting in EV
	21.3 Analysis of Recent Patents and Publications
	21.4 Network Perspective of Lightweighting in EV
	21.5 Conclusion
	References
22 Rule of Mixtures Model to Determine Tensile Strength of 3D-Printed Kevlar-Reinforced Nylon: Thermal Gravimetric Analysis of Kevlar Filaments
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Methods
		22.2.1 Samples Preparation
		22.2.2 Determining the Volume Fraction of Kevlar Filament
		22.2.3 Tensile Tests
	22.3 Results and Discussion
		22.3.1 Volume Fraction
		22.3.2 Tensile Test
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
23 A Framework for Improving Rural Microgrid Sustainability Through Integrated Socio-technical Considerations
	23.1 Frame of Reference
	23.2 Framework
		23.2.1 Blocks B1 and B2
		23.2.2 Blocks C-E
	23.3 Results and Discussion
		23.3.1 Exploration of the Solution Space
		23.3.2 Operational Implications
	23.4 Closing Remarks
	References
24 Mapping Design Values Across Time for a Single Product Category (Two Wheelers) Using Harley Davidson Advertisements
	24.1 Background
		24.1.1 Introduction
		24.1.2 Relevance of Advertisements for Designers
		24.1.3 Novel Approach Adopted by the Authors
	24.2 Methodology
		24.2.1 Data Collection
		24.2.2 Data Sorting
	24.3 Observations
		24.3.1 Design Values Across Time
		24.3.2 Design Value Considerations for Aspirations
		24.3.3 Design Value Considerations for Style
		24.3.4 Design Value Considerations for Performance
		24.3.5 Design Value Considerations for Convenience
		24.3.6 Design Value Considerations for Affordability
		24.3.7 Design Value Considerations for Comfort
		24.3.8 Design Value Considerations for Durability
		24.3.9 Design Value Considerations for Safety
	24.4 Discussion
		24.4.1 Design Values Through Time
		24.4.2 The Relevance of Design Value Considerations and Their Occurrences
		24.4.3 Future Scope
	References
25 What Can Designers Learn from Failed Solutions in BOP Contexts?
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Research Questions and Objectives
	25.3 Methodology
	25.4 Framework for Evaluating the Cases
	25.5 Results
	25.6 Discussion of Results
	25.7 Conclusion
	References
26 Perceived Slip Resistance of Flooring
	26.1 Introduction
		26.1.1 Challenges with Slip Resistance Measurement
	26.2 Methods
	26.3 Results
	26.4 Discussion
	26.5 Conclusion
	Appendix I: Interview Schedule and Data Recording Sheet
	References
27 Campaign Design to Nudge Men in Public Spaces in Order to Reduce the Crime Rate Against Women
	27.1 Introduction
		27.1.1 Research Objective
		27.1.2 Nudge Theory
		27.1.3 Universal Drive
	27.2 Methodology
		27.2.1 Understanding Problem
		27.2.2 Insight
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 Victims
		27.3.2 Offenders
	27.4 Conclusion and Design Intervention
		27.4.1 Concept 1—In His Shoe
		27.4.2 Concept 2—What’s Your Story?
		27.4.3 Concept 3—Watch Out Who You Become!
	27.5 Future Scope
	References
28 Photoluminescent Pigment Printed Textiles: Designing Urban Homes for Night-Time Navigation
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Research Methodology
		28.2.1 Materials and Methods
	28.3 Research Findings
		28.3.1 Findings of User Study
		28.3.2 Identification of the Architectural Requirement of the Product
		28.3.3 Development of Print Design Using Photoluminescent Pigment on Textiles Using User Perception Studies
		28.3.4 Development of Final Prints and Prototypes
	28.4 Conclusion
	Annexure
	References
29 Manufacturing to Super-Finishing Jewellery Articles: A Study to Define Surface Quality Parameters and Understanding Their Inter-relationship
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Background Study
	29.3 Methodology
	29.4 Need of a Matrix
	29.5 Proposition of a Matrix
	29.6 Discussion
	29.7 Limitation
	29.8 Merits and Contributions
	29.9 Future Directions
	References
Part III Application of Design Knowledge in Practice (Automotive, Aerospace, Biomedical Devices, etc.)
