Design for Tomorrow―Volume 2: Proceedings of ICoRD 2021 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 222)

Conference Organisation
Sponsors
Endorsers
About the Conference
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Design of Systems, Services and Product Service Systems
1 The Future of Home Service: Integration of User Behavior and Scenario Planning in the Domestic Plumbing Service Design
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Purpose of the Article
	1.2 Methodology: Integrating User Behavior and Scenario Planning
	1.3 Theoretical Background—Foundational Concepts in User Behavior and Scenario Planning
		1.3.1 User Behavior
		1.3.2 Scenario Planning
		1.3.3 Integrating User Behavior and Scenario Planning Approaches
	1.4 Results and Discussions
		1.4.1 User Behavior on Domestic Plumbing Services
		1.4.2 Scenario Planning on Domestic Plumbing Services
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 India Post Services—A Speculative Service Design for Behaviour Change
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Understanding the Current Context
		2.2.1 Secondary Research Findings
		2.2.2 Primary Research Findings
	2.3 Exploiting opportunities and Re-imagining Service Offerings
	2.4 Reflections
	2.5 Conclusion and Further Direction
	References
3 Design Intervention for Improving Accessibility and Affordability of Ocular Care—A Context-Specific Study of Rural Assam
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Barriers Contributing to Poor Conditions of Eye Health Care in Rural Areas
		3.2.1 Lack of Awareness and Negligence in Diagnosis
		3.2.2 Delay in Follow-Ups for Treatment
		3.2.3 Lack of Communication Between General Physician and Ophthalmologists
		3.2.4 Lack of Facilities at the Rural Eye Screening Sites
	3.3 Research Methods
		3.3.1 Expert Interviews
		3.3.2 Field Visits to Community Eye Screening Camps
		3.3.3 Problems Encountered by Healthcare Providers in Rural Camps
		3.3.4 Design Workshop
	3.4 Conclusion
	3.5 Limitations and Scope for Future Work
	References
4 Frugal-IDeM: An Integrated Methodology for Designing Frugal Innovations in Low-Resource Settings
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Key Aspects of the Integrated Design Methodology
		4.2.1 Holistic Contextual Understanding
		4.2.2 User Involvement
		4.2.3 Innovation Adaptation
		4.2.4 Drawing on Local Strengths
		4.2.5 Context-Specific Training Plans
		4.2.6 Income Generation Opportunities
		4.2.7 Suitable Awareness Programmes
		4.2.8 Implementation of Life Cycle Requirements
		4.2.9 Cross-Sector Collaboration
		4.2.10 Adapting Project Management and Overcoming Biases
	4.3 Integrated Design Methodology for the BOP
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Artificial Neural Networks Supporting Cause-and-Effect Studies in Product–Service System Development
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Data Analysis Method
		5.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		5.2.2 Variable Clustering
	5.3 Case Study
	5.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
6 The Factors Influencing Usage Intention of Urban Poor Population in India Towards Mobile Financial Services (Mobile Payment/Money)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Problem Statement
	6.3 Literature Review
		6.3.1 Socio-economic Background and Cultural Context
		6.3.2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
	6.4 Research Studies and Methodology
		6.4.1 Study 1: Patterns of Mobile Phone Usage Among Urban Poor Users
		6.4.2 Study 2: A Study on Understanding the Features and Functionalities of BHIM and Paytm Wallet
		6.4.3 Results/Findings
	6.5 Discussion
	6.6 Limitations and Future Scope
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Bridging the Gap Between Service Design Specification and Technical Specification
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Technical Specification
	7.3 Service Design Implementation
	7.4 Problems in Handover
	7.5 Current Solutions for Better Handover
	7.6 Proposed Solution
	7.7 Case Study—Mobile Application for Lateral Hiring
	7.8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
8 Service Design for Scale—Overcoming Challenges in Large-Scale Qualitative User Research
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Literature Review
	8.3 Reflections on Qualitative User Research from Service Design Practice
		8.3.1 Project 1—Designing for an Enhanced Air Travel Experience
		8.3.2 Project 2—Designing for Citizen Services in India
		8.3.3 Project 3—Employee Experience Within Organisational Services
	8.4 Discussions and Recommendations
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Design for Small Businesses in India—Helping the Real Entrepreneurs
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Premise of the Project
		9.1.2 Overview of Small Business in India
	9.2 Methods
