Desalination Technologies: Design and Operation

DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES: Design and Operation
Copyright
Dedication
Authors
Preface
1 . Introduction
	1.1 World water demand and crisis
	1.2 Wastewater, reclamation and reuse, social perception
	1.3 Sustainable water supply and management
		1.3.1 Wastewater treatment and reuse
		1.3.2 Water network for distribution
		1.3.3 Effective use of water in agriculture
		1.3.4 Water demand management
	1.4 Freshwater production by desalination processes
		1.4.1 Thermal desalination processes
		1.4.2 Membrane desalination processes
	1.5 Market share and analysis of different desalination processes
	References
2 . Desalination processes
	2.1 MEE desalination process
		2.1.1 MEE process with heat pumps
			2.1.1.1 MEE-TVC process
			2.1.1.2 MEE-MVC process
			2.1.1.3 MEE-ABVC process
			2.1.1.4 MEE-ADVC process
	2.2 MSF desalination process
		2.2.1 Once through MSF process
		2.2.2 Multistage flash with brine recirculation
	2.3 RO desalination process
		2.3.1 Principle of reverse osmosis
		2.3.2 Membrane module
			2.3.2.1 Plate and frame membrane configuration
			2.3.2.2 Tubular membrane configuration
			2.3.2.3 Spiral wound membrane module
			2.3.2.4 Hollow fiber membrane module
	References
3 . Process modeling, simulation, optimization, and computational tools
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Modeling
		3.2.1 Process modeling
		3.2.2 Types of models
		3.2.3 Solution of process model
			3.2.3.1 Degrees of freedom
	3.3 Process simulation
		3.3.1 Sequential modular approach
			3.3.1.1 Simulation of open-loop flowsheet
			3.3.1.2 Simulation of closed-loop flowsheet (with recycle stream)
		3.3.2 Simultaneous modular approach
		3.3.3 Equation-oriented approach
	3.4 Optimization
		3.4.1 Essential features of optimization problems
		3.4.2 Optimization problem formulation
		3.4.3 Solution of optimization problems
			3.4.3.1 NLP solution techniques
				3.4.3.1.1 Successive linear programming method
				3.4.3.1.2 Successive quadratic programming method
			3.4.3.2 MINLP solution techniques
				3.4.3.2.1 Branch-and-bound method
				3.4.3.2.2 Outer approximation method
	3.5 Commercial flowsheeting software used in desalination
		3.5.1 gPROMS software
			3.5.1.1 Modeling process discontinuities
			3.5.1.2 Modeling of operating procedures
			3.5.1.3 Dynamic optimization
			3.5.1.4 Parameter estimation
			3.5.1.5 Open architecture
	3.6 Advantages of modeling and simulation
	References
4 . Modeling of MSF desalination process
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 MSF model: type I
		4.2.1 Single-stage flash process
			4.2.1.1 Degrees of freedom (DOF)
			4.2.1.2 Example and specifications
			4.2.1.3 Results
		4.2.2 Three-stage flash process
			4.2.2.1 Degrees of freedom (DOFs)
			4.2.2.2 Example and specifications
			4.2.2.3 Results
		4.2.3 Multistage flash process
			4.2.3.1 Degrees of freedom
			4.2.3.2 Example and specifications
		4.2.4 Multistage flash desalination with specified condenser area
			4.2.4.1 Degrees of freedom
			4.2.4.2 Example and specifications
		4.2.5 Single-stage flash desalination with brine recycle
			4.2.5.1 Degrees of freedom
			4.2.5.2 Example and specifications
			4.2.5.3 Solution of model equations
		4.2.6 Multistage flash process with brine recycle
			4.2.6.1 Degrees of freedom
	4.3 MSF model: type II
		4.3.1 Model equations
			4.3.1.1 Stage model
			4.3.1.2 Brine heater model
			4.3.1.3 Brine splitter model
			4.3.1.4 Seawater makeup mixer model
			4.3.1.5 Physical and chemical properties equations
			4.3.1.6 Boiling point elevation (TE) due to salinity
		4.3.2 Degrees of freedom analysis
			4.3.2.1 Example
	4.4 MSF model: type III (hybrid)
		4.4.1 Example 1
		4.4.2 Example 2: effect of seawater temperature and steam temperature on freshwater production
		4.4.3 Example 3: effects of seawater temperature and the design on the operating parameters for fixed freshwater demand
	4.5 MSF model: type IV
		4.5.1 Stage pressure (Pj)
		4.5.2 Example
	4.6 MSF model: type V
		4.6.1 Demister model
		4.6.2 Maximum liquid entrainment mechanism (Sommariva et al., 1999)
		4.6.3 Mass balance (El-Dessouky et al., 2000)
		4.6.4 Separation efficiency (η)
		4.6.5 kf for Clean condition (Sommariva et al., 1999)
		4.6.6 kf for fouled condition (Sommariva et al., 1999)
		4.6.7 Superficial vapor velocity vs (m/sec) (Sommariva et al., 1999)
		4.6.8 Example
	Nomenclature
	flink1