30 Can You See My Pain? Evocative Objects for Comprehending Chronic Pain
	30.1 Introduction—Pain as Revealed
	30.2 Dynamics of Pain—Issues for Design
		30.2.1 Evocative Objects
		30.2.2 Embodied Interactions
		30.2.3 Sociocultural Situatedness
	30.3 Design Process
		30.3.1 Affinity Analysis and Harris Profile
		30.3.2 Fishtrap Model, Final Concept, and Evaluation
		30.3.3 Final Concept and Related Video Narrative (Screenshots of the Video Story Boarding)
	30.4 Implications and Conclusion
	References
31 Design Thinking for Long-Term Product Planning
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Product Planning for New Product Development
		31.2.1 Role of Product Planners
		31.2.2 Limitations of Product Planning Process
	31.3 Design Thinking
		31.3.1 Application of Design Thinking in a Business Context
		31.3.2 Product Planning Using Design Thinking
	31.4 An Indian OEM’s Design Thinking Approach for Defining a New Product Category
		31.4.1 Opportunity Identification: Empathy Phase
		31.4.2 Product Definition: Define Phase
		31.4.3 Product Development: Ideate Phase
		31.4.4 Quick Prototyping: Prototyping Phase
		31.4.5 Co-creation with Stakeholders: Testing Phase
		31.4.6 Business Impact: Results
	31.5 Discussion
	31.6 Conclusion
	References
32 Sit-Stand Transfer Difficulty Among Indian Elderly: Design Gaps in Related Assistive Technologies
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Aims and Objectives
	32.3 Methodology
		32.3.1 Field Survey
		32.3.2 Market Search
	32.4 Results
	32.5 Discussion
	32.6 Design Implications
	32.7 Conclusion
	References
33 Understanding and Finding Issues Related to Root Canal Treatment Procedure from a Design Perspective
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Clinical Immersion
		33.2.1 Methodology
		33.2.2 Observations
	33.3 Root Canal Procedure
	33.4 User Survey
		33.4.1 Data Representation and Finding
	33.5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
34 Agro-based RC Aircraft
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Methodology
		34.2.1 Mission Analysis
		34.2.2 Design Requirements
		34.2.3 Weight Estimation
		34.2.4 Configuration Selection
		34.2.5 Control, Stability and Performance
		34.2.6 CAD Design and Analysis
	34.3 Payload Properties and Spraying Mechanism
	34.4 Cost Break-Down
	34.5 Conclusion
	References
35 Assistive Devices for One-Handed People Using Desktop Manufacturing Methods
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Research
		35.2.1 Background Study
		35.2.2 Primary Research
	35.3 Methodology
	35.4 Feedback and Results
	35.5 Conclusion
	35.6 Discussion
	References
36 Design Intervention in Farm Equipment: Using a Studio Research Approach to Design a Sustainable, Human-Powered Solution for Small and Marginal Indian Farmers
	36.1 Introduction
		36.1.1 Small and Marginal Farmers of India
		36.1.2 Feminization of Indian Agriculture
		36.1.3 Need for Gender-Friendly Appropriate Equipment
		36.1.4 Aim of the Research
	36.2 Methodology
		36.2.1 Common Set of Farm Activities
		36.2.2 Analysis of Tools Designed by Farmers
		36.2.3 Defining Parameters
		36.2.4 User Needs Pyramid
	36.3 Results
	36.4 Discussion
	36.5 Conclusion
	References
37 A Design Research Study to Understand Factors Affecting Tool Design for Small-Scale Rice Farming in Western Maharashtra
	37.1 Introduction
		37.1.1 State of Indian Agriculture
		37.1.2 Small and Marginal Farmers
		37.1.3 Rice Farming in Western Maharashtra
		37.1.4 Research Aim
	37.2 Methodology
	37.3 Outcomes
	37.4 Discussion
	37.5 Conclusion
	References
38 Design, Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Transfer Assistive Device for Paraplegic Individuals Using Biomechanical Analysis
