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دانلود کتاب Dermatology in Public Health Environments: A Comprehensive Textbook
دانلود کتاب پوست در محیط های بهداشت عمومی: کتاب درسی جامع
مشخصات کتاب
Dermatology in Public Health Environments: A Comprehensive Textbook
ویرایش: 2 نویسندگان: Renan Rangel Bonamigo, André Avelino Costa Beber, Clarice Gabardo Ritter, Renata Heck سری: ISBN (شابک) : 3031135040, 9783031135064 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 2160 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 161 مگابایت
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فهرست مطالب
Preface Acknowledgements Contents Part I: Dermatology in Public Health 1: Setting Priorities in Public Health Dermatology Introduction Setting Priorities Practical Applications References Further Reading 2: International Public Health Strategies in Dermatology Introduction State of the Art WHO Strategies Related to Dermatology Sexually Transmitted Infections Rationale Targets Strategies Interventions Neglected Tropical Diseases Rationale Strategy Interventions HIV and AIDS Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016–2021 Strategic Direction 1: Information for Focused Action (What Is the Situation?) Strategic Direction 2: Interventions for Impact (What Services Should Be Delivered?) Strategic Direction 3: Delivering for Equity (How Can These Services Be Delivered?) Strategic Direction 4: Financing for Sustainability (How Can the Costs of Delivering the Package of Services Be Covered?) Strategic Direction 5: Innovation for Acceleration (How Can the Trajectory of the Response Be Changed?) Strategy Implementation Leprosy Skin Diseases in Primary Care Future Perspectives References Further Reading Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016–2021 Leprosy Skin Diseases in Primary Care 3: The User of the Public Service in Dermatology Introduction Health Services The Social and Demographic Profile of the Users The Nosological Profile of Users The Characteristics of a Public Health Dermatology Service References 4: Impact of Preventive Campaigns in Dermatology: A Brazilian Experience Introduction Concepts and Practices of Preventive Health Campaigns in Health Promotion and Health Education Current Status and Perspectives Relevant Historical Aspects of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology Preventive Skin Cancer Campaign The Impact Perceived by NSCC on Epidemiological Indicators and Perspectives Relevant Historical Aspects of Brazilian Government Campaigns of Hansen’s Disease The Impact Perceived by HD Campaigns on Epidemiological Indicators and Perspectives Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and AIDS: Relevant Historic Aspects of Brazilian Campaigns The Perceived Impact on Epidemiological Indicators of STI and AIDS, and Perspectives National Psoriasis Awareness Campaign: Relevant Aspects from SBD and SUS Initiatives References Part II: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Cutaneous Infectious 5: Hanseniasis Introduction Epidemiology Etiological Agent and Transmission Clinical Presentation and Classification Indeterminate Hanseniasis Tuberculoid Hanseniasis Virchowian Hanseniasis Dimorphous Hanseniasis Diagnosis Clinical Examination Nerves Examination General Examination Looking for Complications Complementary Examinations (See Box 5.4) Bacilloscopy Skin Biopsy ML Flow Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Reactions and Its Management Type 1 or Reversal Reaction Type 2 or Erythema Nodosum Hansenic (ENH) Treatment of Reactions Type 1 Reaction Type 2 Reaction Erythema Nodosum Hansenic (ENH) Neuropathic Pain Relapse, Reactions, and Efficacy of Multidrug Therapy Systemic Involvement in Hanseniasis Nerve Damage and Disabilities Contacts in Hanseniasis Hanseniasis and COVID-19 Glossary References 6: Tuberculosis Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Exogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis Tuberculous Chancre Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis (TVC) Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis By Contiguity or Autoinoculation Scrofuloderma Orificial Tuberculosis By Hematogenic and/or Lymphatic Dissemination Lupus vulgaris Tuberculous Gumma Acute Miliary Tuberculosis Tuberculids Lichen scrofulosorum Papulonecrotic Tuberculid Erythema Induratum of Bazin Cutaneous Tuberculosis Secondary to BCG Vaccination Complementary Examinations Tuberculin Skin Test Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA) Direct Examination or Bacilloscopy Mycobacterial Culture Polymerase Chain Reaction Genotyping Histopathologic Diagnosis Paucibacillary Forms Lupus vulgaris Tuberculosis verrucosa Cutis Intermediate Forms Scrofuloderma Primary Tuberculosis Multibacillary Forms Acute Miliary Tuberculosis Orificial Tuberculosis Metastatic Tuberculous Abscesses and Gumma Hypersensitivity Reactions Lichen scrofulosorum Erythema induratum Bazin Papulonecrotic Tuberculid Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Surgical Treatment Special Circumstances [1–3, 12, 81, 163] SARS-CoV-2 Infection Pregnancy Elderly Kidney Disease Liver Disease Glossary References 7: Other Mycobacterioses Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Nontuberculous Mycobacteria of Dermatologic Interest Mycobacterium marinum Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. smegmatis (RGM) M. chelonae Mycobacterium abscessus Complex (MABSC) Mycobacterium ulcerans Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Mycobacterium szulgai Mycobacterium haemophilum Other Species of Mycobacteria Reactive Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Microbiological Diagnosis Investigation of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Stained Smear Mycobacterial Culture Phenotypic Identification of the Species Rapidly Growing NTM Slowly Growing NTM Molecular Diagnosis Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification of Mycobacterial Species (Genotyping) Histopathologic Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Mycobacterium marinum Mycobacterium abscessus Complex (MABSC), Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium fortuitum (RGM) Mycobacterium ulcerans Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Mycobacterium haemophilum Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium szulgai Glossary References 8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Introduction Syphilis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Early