		9.2.1 Study-1: Ethnography Study on Selected Small Businesses in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, India
		9.2.2 Study-2: Co-design Workshop on ‘Future of Vending’ During DSD 2019 Conference, NID Gandhinagar
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Study-1: Outcome: Design Ideation and Development for Selected 6-Small Businesses
		9.3.2 Study-2: Outcome: Connecting SDGs with Selected 3-Trades- Co-Design Workshop on ‘Future of Vending’
	9.4 Discussions
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 A Tool to Design a User-Centred Town Plan
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 The Problem Statement
		10.1.2 Card Sorting
	10.2 Methodology
	10.3 Results
	10.4 Discussion
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 The Cancer Positive Journey: A System Design Thinking Perspective
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Breast Cancer
	11.2 Materials and Methods
	11.3 Results
		11.3.1 Breast Cancer Awareness, Social Perception and Occurrence Patterns
		11.3.2 Diagnosis, Reflection and Consultancy
		11.3.3 Value of Social Support Systems and Personal Accounts of Supporters
		11.3.4 Self-image and Stigmatization as a Consequence of Physical Deformities, Fear of Relapse and Long-Term Recovery
		11.3.5 Post Cancer Perspectives and Suggested Measures from Multiple Stakeholders
	11.4 Discussion
	11.5 Conclusion
	Reference
12 A QFD Approach for Selection of Design for Logistics Strategies
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Literature Review
		12.2.1 Review on Design for Logistics
		12.2.2 Review on Quality Function Deployment
	12.3 Methodology
	12.4 Case Study
		12.4.1 Case Organization
		12.4.2 Case Product
	12.5 Results and Discussion
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
13 Design Interventions for Improvement of Adoption Rate of Micro-irrigation in Assam
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Aim and Objective
	13.3 Methodology
		13.3.1 Data Collection
		13.3.2 Data Analysis
		13.3.3 Design Intervention
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 Understanding the Present System
		13.4.2 Understanding the Present Implementation Strategy
	13.5 Inference
	13.6 Future Course of Action
	References
14 Inclusive Design in Higher Educational Institutes for People with Disability
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Methodology
	14.3 Various Challenges Faced by People with Disability
		14.3.1 Public Buildings and Environments
		14.3.2 Institutional Buildings and Environments
		14.3.3 Institutional Architectural Spaces and Stakeholders
		14.3.4 Existing Design Guidelines for Architectural Spaces and Buildings for Specially-abled People
		14.3.5 Existing Facilities and Assistive Devices which could be Used to Facilitate Specially-abled Stakeholders in the Institutional Scenario
	14.4 Research Gap and Way Forward
	14.5 Discussion
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 Modular Communication as a Structure for Sustainability Within Social Enterprises
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Methodology
		15.2.1 Multiple Case Study Approach
		15.2.2 Conducting Research
		15.2.3 Data Analysis
		15.2.4 Limitations
	15.3 Results
	15.4 Discussion
		15.4.1 Communication Analysis Diagram (CAD) as an Outcome
		15.4.2 Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI)
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Part II Design Training and Education
16 Introduction to Self-help Books/Texts for Design Students
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Literature Review
		16.2.1 Stress in Students
		16.2.2 Introduction to Self-help Books
		16.2.3 Effectiveness of Self-help Books
	16.3 Methodology
		16.3.1 Qualitative Research
		16.3.2 Quantitative Research
	16.4 Findings
		16.4.1 Interviews
		16.4.2 Findings from Survey
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
17 Mapping the Research Thread of PhDs in Design: A PhD Citation Analysis of the Portuguese Doctorates
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Background
		17.2.1 PhDs in Design: The Portuguese Case
		17.2.2 Networks and Citation Analysis
	17.3 Methodology
		17.3.1 PhD Citation Extraction and Analysis
	17.4 Results
		17.4.1 Network of the PhD Research in Design in Portugal
	17.5 Conclusions and Future Research
	References
18 Pedagogic Influences of Art and Design Schools on Architecture Education in India
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Art and Design Schools
		18.2.1 South Kensington System
		18.2.2 Ecole Beaux Arts
		18.2.3 Santiniketan
		18.2.4 Bauhaus
		18.2.5 Hochschule für Gestaltung, Ulm
	18.3 Pedagogy Followed in Architecture Schools in India
	18.4 Analysis
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19 Product Design with Form, Strength, and Function for Undergraduate Product Design Students—A Case Study
