Desertification and Land Degradation: Concept to Combating

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Author Biographies
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Desertification and Land Degradation – A Global Issue
	1.3 What Is DLD?
	1.4 Causes of DLD
	1.5 Consequences of DLD
	1.6 Historical Perspective
	References
Chapter 2 Desert, Desertification and Land Degradation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Land
	2.3 Ecosystem and Ecosystem Services
	2.4 Drylands
		2.4.1 Defining Drylands
			2.4.1.1 Climate
			2.4.1.2 Land Cover, Vegetation and Soil
			2.4.1.3 Dryland Farming
			2.4.1.4 People
	2.5 Deserts
		2.5.1 Types of Deserts
		2.5.2 Major Deserts of the World
		2.5.3 Desert Life
			2.5.3.1 Flora
			2.5.3.2 Fauna
			2.5.3.3 People
			2.5.3.4 Desert Landforms
			2.5.3.5 Threat to Deserts
	2.6 Land Degradation
	2.7 Soil Degradation
	2.8 Desertification
	2.9 Wastelands
	References
Chapter 3 Causes and Drivers
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Anthropogenic Causes
		3.2.1 Land Use Land Cover Change
		3.2.2 Deforestation
		3.2.3 Overgrazing
		3.2.4 Poverty
		3.2.5 Insecure Land Tenure
		3.2.6 Migration
		3.2.7 Population Pressure
		3.2.8 Agricultural Management Practices
		3.2.9 Policy and Governance
	3.3 Biophysical Causes – Climate
	3.4 Combination of Anthropogenic and Biophysical Causes
	References
Chapter 4 Desertification and Land Degradation Processes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Physical Degradation Processes
		4.2.1 Soil Erosion
			4.2.1.1 Water Erosion
			4.2.1.2 Wind Erosion
		4.2.2 Waterlogging
		4.2.3 Soil Compaction
		4.2.4 Mass Movement
		4.2.5 Frost Shattering
		4.2.6 Frost Heaving
	4.3 Chemical Degradation Process
		4.3.1 Salinization and Alkalization
		4.3.2 Acidification of Soil
		4.3.3 Soil Nutrient Depletion
	4.4 Biological Processes
		4.4.1 Vegetal Degradation
		4.4.2 Soil Organic Carbon
	4.5 Others
		4.5.1 Urbanization
		4.5.2 Mining and Quarrying
		4.5.3 Brick Kiln
	References
Chapter 5 Environmental and Social Impact
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Land Surface Physical Properties
		5.2.1 Albedo
		5.2.2 Land Surface Temperature
		5.2.3 Diurnal Temperature Range
		5.2.4 Emissivity
		5.2.5 Surface Energy Balance
	5.3 Ecosystem Services
	5.4 The People and the Socio-Economic Conditions
	5.5 Migration
		5.5.1 Mexico
		5.5.2 The Sahel: Examples of Burkina Faso and Mali
		5.5.3 China
	5.6 Biodiversity
	5.7 Climate
	References
Chapter 6 Ocean Biological Deserts
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Contributing Factors Towards Ocean Biological Deserts
		6.2.1 Factors Governing Ocean Productivity
			6.2.1.1 Sunlight
			6.2.1.2 Nutrients
			6.2.1.3 Ocean Currents
	6.3 Formation of Ocean Biological Deserts
		6.3.1 Natural Process
		6.3.2 Human Actions
			6.3.2.1 River/Industrial Discharge in Oceans
			6.3.2.2 Climate Change
			6.3.2.3 Overfishing
			6.3.2.4 Marine Debris
	6.4 Ocean Biological Deserts: Examples
		6.4.1 Black Sea
		6.4.2 Gulf of Mexico
		6.4.3 Baltic Sea
		6.4.4 Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
	6.5 Combating Ocean Biological Deserts
	References
Chapter 7 Indicators
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Defining Indicators
	7.3 Selection of Indicators
	7.4 Conceptual Framework
		7.4.1 PSR Framework
		7.4.2 DPSIR Framework
		7.4.3 DPSER Framework
		7.4.4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework
		7.4.5 Framework used by UNCCD
	7.5 Indicator Selection as per the Conceptual Framework
		7.5.1 Pressure Indicator
		7.5.2 State Indicators
			7.5.2.1 State Indicators Used for Mapping DLD
		7.5.3 Impact Indicators
		7.5.4 Response Indicators
	References
Chapter 8 Remote Sensing Technique
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
	8.3 Source of EM Radiation for Remote Sensing
		8.3.1 Atmospheric Influences
	8.4 Remote Sensors
		8.4.1 Sensor Performance Parameters
		8.4.2 Platforms and Orbits
		8.4.3 Data Product Generation
	8.5 Data Analysis
		8.5.1 Spectral Signature
			Vegetation
		8.5.2 Visual Analysis
		8.5.3 Digital Classification
	8.6 Validation of Analysed Data
	8.7 Geographic Information System for Generating Action Plan
	References
Chapter 9 Mapping and Monitoring Methods