	References
5 . Modeling of RO desalination process
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 RO process
	5.3 RO membrane modeling
		5.3.1 Membrane transport theories
			5.3.1.1 Solution–diffusion membrane mechanism
			5.3.1.2 Irreversible thermodynamics membrane mechanism
		5.3.2 Concentration polarization
	5.4 RO model—Type I
		5.4.1 RO model—Type Ia
	5.5 RO model—Type II
		5.5.1 Single module continuous RO process
		5.5.2 Model—Type IIa
		5.5.3 Model—Type IIb
		5.5.4 Single module batch RO process
	5.6 RO model—Type III
		5.6.1 Single module continuous RO process
		5.6.2 Single module batch RO process
	5.7 RO model—Type IV
		5.7.1 Single module continuous RO process
		5.7.2 Single module batch RO process
	5.8 RO model—Type V
		5.8.1 Continuous RO process—spiral wound membrane
	flink1
	5.9 RO model—Type VI
		5.9.1 Continuous RO process—spiral wound membrane
	5.10 RO model—Type VII
		5.10.1 Continuous RO process—hollow fiber membrane
			5.10.1 Model Type—VIIa
	5.11 RO models for boron rejection
	References
	Further reading
6 . Modeling of MEE desalination process
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 MEE process
	6.3 MEE model Type—I
		6.3.1 Reformulation of model Type—I equations for sequential solution
	6.4 MEE model Type—II
	6.5 MEE model Type – III
		6.5.1 Forward feed MEE-TVC process—model Type IIIa
	6.6 MEE model Type—IV
	References
7 . Optimization of MSF desalination process
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Operation of MSF processes
	7.3 Optimization of MSF processes under fixed freshwater demand
		7.3.1 Optimization problem 1: fixed design with dynamic brine heater fouling but constant stage fouling
		7.3.2 Optimization problem 2: optimum design with constant brine heater and stage fouling
	7.4 Optimization of MSF processes with variable freshwater demand
		7.4.1 Optimization problem 3: variable monthly freshwater demand
		7.4.2 Optimization problem 4: variable daily freshwater demand—constant fouling factors
			7.4.2.1 Seasonal freshwater demand
		7.4.3 Optimization problem 5: variable daily freshwater demand—variable fouling factors
			7.4.3.1 Effect of seawater temperature on CaCO3 fouling resistance
	7.5 Global optimization
		7.5.1 Optimization problem 6
	7.6 Optimization of industrial MSF-BR process—optimization problem 7
	7.7 MSF-BR with thermal vapor compression (MSF-BR-TVC)
	7.8 Optimization of cogenerating plants: power and desalination plants
	References
8 . Optimization of RO desalination process
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Optimization problem 1
		8.2.1 Maximum recovery ratio problem
		8.2.2 Maximum profit problem
			8.2.2.1 Price sensitivity
	8.3 Optimization problem 2
	8.4 Optimization problem 3
	8.5 Optimization problem 4
		8.5.1 Optimization problem 4a
		8.5.2 Optimization problem 4b
	8.6 Optimization problem 5
	8.7 Optimization problem 6
	8.8 Optimization problem 7
		8.8.1 Operation optimization
		8.8.2 Design and operation optimization
	8.9 Optimization problem 8
		8.9.1 Single objective optimization
		8.9.2 Multiobjective optimization
	8.10 Optimization problem 9
		8.10.1 Optimization problem 9a
		8.10.2 Optimization problem 9b
		8.10.3 Optimization problem 9c
	8.11 Optimization problem 10
	8.12 Optimization problem 11
	8.13 Optimization problem 12
	8.14 Optimization problem 13
	8.15 Optimization problem 14: boron removal
	8.16 Optimization problem 15: boron removal
	8.17 Optimization problem 16: boron removal
	8.18 Optimization problem 17
	8.19 Optimization problem 18
	8.20 Optimization problem 19: meeting variable freshwater demand
	8.21 Optimization problem 20: meeting variable freshwater demand
	8.22 Optimization problem 21: internally staged design
	8.23 Optimization problem 22: multiperiod operation
	References
9 . Optimization of MEE desalination process
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Optimization problem 1
	9.3 Optimization problem 2
	9.4 Optimization problem 3
	9.5 Optimization problem 4
	9.6 Optimization problem 5
	9.7 Optimization problem 6
	9.8 Optimization problem 7
	9.9 Optimization problem 8
	9.10 Optimization problem 9
	9.11 Optimization problem 10
	9.12 Optimization problem 11
	9.13 Optimization problem 12
	9.14 Optimization problem 13
	References
10 . Hybrid desalination processes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Hybrid MSF-RO process 1: optimization
	10.3 Hybrid MSF-RO process 2: optimization