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Context—A Bicycle
	19.2 The Process—for the Framework
		19.2.1 Estimation of Loads and Constraints
		19.2.2 Packaging Space, Loads and Supports
		19.2.3 Topology Optimization
		19.2.4 Interpretation of Results—Creating a Design Proposal
		19.2.5 Verification of the Design Proposal
		19.2.6 Specification of the Design for Manufacturing
	19.3 Potential of This Framework for Students
	19.4 Data
	References
20 Non-technical Competencies for Succeeding as a Designer in a Digitally Transforming Workplace
	20.1 Frame of Reference
	20.2 A Cyber-Physical-Social System to Promote Sustainability
		20.2.1 Digital Transformation in a Cyber-Physical-Social System
		20.2.2 What Does Digital Transformation Mean for the Future Workforce?
	20.3 Non-technical, Career-Sustaining Competencies for Generative Learning
	20.4 The Way Forward: Let the Dialog Begin
	References
21 Application of ASPECTSS™ to the Design of Vocational Training Spaces for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Research Question
		21.1.2 Objectives
	21.2 Methodology
		21.2.1 Participants
		21.2.2 Procedure
	21.3 Analysis
	21.4 Results
	21.5 Discussion
		21.5.1 Scope and Limitations
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
22 Ways of Teaching—Simulating Real-Life Scenarios into Twenty-First Century Interior Design Education
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Research Methodology
	22.3 Academia versus Practice: Understanding How Interior Design Projects Work
		22.3.1 The Design Studio
		22.3.2 The Office
	22.4 Gaps in Interior Design Education Today
		22.4.1 A  Bird’s Eye View
		22.4.2 Gaps that Come to Light During Internship
	22.5 Holistic, Reflective and Designer-Centric: Transforming the Current Models of Learning for the Twenty-First Century
	22.6 At the Threshold of New Technology
	22.7 Conclusion: Integration and Collaboration Leading to Innovation
	Appendices
	Appendix 22.1: Responses to the Survey Circulated Among Undergraduate Interior Design Students and Fresh Graduates (58 Responses)
	Appendix 22.2: Questionnaire Circulated Among Design Faculties (18 Respondents)
	References
23 Ethnography as a Tool to Study Indigenous Craft Clusters to Build Cultural Sensitivity and Inclusivity Amongst Design Students
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Ethnography Over the Years
	23.3 Ethnographic Methods
		23.3.1 Ethnographic Coursework
		23.3.2 Literature Review
		23.3.3 Pre-field Visit Talk
		23.3.4 Interviews
		23.3.5 Observation
		23.3.6 Video Ethnography
	23.4 Craft Within the Socio-Cultural Fabric of India
	23.5 Co-creating Design Solutions
	23.6 Building Cultural Sensitivity and Inclusivity
	23.7 Conclusion
	References
24 Game-Based Learning for the Awareness of Culture & Tradition: An Exploratory Case Study on the Indigenous Naga Tribe
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Background Study
	24.3 Literature Review
	24.4 Methodology
		24.4.1 Define
		24.4.2 Analyse
		24.4.3 Plan
		24.4.4 Design
	24.5 Evaluation
		24.5.1 User Survey
		24.5.2 Result and Analysis
		24.5.3 Further Modification and the Final Outcome
	24.6 Discussion
	24.7 Conclusion
	Reference
25 THINK Lab: An Initiative to Foster Creative and Critical Thinking Amongst First Year Design Students
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Background
	25.3 Objective of the Study
	25.4 Research Methodology
		25.4.1 Sampling
	25.5 Think Lab
		25.5.1 Overview
		25.5.2 Schedule
		25.5.3 Content
		25.5.4 Structure and Learning–Teaching Methodology
	25.6 Data Presentation and Analysis
		25.6.1 Learnings Acquired Through Think Lab
		25.6.2 Creative and Critical Thinking Skills
		25.6.3 Effectiveness of Learning–Teaching Methodology of Think Lab
	25.7 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
26 Active Learning Strategies for Teaching Research Skills to First-Year Design Students
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Experiment
	26.3 Methodology
	26.4 Findings
	26.5 Conclusion
	References
27 Design Thinking Instructions and Cognitive Processes
	27.1 Introduction
		27.1.1 The Current Indian Education System
		27.1.2 Design Thinking Process, Activities, and Instructions
	27.2 Elementary Cognitive Operations in Design
	27.3 Analysis of Question Papers
		27.3.1 Key Findings and Inferences from the Analysis
	27.4 Association of the Design Thinking Activity Instructions and Cognitive Processes
		27.4.1 Results and Inferences
	27.5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
28 Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Undergraduate Education: Design Thinking to Redesign Courses
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Literature Review
		28.2.1 Design Thinking
		28.2.2 Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
	28.3 Descriptive Study—Redesigning Courses with Design Thinking
		28.3.1 Methodology
		28.3.2 Results
		28.3.3 Discussions
	28.4 Summary, Conclusions and Discussions
	References
29 Reinventing Design Education for Twenty-First Century
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Methodology
	29.3 Overview of Design Education