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Maps
	9.3 Mapping and Monitoring Methods
		9.3.1 Indicator-based Methods
			9.3.1.1 Land Cover Change
			9.3.1.2 Land Productivity Dynamics
			9.3.1.3 Carbon Stock Above and Below Ground
			9.3.1.4 Computation of Degraded Land Area
			9.3.1.5 Changes in Primary Productivity
		9.3.2 Mapping DLD Processes
			9.3.2.1 Identification of Signatures
			9.3.2.2 Image Interpretation Key and Classification System
	9.4 Case Studies
		9.4.1 Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation
		9.4.2 Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands
		9.4.3 Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement
		9.4.4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
		9.4.5 World Atlas of Desertification
		9.4.6 IRD Approach
		9.4.7 ROSELT/OSS
		9.4.8 Asian TPN-1 on Desertification Monitoring and Assessment (DM & A)
		9.4.9 ASSOD
		9.4.10 Land Degradation Index (2d RUE)
		9.4.11 ESA – MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use)
		9.4.12 India’s Desertification/Land Degradation Status Map
		9.4.13 China’s DLD Mapping
		9.4.14 Australian Collaborative Rangeland Information System
	References
Chapter 10 Desertification Vulnerability Assessment
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Factors Responsible for Desertification Vulnerability
		10.2.1 Biophysical Factors
			10.2.1.1 Climate
			10.2.1.2 Soil
			10.2.1.3 Vegetation
			10.2.1.4 Land Use/Land Cover
		10.2.2 Socio-Economic Factors
		10.2.3 Traditions and Beliefs
	10.3 Models for DLD Vulnerability Assessment
		10.3.1 Models Based on Biophysical Parameters
			10.3.1.1 Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS)
		10.3.2 Models Based on Socio-Economic Parameters
		10.3.3 Models Based on Hybrid Approach
	10.4 Concept of Desertification ‘Hotspots’ and ‘Bright Spots’
	References
Chapter 11 Combating Strategies
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methods for Combating DLD
		11.2.1 Increasing Vegetative Cover
		11.2.2 Rainwater Harvesting
			11.2.2.1 Stop Dams
			11.2.2.2 Percolation Tanks and Farm ponds
			11.2.2.3 Sub-Surface Dykes
		11.2.3 Combating Water Erosion
			11.2.3.1 Contour Bunds
			11.2.3.2 Contour Trenches
			11.2.3.3 Drainage Line Treatment/Check Dam/Gully Plugging
			11.2.3.4 Contour Farming
			11.2.3.5 Terrace Farming
			11.2.3.6 Strip Cropping
			11.2.3.7 Buffer Striping
			11.2.3.8 Farm Bunding
			11.2.3.9 Conservation Tillage
			11.2.3.10 Mulching
			11.2.3.11 Use of Polyacrylamide on Irrigated Areas
			11.2.3.12 Practices at Construction Sites
		11.2.4 Wind Erosion
			11.2.4.1 Agroforestry Systems
			11.2.4.2 Silvipasture Systems
			11.2.4.3 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
			11.2.4.4 Stabilization of Sand Dunes
		11.2.5 Salinization
			11.2.5.1 Methods of Prevention
		11.2.6 Waterlogging
	11.3 Implementation Mechanism
	11.4 Monitoring the Impact of Implementation
		11.4.1 India
		11.4.2 Great Green Wall Project, Africa
	11.5 Case Studies
		11.5.1 China
		11.5.2 Algeria – Green Dam Project
		11.5.3 Chile
		11.5.4 Turkey
		11.5.5 Israel
		11.5.6 Jordan
		11.5.7 Mali
		11.5.8 Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
	References
Chapter 12 International Initiatives
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 United Nations Conference on Desertification
	12.3 Earth Summit – 1992
	12.4 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
		12.4.1 Objectives of the Convention and Obligations of the Country Parties
		12.4.2 Ten-Year Strategic Plan and Framework
		12.4.3 The 2018–2030 Strategic Framework
	12.5 GLASOD
	12.6 Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands
	12.7 GLADA and GLADIS
	12.8 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
	12.9 IPBES
	12.10 World Atlas of Desertification
	12.11 Bonn Challenge
	References
Chapter 13 Land Degradation Neutrality
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Millennium Development Goals
	13.3 Sustainable Development Goals
	13.4 Land Degradation Neutrality
		13.4.1 The Conceptual Framework
		13.4.2 Baseline or Frame of Reference
		13.4.3 LDN Pilot Project
		13.4.4 LDN Target Setting Programme
		13.4.5 LDN Transformative Projects and Programmes
		13.4.6 Indicator 15.3.1
		13.4.7 Synergy with Other Rio Conventions
	References
Index