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Design Methodology
		38.2.1 Product Ideation and Conceptualization
		38.2.2 Design and Analysis of the Transfer Mechanism Based on Biomechanics Concepts.
		38.2.3 Computation of Center of Mass (CM) in the Context of a Human–Machine Environment
		38.2.4 Design and Selection of Actuator for the Transfer Device in the Context of a Human–Machine Environment
		38.2.5 Design Features of the Proposed TAD
	38.3 Statistical Analysis for Estimating the Strain Level of a Subject During the Transfer Activities
		38.3.1 Subjects and Data Collection
	38.4 Results
		38.4.1 Statistical Results
	38.5 Discussion
	38.6 Conclusion
	References
39 Effect of Different Root Canal Filling Materials in Endo-perio Lesions: Design and Computational Analysis
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Computational Modelling
		39.2.1 Geometric Model
		39.2.2 Finite Element Model
		39.2.3 Boundary Conditions and Assumptions
	39.3 Results
	39.4 Discussion
	39.5 Conclusion
	References
40 Design of a Maternal Healthcare Monitoring Device for Pregnant Women
	40.1 Introduction
		40.1.1 Background
		40.1.2 Literature Review Related to Gaps in Maternal Healthcare
	40.2 Methodologies
	40.3 Results and Discussion
		40.3.1 Primary Study Insights
		40.3.2 Design Vision
		40.3.3 Idea Generation
		40.3.4 Design Brief
		40.3.5 Proposed Intervention
	40.4 Conclusion
	References
41 Approach for Industrial Design and Evaluation of Product-Integrated Solar Photovoltaic (PIPV) Products
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Industrial Design of PIPV Products for Rural India: Two Aspects for Consideration
	41.3 Ideation to Realization of PIPV Concept for Rural Scenario
		41.3.1 Design Brief—Design Solar PV Powered air Blower for Firewood Cookstove for the Scenario of Rural Domestic Kitchen
		41.3.2 Design Requirements and Electronic System Design
		41.3.3 Form Exploration and Concept Design
		41.3.4 Method of Study
		41.3.5 Concept Execution
		41.3.6 Testing with Users
	41.4 Conclusion
	References
42 Design and Development of Low-Cost Unplugged Activities for Teaching Computational Thinking at K-5 Level
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Issues with Computer Science Education
	42.3 Market Study
	42.4 Methodology
	42.5 Game Design
		42.5.1 Analyse
		42.5.2 Design
		42.5.3 Develop
		42.5.4 Implement
		42.5.5 Evaluate
	42.6 Future Scope and Conclusion
	References
43 Design and Development of Attachment for Ceiling Broom
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Literature Survey on Different Design of Brooms
	43.3 Problem Identification
	43.4 Objective
	43.5 Design Consideration
	43.6 Conceptualization
	43.7 Construction
		43.7.1 Broom
		43.7.2 Upper Frame
		43.7.3 Lower Frame
		43.7.4 Plastic Sheet
		43.7.5 Connecting Frame
	43.8 Working
	43.9 Discussion
	43.10 Conclusion
	References
44 Glame—Glass Holding Plate Accessory
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Literature Review
		44.2.1 Design Considerations
		44.2.2 Concept Journey
		44.2.3 Design and Calculations
		44.2.4 Interaction with Plates
		44.2.5 Distinct Diameters
		44.2.6 Glame (in-Use and Multi-utilities)
	44.3 Conclusion
	References
45 Design and Development of Mini Ginger Planter Suitable for Hilly Region Agriculture
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Methodology
		45.2.1 Design of Seed Metering Mechanism
		45.2.2 Metering Mechanism
		45.2.3 Design of Circular Metering Bucket
		45.2.4 Design and Fabrication of Ginger Planter
		45.2.5 Performance Evaluation of Ginger Planter
	45.3 Results and Discussion
		45.3.1 Laboratory Testing of Ginger Planter
		45.3.2 Field Testing of Ginger Planter
	45.4 Conclusion
	References
46 Development of Al–Cu Metal Matrix Composite Using Powder Metallurgy Technique
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Development
		46.2.1 Mixing of Al and Cu Powders
		46.2.2 Compacting
		46.2.3 Sintering
	46.3 Property Analysis
	46.4 Results and Discussion
	References