		29.3.1 United States of America
		29.3.2 United Kingdom
		29.3.3 Italy
	29.4 Design Education in India
	29.5 Model of Design Education at MUJ
	29.6 Challenges in Design Education
	29.7 Discussion
		29.7.1 Curriculum
		29.7.2 Pedagogy
		29.7.3 Built Environment
		29.7.4 Teachers
		29.7.5 Research
	29.8 Recommendations
		29.8.1 Conclusion
	References
30 Do Design Entrance Exams in India Really Test Creative Aptitude? An Analytical Study of Design Tests Conforming Creativity Benchmarks
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Background Study
	30.3 Materials and Methods
	30.4 Results and Discussions
	30.5 Conclusion
	References
31 Innovation by Design—A New Post-Graduate Program at SUTD
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 The Compulsory Course on Innovation by Design
	31.3 The Compulsory Course on Design Science
	31.4 The Compulsory Thread on Ideate-Prototype-Realize
	31.5 The Experiences and Accelerators
	31.6 What the Students Are Saying
	31.7 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
32 Role of Authoritative Elements in Design
	32.1 The Elements of Design
		32.1.1 Introduction of Categories of Elements of Design
		32.1.2 Place-Making in Design
	32.2 Methodology
	32.3 Analysis
		32.3.1 History and Tradition
		32.3.2 Typology
		32.3.3 Context
	32.4 Results and Inferences
	32.5 Conclusions
	References
33 Social Connectedness in Online Versus Face-to-Face Design Education: A Comparative Study in India
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Literature Review
		33.2.1 Online Learning
		33.2.2 Online Design Learning
		33.2.3 Social Connectedness
	33.3 The Methodology
	33.4 Findings
	33.5 Conclusions
	References
Part III Design Teams, Collaboration, Communication
34 The Infinity Process: A Design Framework for Interdisciplinary Problem-Solving
	34.1 Introduction
		34.1.1 Design Thinking and Models
		34.1.2 Interdisciplinary Design
	34.2 Methodology
	34.3 The Infinity Process
		34.3.1 Phase 1—The Requirement
		34.3.2 Phase 2—The Need
		34.3.3 Phase 3—The Approach
		34.3.4 Phase 4—The Interdisciplinary Cycle
	34.4 Discussion
	34.5 Future Scope
	References
35 Co-designing with Visually Impaired Children
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Literature Research
	35.3 Methodology
		35.3.1 Primary Research
		35.3.2 Activity Design
		35.3.3 Co-design Session
	35.4 Research Outcomes
		35.4.1 Project Learnings
		35.4.2 Research Learnings
	35.5 Discussion
	References
36 Design-Audited Mass Communication Model
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Methodology
		36.2.1 Observation of Five Human Factors
		36.2.2 Usability Study
		36.2.3 Intervention Study
	36.3 Results
		36.3.1 Observation of Five Human Factors
		36.3.2 Usability Study
		36.3.3 Intervention Study
	36.4 Discussion
	36.5 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Design Theory and Research Methodology
37 Impact of Culture on Design Versus Design on Culture
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Literature Review
		37.2.1 Culture
		37.2.2 Design
		37.2.3 Impact
	37.3 Research Exploration
	37.4 Qualitative Impact Parameters
	37.5 Case Study India
	37.6 Case Study the Netherlands
	37.7 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
38 Understanding the Dynamics of Emotions During the Design Process
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Measuring the Design Process and Emotions
	38.3 Aims and Objective of the Study
	38.4 Method
		38.4.1 Participants
		38.4.2 Material
		38.4.3 Procedure
	38.5 Analysis
		38.5.1 Affective States During the Design Process
		38.5.2 Dynamics of the Design Process
	38.6 Results
	38.7 Discussion
	References
39 Design of Multifunctional Artefacts as Perceived by Potential Users: Findings from a Preliminary Investigation
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Survey Design and Data Collection
	39.3 Results and Findings
		39.3.1 Survey Results for Product A
		39.3.2 Survey Results for Product B
		39.3.3 Survey Results for Product C
	39.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
40 Patterns and Insights From a Design Group’s Mobile Chat–Preliminary Findings and Commentary on Participation in Online Communities
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Context
	40.3 Related Literature and Approaches
	40.4 Research Methodology
	40.5 Preliminary Results and Findings
	40.6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
41 Our Machines
	41.1 Introduction
		41.1.1 Initial Concept
		41.1.2 Exhibition Programme Design
	41.2 Themes
		41.2.1 Overview
		41.2.2 Romanticise
		41.2.3 Humanise
		41.2.4 Criticise
	41.3 Conclusion
	References
42 A Qualitative Study of Global Design Practices to Build Directions and Opportunities for Indian Social Design
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Research Methodology
		42.2.1 Cultural Models
		42.2.2 Semi-Structured Interviews
	42.3 Results
	42.4 Discussion
		42.4.1 Based on the Social Design Knowledge and Practices Existing Among Designers Globally, What Are Some Theories and Opportunities for Development of Social Design in India, from a Cultural Lens?