	10.4 Hybrid MSF-RO process 3: optimization
	10.5 Hybrid MEE-TVC-RO process 1: optimization
	10.6 Hybrid MEE-TVC-RO process 2: simulation
	10.7 Hybrid MEE-RO process 3: optimization
	10.8 Hybrid MEE-TVC-RO process 4: simulation
	10.9 Hybrid MEE-TVC-RO process 5: simulation
	10.10 Hybrid MEE-TVC-RO process 6: optimization
	10.11 Hybrid MSF-MEE process 1: simulation
	10.12 Hybrid MSF-MEE process 2: simulation
	10.13 Hybrid MSF-MEE process 3: optimization
	10.14 Hybrid Utility-MEE-TVC-RO process: optimization
	10.15 Hybrid CHP-MEE-TVC-RO process: simulation
	10.16 Hybrid dual-purpose power and water plant 1: simulation
	10.17 Hybrid dual-purpose power and water plant 2: simulation
	10.18 Hybrid forward osmosis (FO)-RO desalination process: simulation
	10.19 Hybrid FO-MSF desalination process
	10.20 Hybrid pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)-RO desalination process: simulation
	References
11 . Dynamic modeling and control of desalination processes
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Dynamic modeling of MSF process
		11.2.1 Stage model
		11.2.2 Brine heater model
		11.2.3 Last stage, N
	11.3 MSF process control
		11.3.1 Proportional integral derivative (PID) control
		11.3.2 Generic Model Control (GMC)
		11.3.3 Example
	11.4 Dynamic modeling of RO process
	11.5 RO process control
	11.6 Dynamic modeling of MEE process
	11.7 Control of MEE process
		11.7.1 Set point tracking without disturbances
		11.7.2 Set point tracking with disturbances
	11.8 Nomenclature
	11.9 Greek letters
	References
12 . Use of renewable energies in desalination processes
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Freeze desalination using LNG cold energy
	12.3 MEE-TVC-RO desalination using solar energy
	12.4 RO desalination using solar energy
	12.5 Combined cycle power and MSF desalination process with solar energy
	12.6 Solar powered humidification–dehumidification based desalination
	12.7 RO desalinization system for power and water supply using renewable energies
	12.8 RO process for producing different grades of water using multiple renewable energy sources
	12.9 RO desalination process using wind energy
	12.10 MEE desalination process using thermocline energy
	12.11 Thermosiphon powered RO desalination process
	References
13 . Application of artificial intelligence in desalination processes
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 NN architecture
		13.2.1 Neurons
		13.2.2 Weights and biases
		13.2.3 Transfer function
	13.3 NN training algorithm
	13.4 Features of MATLAB neural network toolbox
		13.4.1 Generalization and processing of data
		13.4.2 Optimum network architecture
		13.4.3 The training, validation, and testing
	13.5 NN based correlation for boiling point temperature elevation (TE) in MSF process
		13.5.1 Experimental data
		13.5.2 Radial basis function NN-based correlation for TE in MSF process
	13.6 NN-based correlation for estimating first and second dissociation constant of carbonic acid in seawater
		13.6.1 Dissociation constants
	13.7 NN-based correlation for estimating dynamic freshwater demand profile at different seasons
	13.8 NN-based correlation for estimating dynamic water permeability constant in RO process
		13.8.1 Membrane fouling and mechanism
	13.9 NN-based modeling of RO process
	13.10 NN-based control of RO process
	13.11 NN-based modeling of RO process
	13.12 NN-based modeling of industrial MSF and RO process
	13.13 NN-based modeling and optimization of industrial MSF
	References
14 . Pretreatments and posttreatments in desalination processes
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Pretreatments in MSF process
		14.2.1 MSF pretreatment with nanofiltration
		14.2.2 MSF pretreatment with salts precipitation
		14.2.3 MSF pretreatment with FO
		14.2.4 Chlorination in MSF
		14.2.5 Ion exchange–based pretreatment in MSF
	14.3 RO membrane fouling
		14.3.1 Colloidal fouling
		14.3.2 Organic fouling
		14.3.3 Biofouling
	14.4 Conventional pretreatments in RO process
		14.4.1 Chlorination/disinfection and pH adjustment
		14.4.2 Coagulation
		14.4.3 Flocculation
		14.4.4 Sedimentation
		14.4.5 Flotation
		14.4.6 Filtration
		14.4.7 Antiscalant
		14.4.8 Dechlorination
	14.5 Nonconventional pretreatments in RO process
		14.5.1 Microfiltration
		14.5.2 Ultrafiltration
	14.6 Posttreatment of desalinated water
	14.7 Environmental impact
	References
	Further reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z