Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	1.1 Purpose
	1.2 Scope
	1.3 Use of This Manual
	1.4 Historic General Design Requirements
	1.5 Stakeholders
	1.6 Nature of Wind
	1.7 Limitations
Design Process
	2.1 Overview
	2.2 Establish Performance Objectives
	2.3 Preliminary Structural Design
	2.4 Wind Climate Assessment
	2.5 Wind-Induced Loads and Responses
	2.6 Structural Modeling and Analysis
	2.7 Comparison of Results to Acceptance Criteria
	2.8 Wind Optimization Program
	2.9 Final Design
Performance Objectives and Acceptance Criteria
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mean Recurrence Intervals
		3.2.1 Strength: Foundation and Lateral System (Main Wind Force Resisting System)
		3.2.2 Serviceability: Drift and Displacement
		3.2.3 Serviceability: Accelerations and Motion Perception
	3.3 Stability
		3.3.1 P-Delta (Second Order) Effects
		3.3.2 Story Stability Coefficient
		3.3.3 Stability Evaluation with P-Delta Analysis
		3.3.4 Global Stability and Story Stability
		3.3.5 Stability Acceptance Criteria
	3.4 Strength Evaluation of the Lateral Force-Resisting System
	3.5 Building Displacements
		3.5.1 Overall Building Deflection
		3.5.2 Story Drift
		3.5.3 Drift Measurement Index
		3.5.4 Recommended Drift Criteria
	3.6 Nonstructural Elements
	3.7 Occupant Comfort
		3.7.1 Acceleration
		3.7.2 Visual and Auditory
	3.8 Project-Specific Performance
Preliminary Structural Design
	4.1 Purpose
	4.2 Preliminary Wind Estimates
		4.2.1 Along-Wind Response
		4.2.2 Crosswind Response
	4.3 Estimation of Building Performance
		4.3.1 Preliminary Structural Analysis
		4.3.2 Strength Checks
		4.3.3 Building Periods and Mode Shapes
Wind Climate Assessment
	5.1 Overview
	5.2 Davenport Wind Loading Chain
	5.3 Wind Climate: Storm Types and Data Sources
		5.3.1 Windstorm Types
		5.3.2 Data Sources
	5.4 Influence of Terrain
	5.5 Extreme Value Analysis
	5.6 Design Criteria: Mean Recurrence Intervals
Wind Tunnel Testing
	6.1 Overview
	6.2 Triggers for Testing
	6.3 Types of Wind Tunnel Tests
		6.3.1 High-Frequency Balance
		6.3.2 High-Frequency Pressure Integration
		6.3.3 Aeroelastic Method
	6.4 Physical Testing versus Computational Estimates
	6.5 Testing Procedure
		6.5.1 Timeline and Type for Testing
		6.5.2 Inclusions and Exclusions
		6.5.3 Required Input Information
	6.6 Combining Climate and Wind Tunnel Data
	6.7 Typical Outputs
	6.8 Additional Considerations
		6.8.1 Shielding and Influence from Surrounding Buildings
		6.8.2 Design Evolution
		6.8.3 Minimum Thresholds
Damping
	7.1 Overview
	7.2 Inherent Damping
	7.3 Aerodynamic Damping
	7.4 Supplemental Damping
		7.4.1 Direct Damping Systems
		7.4.2 Indirect Damping Systems
	7.5 Supplemental Damping: Strength and Serviceability
Structural Modeling and Analysis
	8.1 Structural Modeling
		8.1.1 Strength-Level and Serviceability-Level Analysis
		8.1.2 Primary Lateral Load-Resisting System and Nonparticipating Elements
		8.1.3 Building Mass
		8.1.4 P-Delta (Second Order) Effects
		8.1.5 Diaphragms
		8.1.6 Foundation Flexibility
		8.1.7 Panel Zone Deformations
	8.2 Special Considerations for Reinforced Concrete Structures
		8.2.1 Expected Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Materials
		8.2.2 Stiffness Modifiers and Behavior of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Structures
		8.2.3 Simplified Method for Selecting Stiffness Modifiers
		8.2.4 Detailed Method for Selecting Stiffness Modifiers
Wind Optimization Program
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Building Orientation
	9.3 Building Geometry
	9.4 Holistic Optimization
Concluding Remarks
	10.1 Design Validation
	10.2 Peer Review
	10.3 Concurrent Research and Future Directions
		10.3.1 Monitoring
		10.3.2 Performance-Based Design
		10.3.3 Computational Wind Engineering
		10.3.4 High-Performance and New Materials
	10.4 Closing Remarks
References
Index