	42.5 Limitations and Future Scope
	42.6 Conclusion
	References
43 Anecdotes to Animation: Role of Oral History in Visual Adaptation Study
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Oral History: A Research Tool in Visual Adaptation Studies
		43.2.1 Background
		43.2.2 Narratives from the Visual Practitioners and Experts
	43.3 Oral History: Anecdotes to Adaptations
		43.3.1 Secondary Study: Literature Review and Interview Preparation
		43.3.2 Data Collection: Interview and Personal Testimonies
		43.3.3 Interpretation and Analysis: Extracting Information from the First-Hand Narratives
	43.4 Findings from the Cross-Cultural First-Hand Narratives
	43.5 Conclusion
	References
44 Design Thinking as a Strategy to Inculcate Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Undergraduate Education Across South Asian Universities
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Literature
		44.2.1 Problem-Based Learning: A Means to Develop Top Skills
		44.2.2 Design Thinking
		44.2.3 Inculcating PBL Through Design Thinking Methods
	44.3 Descriptive Study
		44.3.1 Workshop Participants and Programme
		44.3.2 Workshop Cases: Problem Briefs and Teams
	44.4 Case Study: An Example
		44.4.1 Problem Identification
		44.4.2 Ideation
		44.4.3 Solution Consolidation
		44.4.4 Concept Selection
	44.5 Results and Findings
	44.6 Summary, Conclusions and Discussion
	References
Part V Design Management, Knowledge Management and Product Life Cycle Management
45 Capturing Knowledge Transfer Using Zachman Framework in Bio-inspired Design Process
	45.1 Introduction
		45.1.1 Background
	45.2 Methodology
	45.3 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
46 MCDM-Based Decision Support System for Product Design and Development
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Summary of the Literature
	46.3 Research Methodology
		46.3.1 Identification of Strength, Weaknesses, and Application of MCDM Methods
		46.3.2 Classification of Various Design Stages and Decision Problems
		46.3.3 Mapping of MCDM Methods and Seven Stages of Design
	46.4 Discussion
	46.5 Conclusion
	References
Part VI Lexicon, Taxonomy, Ontology, Machine Learning and Data-Driven Design
47 Mindmaps-Based Tool for Planning and Structuring Design Research Papers
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Methodology
	47.3 Observations—Unstructured Interview and Paper Writing Workshop
	47.4 Mindmaps-Based Tool
	47.5 Testing the Mindmap-Based Tool with Novice Researchers
	47.6 Future Scope
	References
48 Inference Variable—A Human Cognition and Design Perspective on Knowledge Graph Visualization
	48.1 Introduction
		48.1.1 Why is Sensible Visualization Important in a KG Ecosystem?
		48.1.2 Factors of Visualization
		48.1.3 Related Work
		48.1.4 Human Cognitive Aspects of Inferencing—The Need for an Inference Variable
	48.2 Research Perspective
		48.2.1 Case Study
		48.2.2 Visual and Cognitive perspective
	48.3 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Part VII Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship
49 Store Atmospherics, Shopping Motives, and Buyer Behavior—An Indian Consumer Perspective
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Literature Review
	49.3 Summary
	49.4 Research Methodology/Questionnaire Framework
	49.5 Findings and Discussion
	References
50 Creation of Value in Ecosystems—A Perspective from Design Innovation
	50.1 Introduction
		50.1.1 Introduction—Design and Innovation
		50.1.2 Research Direction—Ecosystem-Driven Innovation
		50.1.3 Objective and Proposed Contribution
	50.2 Design Innovation and Value Creation
	50.3 Ecosystems and Innovation
		50.3.1 Understanding Ecosystems
		50.3.2 Value Creation in Ecosystems
		50.3.3 Business Models—Creating and Capturing Value
		50.3.4 Ecosystem Design Canvas
	50.4 Leveraging Design Innovation
	50.5 Conclusion
	References
51 Understanding and Evaluating the Needs of a Respiratory Assessment Device for Community Health
	51.1 Introduction
	51.2 Literature Review
		51.2.1 Respiratory Assessment Process
	51.3 Clinical Survey
		51.3.1 Personal Interviews
		51.3.2 Online Survey
		51.3.3 Data Visualization
		51.3.4 Analysis and Interpretation
	51.4 Conclusion
	References
52 Context of Design Innovation: Development of Practice Support in Accordance with Design Research Methodology for Enabling Creation of Value
	52.1 Introduction
	52.2 Research Methodology Based upon DRM Stages
	52.3 DRM Stage: Research Clarification—A Review Study
		52.3.1 Current Understanding and Expectation
		52.3.2 Success Criteria, Research Questions, Hypothesis
		52.3.3 Areas of Relevance and Contribution
		52.3.4 Type of Research and Research Plan
	52.4 DRM Stage: Descriptive Study I—A Review Study
		52.4.1 Review of Literature on Design Innovation
		52.4.2 Review of Literature on Business Model
		52.4.3 Overall Summary of DS I
	52.5 DRM Stage: Prescriptive Study—A Comprehensive Study
		52.5.1 Task Clarification and Conceptualization
		52.5.2 Support Realization and Introduction
	52.6 DRM Stage: Descriptive Study II—An Initial Study
		52.6.1 Evaluation Focus and Plan
		52.6.2 Evaluation Studies
	52.7 Summary and Conclusion
	References
53 Designing Brand-Led Cultures in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME’s) Struggling Through Midlife Crisis
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Methodology and Research Process
	53.3 Findings
		53.3.1 Design and Branding Are Low Priorities in Most SMEs
		53.3.2 Lack of Focus on the Fundamentals of Business
		53.3.3 Poor Leadership
		53.3.4 Majority of SMEs Do Not Refer to Theory and Research
		53.3.5 Brands Are Personified Humans
		53.3.6 Midlife Crisis
	53.4 Triangulation
	53.5 Recommendations and Conclusion
		53.5.1 Recommendations for Toolkit Development
		53.5.2 Recommendations for Future Research
		53.5.3 Conclusion
	Referencess
54 Understanding Bodo Identity in Their Handloom
	54.1 Introduction
	54.2 Literature Review
		54.2.1 Bodo Religion
	54.3 Research Gap
	54.4 Aim
	54.5 Methodology
	54.6 Analysis and Discussion
	54.7 Conclusion
	References
55 Entrepreneurs Motivation for Selecting Homestay Businesses: Special Reference to Ella, Sri Lanka
	55.1 Introduction
		55.1.1 Background of the Study and Problem Statement
		55.1.2 Research Objectives and Questions
	55.2 Literature Review
		55.2.1 Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka
		55.2.2 Entrepreneurial Intention
		55.2.3 Pull Factors
		55.2.4 Push Factors
	55.3 Research Methodology
		55.3.1 Research Design
		55.3.2 Data Analysis Method
	55.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
		55.4.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents (N = 50)