47 Design, Additive Manufacturing and Application of Patient-Customized Orbital Implants
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Material and Methods
		47.2.1 Material
		47.2.2 Implant Design and Manufacturing
	47.3 Results and Discussion
	47.4 Conclusion
	References
48 Guidelines to Design Custom 3D Printed Jig for Orthopaedic Surgery
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 General Guidelines for Jigs/Guides
	48.3 Design of Patient-Specific Jig/Guide for Pelvis Bone
	48.4 Design of Patient-Specific Jig/Guide for Orbital Implant Fixation
	48.5 Result
	48.6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
49 Design and Prototyping of a Novel Head-Mounted Ophthalmic Device for Monitoring Glaucoma
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Previous Work
	49.3 Device Design
	49.4 Positioning System
	49.5 Conclusion
	References
50 Design of an Expert System for Decision Making in Complex Regulatory and Technology Implementation Projects
	50.1 Introduction
		50.1.1 Prior Work
		50.1.2 Why We Need an Expert System
	50.2 Goals
	50.3 Development of Expert System
		50.3.1 Solution Design
		50.3.2 Implementation
	50.4 Results
		50.4.1 Pilot Study
		50.4.2 Success Evaluation
		50.4.3 Key Factors for High Performance
	50.5 Discussion
	50.6 Conclusion
	References
51 Tendon-Driven Detachable End-Effector Mechanism for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) Instruments
	51.1 Introduction
	51.2 Unmet Clinical Needs
	51.3 End-Effector Design
	51.4 Kinematic Modeling and Forward Kinematic Analysis
	51.5 Instrument Workspace Calculations and Comparison
	51.6 Results
	51.7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
52 Design, Development and Testing of a Mechanized Terrace Forming Equipment
	52.1 Introduction
	52.2 Need Identification
	52.3 Concept Generation
		52.3.1 Concept 1: Height Adjustable Wheels with Scraper
		52.3.2 Concept 2: Front Rotary Cutting Blades with Conveyor Belt System
		52.3.3 Concept 3: Height Chain Driven Front Cutting Blades
		52.3.4 Concept 4: Front Rotary Cutting Unit with Its Own Engine
	52.4 Concept Selection
	52.5 Mock-up Model
	52.6 Development of Prototype
		52.6.1 Design of the Rotary Cutter
		52.6.2 Support Frame Unit
		52.6.3 Lifting Unit
	52.7 Development of Modified Wheel
	52.8 Conclusion
	References
53 Rethinking Tuberculosis Diagnostics in Low-Resource Areas
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Methodology
	53.3 Insights from Design Research
	53.4 Results
		53.4.1 MycoKit
	53.5 Discussion
	53.6 Conclusion
	References
54 Role of Age in Perceiving Car’s Attractiveness—A Case Study in Indian Context
	54.1 Introduction
	54.2 Background Study
		54.2.1 Product Form Attraction
		54.2.2 Culture and Demographics
		54.2.3 Demographics and Indian Context of Owning a Car
		54.2.4 Perception of Consumers and Designers
	54.3 Materials and Methods
		54.3.1 Identification of Kansei Words
		54.3.2 Questionnaire
	54.4 Results
		54.4.1 Demographic Data
		54.4.2 Emotional Perception Assessment Results
	54.5 Discussion
	54.6 Conclusion
	References
55 From Industrial Design to Healthcare Innovation—A Comparative Study on the Role of User-Centered Design and Stanford Biodesign Process
	55.1 Introduction
	55.2 Defining User-Centered Design and Biodesign Process
		55.2.1 User-Centered Design
		55.2.2 Biodesign Process
	55.3 Challenges and Constraints in Health Technology Innovation and Implementation
		55.3.1 Multifactorial Nature of Healthcare Problems
		55.3.2 Complex Nature of Disease States, Bio-mechanisms, and Pathophysiology
		55.3.3 Critical Nature of Clinical Intervention in Terms of Biocompatibility and Patient Interaction
		55.3.4 Entry Barriers and Indigenization Issues to Bring a Solution into Market
	55.4 Comparing UCD Versus Biodesign
	55.5 Discussion and Proposal for Consideration
	55.6 Conclusion
	References
56 Design of a Heart Perfusion Device for Extending Preservation Time: A Case Study of Risk Management for a High-Risk Medical Device
	56.1 Introduction
	56.2 Research Background and Objective