		55.4.2 Motivational Factors for Homestay Accommodation Entrepreneurs in Ella, Sri Lanka
		55.4.3 Challenges and Problems Faced by Homestay Entrepreneurs
		55.4.4 How Innovative Practices Can Be Used as Entrepreneurs to Face the Challenges
	55.5 Conclusion
	References
56 Measuring Design in Businesses and Government—A Framework to Measure Design Impact
	56.1 Introduction
		56.1.1 Purpose and Scope of This Paper
	56.2 Measuring Design Impact
		56.2.1 Value of Design
		56.2.2 Why is design important?
	56.3 Design in Singapore
		56.3.1 Overview
	56.4 Design Impact Assessment Framework
		56.4.1 Introduction to the Framework
		56.4.2 Design Impact Assessment Methodology
		56.4.3 Effectiveness of the Design Impact Assessment framework
	56.5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
57 Design, Frugal Innovations, and Low-Resource Settings: An Analysis of Five Contextual Aspects
	57.1 Introduction
	57.2 Design, Frugal Innovations, and Low-Resource Settings
	57.3 Research Methodology
	57.4 Contextual Aspects in Designing Frugal Innovations
		57.4.1 Income
		57.4.2 Rural and Urban
		57.4.3 Design Sectors
		57.4.4 Countries
		57.4.5 Gender
	57.5 Discussion and Recommendations
	References
Part VIII Fablabs, Makerspaces and Design Spaces
58 Journey of Product in Maker Spaces—A Case Study
	58.1 Introduction
	58.2 Maker Spaces as an Idea
	58.3 Evolution of maker spaces
	58.4 Journey of the product
		58.4.1 The Making Stage-1 (Idea Inception)
		58.4.2 The Making Stage-2 (Fab-Lab)
		58.4.3 The Making Stage-3 (Viprush Laboratory)
	58.5 Maker Spaces—A Discussion
		58.5.1 Contribution to the Project
		58.5.2 Role in Society and Education
		58.5.3 Need of Maker Space
		58.5.4 Understanding the Gap
	58.6 Present Scenario
		58.6.1 Maker Space in India
		58.6.2 Working of Maker Spaces
	58.7 Conclusion
	References
Part IX Enabling Technologies and Tools (Computer-Aided Conceptual Design, Augmented/Virtual Reality, MEMS, Haptics, Smart Technologies, IoT, Cobotics, etc.)
59 Digital Health Interventions to Enhance Patient Care for Indian Nurses
	59.1 Objectives
	59.2 Research Methodology
	59.3 Indian Nursing Education, Production of Nurses
	59.4 Emerging Technologies Transforming Nursing Practices
	59.5 Overcoming Challenges in Indian Nursing
		59.5.1 Awareness
		59.5.2 Accessibility
		59.5.3 Absence of Healthcare Workforce
		59.5.4 Affordability by Making Nurses Deliver Primary Care
		59.5.5 Accountability
	59.6 Need for Continuous Revision of Nursing Curriculum
		59.6.1 Bridging the Academia and Industry Gap
		59.6.2 Nurses Need to Adapt and Adopt New Technologies
		59.6.3 Leveraging ICTAL and DHI for Nursing Education and Remote Care
		59.6.4 Benefits of Using INKS in Nursing Education and Practice
		59.6.5 Need for Nurse Researchers and ICTAL Niche
		59.6.6 Broadening of Nursing Competence
	59.7 Conclusion
	References
60 Enhancing Creative Learning Methods by Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study in Classroom Environment
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Literature Review
		60.2.1 Awareness of Technology-Based Pedagogy
		60.2.2 Virtual Reality and Teaching–Learning Process of Creativity
		60.2.3 Creative Corner of Virtual Reality Technology Within Art and Design Study
		60.2.4 Summary of Review
	60.3 Hypothesis
	60.4 Methodology
		60.4.1 Sample
		60.4.2 Data Collection Strategies
		60.4.3 Pre-test—Intervention—Post-test Design
		60.4.4 Limitation of This Study
	60.5 Results and Data Analysis
	60.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	60.7 Scope for Further Study
	Appendix
	References
61 The Influence of Industry 4.0 on Product Design and Development: Conceptual Foundations and Literature Review
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Research Approach
		61.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis
	61.3 Review Findings
		61.3.1 Industry 4.0 and Its Key Components
		61.3.2 Role of Design in the Realm of Industry 4.0
		61.3.3 Manufacturing Considerations during Product Design and Development in the Context of Industry 4.0
	61.4 Discussion
	61.5 Conclusion
	References
62 Digital Preservation of the Qutb Shahi Monuments: Archiving Architecture for Historical Education
	62.1 Introduction
	62.2 Artifact Development
		62.2.1 Case Study
		62.2.2 Documentation
		62.2.3 Development
	62.3 Pilot Study
		62.3.1 Study Objectives
		62.3.2 Study Design
		62.3.3 Question Formation
		62.3.4 Demographics
		62.3.5 Delimitations of the Study
		62.3.6 Findings
	62.4 Conclusion
	References
63 A Novel User-Centric Assistive Device for Enhancing Luggage Security in Indian Railways
	63.1 Introduction
		63.1.1 Technology Mediated Support
	63.2 Methodology
		63.2.1 Overview
		63.2.2 System and User Study
		63.2.3 Questionnaire
		63.2.4 Interviews
		63.2.5 User Scenarios
	63.3 Results and Findings
		63.3.1 System and User Study
		63.3.2 Questionnaire
		63.3.3 Interviews
		63.3.4 User Scenarios
	63.4 Analysis and Insights
	63.5 Prototype
		63.5.1 Overview
		63.5.2 Device Description
		63.5.3 Prototype and App Interface
		63.5.4 Discussion
	63.6 Conclusion
	References
64 Design Strategies Enabling Industry 4.0
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Literature Review
	64.3 Methodology
		64.3.1 Methodological Steps
		64.3.2 Proposing Compromise Solution
	64.4 Case Study
	64.5 Results and Discussions
	64.6 Conclusions
	References
65 How Real is Virtual reality—An Immersion, Interaction and Embodiedness Study
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Background
	65.3 Method
		65.3.1 Experiment-1
		65.3.2 Experiment-2
	65.4 Qualitative Analysis
		65.4.1 Analysis of Experiment-1
		65.4.2 Analysis of Experiment-2
	65.5 Quantitative Analysis
	65.6 Discussion
	References
66 Designing Sustainable Tourism Experiences for the Tourists of Tomorrow
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Methodology
	66.3 Analysis
		66.3.1 Problems Faced by Host Nations
		66.3.2 Problems Faced by Tourists
	66.4 Discussion
		66.4.1 Artificial Intelligence
		66.4.2 Big Data
		66.4.3 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
		66.4.4 IOT
	66.5 Conclusion
	References
67 Virtual Reality-Based Fire Safety Training for the Indian Context
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 Literature Review
	67.3 Methodology
		67.3.1 User Interviews
		67.3.2 Surveys
		67.3.3 Basic Fire Safety Training Using Fire Extinguisher
	67.4 Ideation
		67.4.1 Information Architecture
	67.5 Discussion
	67.6 Future Work
		67.6.1 Fire Safety Training for HTC Vive
	67.7 Conclusion
	References
68 Mobile Technologies for Ageing Population with Dementia in Singapore
	68.1 Introduction
	68.2 Literature
	68.3 Methodology
		68.3.1 Method of Analysis
	68.4 Findings
		68.4.1 Delivery of Information and Support Services
		68.4.2 Management of Care Using the Dementia Friends App
		68.4.3 Mobile Technologies for Social Support and Digital Networks
	68.5 Discussion/Recommendation
		68.5.1 A Systems Approach
		68.5.2 Streamline-Enhance-Add-Test (SEAT) Matrix
	68.6 Limitations
	68.7 Conclusion
	References
69 Design for Immersive Experience: Role of Spatial Audio in Extended Reality Applications
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Spatial Audio in XR
	69.3 A Study on User Experience of Spatial Audio
		69.3.1 Comparison of XR Experience with Spatial Audio and Stereo
		69.3.2 Comparison of Spatial Awareness Using Visual and Auditory Cues
		69.3.3 UX of 360° Audio Interaction
		69.3.4 Overall UX of Spatial Audio
	69.4 Discussion
		69.4.1 Insights for Improvements in Technology
		69.4.2 Insights for a Better Spatial Audio Design
	69.5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Questionnaire of Audio Experience in XR
	References
70 An Augmented Reality Application to Teach Human Anatomy to Secondary School Students
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Literature Survey
		70.2.1 Augmented Reality
		70.2.2 SDK for Augmented Reality
		70.2.3 Augmented Reality in Education
		70.2.4 AR in Healthcare Education
		70.2.5 Speech Recognition in Augmented Reality
		70.2.6 System Usability Scale (SUS)
	70.3 Related Augmented Reality Applications
	70.4 Methodology
	70.5 Prototype
	70.6 Results and Analysis
	70.7 Conclusion
	70.8 Future Work
	References
Part X Design Evaluation and Optimisation
71 Part Consolidation in Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Two-Level Approach Using Complexity Metrics
	71.1 Introduction
		71.1.1 Existing Approaches to Part Consolidation in DfAM
	71.2 Two-level Approach
		71.2.1 Identification of Possible Candidates for PC
		71.2.2 Manufacturability Using the Modified Complexity Metric