	56.3 Methodology and Approach
	56.4 Results
	56.5 Discussions and Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
57 Design and Development of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Seat Base for Two-Wheelers
	57.1 Introduction
		57.1.1 Background
		57.1.2 Challenges
	57.2 Methodology
		57.2.1 Existing Design of Seat Base
		57.2.2 Selection of Candidate Materials
		57.2.3 Selection of Composition of Materials
		57.2.4 Development of Laminate to Arrive at Mechanical Properties
		57.2.5 FEA Model
		57.2.6 Boundary Conditions and Loads
		57.2.7 FEA Simulation
		57.2.8 Development of Prototype Seat Base
		57.2.9 Testing of Composite Seat Base
	57.3 Results and Discussion
	57.4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
58 A Design Approach on Transmission Architecture Fashioned from Merge Gear Shifting Strategy for Improving Driving Comfort in Conventional Passenger Vehicle
	58.1 Introduction
	58.2 Problem Statement
	58.3 Proposed Solution
	58.4 Development of Gearbox Architecture: Methodology
		58.4.1 Design Planning
		58.4.2 Reverse Engineering
		58.4.3 Transmission Design
	58.5 Transmission Shifting Strategy
	58.6 Screening of Architectures
	58.7 Results and Discussion
	58.8 Conclusion
	References
59 Conceptual Design of a Robot for Cleaning Narrow Spaces
	59.1 Introduction
	59.2 Review of Literature on Cleaning Robots: Current Limitations
	59.3 Assessment of the Indian Market: Opportunities
	59.4 Ideation
	59.5 Consolidation of Concepts
	59.6 Evaluation and Selection
	59.7 Discussions, Conclusions and Future Work
	References
60 Requirements Capture and Validation: Adopting the Lean Approach for Task Clarification
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Related Work and Research Gaps
	60.3 The Lean Approach for Task Clarification
	60.4 Results
	60.5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
61 Introducing Visual Literacy Activities for Primary School Children in India
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Visual Literacy and Its Components
	61.3 Visual Literacy in the School Curriculum
	61.4 Research Aims and Hypotheses
		61.4.1 Hypotheses
	61.5 Visual Literacy Support System Design
	61.6 Method
		61.6.1 Participants
		61.6.2 Materials and Setting
		61.6.3 Procedure
	61.7 Results
	61.8 Discussion
	Appendix 1
	References
62 On How to Add SALT: ‘PLAYGORA’—A Real-World Case Study and Experimentation (Out of the Lab)
	62.1 Introduction
		62.1.1 An Early-Phase SALT Case Study
	62.2 PLG and SALT in Public Space
		62.2.1 What is PLG?
		62.2.2 Environment and Setup
		62.2.3 Approach, Context and Tasks in PLG
		62.2.4 The Challenge Ahead
	62.3 Out of the Lab, Making Things Public and Context
		62.3.1 Observing SALT Through Public Engagement and Externalization
		62.3.2 HDTs Thinking Machines as Creative Inventing Tools
	62.4 Data and Content Generation
	62.5 Evaluation
	62.6 Conclusion
	References
63 Influence of Culture and Tradition in the Tribal Architecture of Meghalaya
	63.1 Introduction
	63.2 Garo House
		63.2.1 Narrative
		63.2.2 Architecture
	63.3 Khasi House
		63.3.1 Narrative
		63.3.2 Architecture
	63.4 Results
	63.5 Conclusion
	References
64 Image is a Tangible Element of Visual Communication: Role of the Image to Increase Social Awareness
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Objective of Study
	64.3 Methodology
		64.3.1 Experiment
		64.3.2 Procedure
		64.3.3 Image Survey
	64.4 Discussion
	64.5 Conclusion
	References
65 CREATED METHOD: Pedagogical Approach for Diversity in Creative Design Process
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Created Collab Model
	65.3 Methodology
	65.4 Model Structure
		65.4.1 Structure of Each Team
	65.5 Case Study I: Scoodent Project and Game Design Project
		65.5.1 Case Study II: (Design Thinking and Creativity)
		65.5.2 Case Study IV: (Redesigning Social Robots and Water Purifier)
	65.6 Evaluations and Feedback by Individuals
	65.7 Conclusion
	References
66 A Study on Design of an Illustrated Book for Communicating Maternal and Child Health to Semiliterate Rural Women of Kanpur, India
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Objectives
	66.3 Theoretical Framework
	66.4 Methodology
		66.4.1 Participants and Study Location
		66.4.2 Assessment Tests
		66.4.3 Procedure
	66.5 Results
		66.5.1 Participant Characteristics
		66.5.2 Literacy Test (S-TOFHLA Scores)
		66.5.3 Comprehension Tests
	66.6 Discussions
	66.7 Limitations
	66.8 Conclusions
	References
67 SEED: Storytelling, Engagement in English Language Decoding. Identifying Features in Learning Tools that Aid in English Decoding for Learners
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 Background Work
	67.3 Methodology
		67.3.1 Participants
		67.3.2 Sampling
		67.3.3 Applications
		67.3.4 Activity
	67.4 Analysis
		67.4.1 Features of Learning Tools
		67.4.2 Attraction Towards Media
		67.4.3 Controlling the Features
		67.4.4 Strategies for Decoding
	67.5 Discussion
		67.5.1 Motivation
		67.5.2 Disconnection: Establishing Phoneme and Grapheme Connection
		67.5.3 Language Conditioning
	67.6 Limitations
	67.7 Future Work
	67.8 Conclusion
	References
68 System Mapping: Understanding the Value Chain of Organic Farming in Sikkim, India
	68.1 Introduction
	68.2 Methodology
	68.3 Observations
		68.3.1 Stakeholder Mapping
		68.3.2 Infrastructural Importance
		68.3.3 Role of the Government
	68.4 Synthesis and Analysis
		68.4.1 Production
		68.4.2 Distribution
		68.4.3 Consumption
	68.5 Results and Discussion
		68.5.1 Scope of Service Design Interventions
		68.5.2 Using a PDC Lens During the Ideation Stage
	68.6 Conclusion
	References
69 An Empirical Study on Styling Trends and Concept Approach of Augmented Reality
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Design Process and Method
		69.2.1 Methodology
	69.3 Result
	69.4 Conclusion
	References
70 Changing the Traditional Lingerie Shopping Experience Through Interaction Design
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Methodology
		70.2.1 Contextual Inquiry
		70.2.2 Pilot Study
		70.2.3 User Survey
		70.2.4 Design Methods
	70.3 Results
		70.3.1 Contextual Inquiry
	70.4 Proposed Solution
	70.5 Discussion
	70.6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
71 Design Thinking Approach in Identification of Service Design Based on User Interface for Grocery Monitoring System in Indian Context
	71.1 Introduction
	71.2 Methodology
	71.3 Ethnographic Research
		71.3.1 Empathy Mapping
		71.3.2 Problem Identification
	71.4 Results and Discussions
		71.4.1 Product Description
		71.4.2 Stakeholder Mapping
		71.4.3 Service Blueprint
		71.4.4 Data Flow Model
		71.4.5 User Interface and Wireframe
	71.5 Conclusion
	References
72 Why Storytelling Should be the Medium of Design Education
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 Methodology
	72.3 Design Education
		72.3.1 Requisite Skills for Designers
	72.4 Storytelling
		72.4.1 About Storytelling and Linkage to Design
		72.4.2 Why Storytelling Could be a Strong Medium for Design Education
	72.5 Conclusion
	References
73 Twenty-First Century Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management in the Garment Manufacturing Industry
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Scholarly Inputs on Natural Dyeing Processes: A Review of Literature
	73.3 Data Findings, Analysis and Discussion
	73.4 Sanctions Against Chemical Dyes
	73.5 Conclusions
	References
74 Investigating Surface Finishing to Develop an Advanced Process for Super-Finish, Highlighted by Benchwork and Polish Lathe in Jewellery Making
	74.1 Introduction
	74.2 Need Statement
	74.3 Background Study
	74.4 Methodology
	74.5 Proposition of a Process Cloud
	74.6 Proposition of a Process
	74.7 Limitation
	74.8 Merits
	74.9 Future Directions
	References
Correction to: Understanding Emotion in Design Inspiration Contexts Through the Core Affect Model
	Correction to:  Chapter 6 in: A. Chakrabarti et al. (eds.), Design for Tomorrow–Volume 3, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 223, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0084-56