	71.3 Case Study
		71.3.1 Motor Steering Assembly
		71.3.2 Throttle Pedal
	71.4 Results and Discussion
	71.5 Conclusion
	References
72 A Process to Understand Products in Terms of Design Elements Using Linkographs
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 Variables Involved in Design Are Complex
		72.2.1 Variables Establishing Fractal Triangle of Innovation
		72.2.2 Variables and Sub-variables Involved in Fractal Triangle
	72.3 Current fractal triangle of value Addition proposed
	72.4 Connecting the Design Elements—Linkographs an Overview
		72.4.1 Experiments Conducted
		72.4.2 Results and Discussion
	72.5 Conclusion
	Reference
73 Daylighting Evaluation and Retrofit Strategies: A Simulation-Based Approach to Optimise the Artificial Lighting Consumption
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Methodology
		73.2.1 Building Details
		73.2.2 3D-Modelling and Simulation Details
		73.2.3 Analysis Approach
	73.3 Results and Discussion
		73.3.1 Phase 1—Evaluating the Daylighting Performance and Problem Identification of Existing Lecture Hall Building
		73.3.2 Phase 2—Retrofitting Strategies and Energy Savings
	73.4 Conclusion
	References
74 Evaluation of Retrofitting Strategies to Optimize Thermal Performance of Naturally Ventilated Classrooms: A simulation-Based Approach
	74.1 Introduction
	74.2 Methodology
		74.2.1 Location and Building Details
		74.2.2 Modelling and Simulations
		74.2.3 Retrofitting Strategies
	74.3 Results and Discussion
		74.3.1 Phase 1: Problem Identification
		74.3.2 Phase 2: Analysis of Retrofitting Solutions
		74.3.3 Selection of Optimal Solutions:
		74.3.4 Statistical Validation of RS1
	74.4 Conclusion
	References
Part XI Design Modelling, Prototyping, Simulation and Visualisation
75 A Role-Based Prototyping Approach for Human-Centered Design in Industry
	75.1 Introduction
	75.2 Methodology
		75.2.1 Course Design
		75.2.2 An Adapted Role-Based Prototyping Approach (Adapted RBPA) for Industry Settings
		75.2.3 Deployment of the Methodology
	75.3 Evaluation
	75.4 Discussion
		75.4.1 Methodology
		75.4.2 Contribution and Limitation
		75.4.3 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
76 Improvement of Operator Comfort of a Vibratory Compactor
	76.1 Introduction
	76.2 Evaluation of Operator Comfort Using ISO 2631–1 (WBV) and ISO 5349–1 (HAV)
		76.2.1 Definitions
		76.2.2 Procedure
		76.2.3 Daily Exposure Limit Values
	76.3 Finite Element Analysis
	76.4 Experimental Work
	76.5 Conclusion
	References
77 Harnessing Immersive Technology with Art and Design: A Conceptual Design Procedure with the Aid of Virtual Reality
	77.1 Introduction
	77.2 Literature Review
		77.2.1 Pedagogy and Practice of Art and Design with the Aid of Virtual Reality
		77.2.2 Benefits of VR-Based Cross-Curricular Approach in Art and Design Pedagogy
		77.2.3 Virtual Reality Environment Design Framework
	77.3 Statement of Problem
	77.4 Methodology
	77.5 VR-Aided Content Development of Art and Design for Sixth Standard
	77.6 Framework for Content and Scene Design
		77.6.1 Environment Design: Least of 3D Models
		77.6.2 Environment Design: Scene Navigation and Interactions
	77.7 Application and Results
	77.8 Conclusion
	References
78 Comparative Aerodynamic Performance Analysis on Modified UAV\'s Propeller by Using CFD
	78.1 Introduction About Propeller and Its Importance in the UAV
	78.2 Literature Survey
	78.3 Problem Definition and Solution Techniques
	78.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Results
	78.5 Conclusions
	References
79 Prototype-Driven Innovation: Propositions Based on Challenges and Opportunities
	79.1 Introduction
	79.2 Literature Review
	79.3 Prototype in Design, NPD and Innovation
	79.4 Attributes of Prototypes
	79.5 Prototyping for Knowledge
	79.6 Prototyping Process and Supports
	79.7 Reference Model and Impact Model for Future Direction
	79.8 Conclusion
	References
80 Visuo-Locomotive Complexity as a Component of Parametric Design for Architecture
	80.1 Introduction
	80.2 A Model of Visuo-Locomotive Complexity for Spatial Design
	80.3 An Empirical Basis for a Visuospatial Complexity Scale
	80.4 Parametric Modelling of Visuospatial Complexity
	80.5 Summary
	References
Correction to: Modular Communication as a Structure for Sustainability Within Social Enterprises