Malignant Syphilis Late Syphilis Complementary Examinations Direct Demonstration of the Etiologic Agent Serologic Tests False-Positive Syphilis Serology Diagnosis (Box 8.1) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach [14, 18–21] Chancroid Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis (Box 8.2) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Gonorrhea Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Other Clinical Aspects Urologic Sequelae Female Gonorrhea Disseminated Gonococcal Infection Diagnosis (Box 8.3) Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Recommended (First Line) Regimens for Anogenital Infections Genital Warts Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 8.4) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Lymphogranuloma Venereum Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 8.5) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Donovanosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Relationship with HIV Differential Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 8.6) Therapeutic Approach Considerations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC) About STDs Glossary References 9: Bacterial Infections Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Clinical Presentation Patterns Impetigo Bullous Impetigo Nonbullous Impetigo Ecthyma Erysipelas and Cellulitis Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) Folliculitis Superficial Folliculitis Deep Folliculitis or Furuncles (“Boils”) Folliculitis Decalvans Dissecting Cellulitis Acne Keloidalis Nuchae Sycosis Cutaneous Abscesses Necrotizing Infections Corynebacterium Superficial Infections Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References Further Readings 10: Viral Infections Human Herpesvirus Herpes Simplex (HHV-1 and HHV-2) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3 or VZV) Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Prevention Post-herpetic Neuralgia Epstein–Barr Virus (HHV-4) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnostic and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)/Exanthema Subitum Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7) Human Herpesvirus Type 8 (HHV-8) Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Destructive Chemical Agents Destructive Physical Agents Antiproliferative Agents Immunostimulants Therapeutic Perspectives Enterovirus Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome Herpangina Diagnosis and Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Measles Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination Measles Vaccine and Immunosuppression Rubella Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccine Erythema Infectiosum Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Gianotti–Crosti Syndrome Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Poxvirus Diseases Smallpox Introduction Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccine Vaccinia Monkeypox Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Suspect Case Probable Case Confirmed Case Epidemiologic Criteria Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Prevention Vaccination Post-exposure Prophylaxis Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) Cowpox Milker’s Nodules and Orf Molluscum Contagiosum Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Prions Emerging Viruses Ebola Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Dengue Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Features Classification (According to WHO 2009 Guideline) [210] Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination Chikungunya Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination Zika Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination COVID-19 Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Complementary Exams Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Vaccination Conclusion References Further Readings 11: Fungal Infections Superficial Mycosis Dermatophytosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Tinea Corporis Tinea Cruris (“Jock Itch”) Tinea of the Hand Tinea Pedis Tinea Capitis Tinea Barbae Tinea Incognito Tinea Unguium or Onychomycosis Dermatophytid or Id Reactions Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.2) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Topical Treatment Systemic Treatment Tinea Corporis Tinea Pedis Tinea Capitis Tinea Unguium; Onychomycosis Pityriasis Versicolor Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.4) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach White Piedra Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.5) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Black Piedra Epidemiology Etiopathology Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.6) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Tinea Nigra Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.7) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Candidiasis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Oral Candidiasis Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Candidal Balanitis Intertriginous Candida Infection Candidal Onychomycosis Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.8) Therapeutic Approach Oral Candidiasis Vaginal Candidiasis Intertriginous Candida Infection Candidal Onychomycosis Systemic Candidiasis Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycoses Sporotrichosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Lymphocutaneous Fixed Cutaneous Disseminated Extracutaneous Complementary Examinations Culture Histologic Examination Sporotrichin Reaction Serologic Tests Diagnosis (Box 11.9) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI) Itraconazole Amphotericin B Fluconazole Terbinafine Thermotherapy Chromoblastomycosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis (Box 11.10) Therapeutic Approach Phaeohyphomycosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Subcutaneous Systemic Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.11) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Hyalohyphomycosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Localized Systemic Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.12) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Lobomycosis (Jorge Lobo’s Disease) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.13) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Mycetoma Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Direct Examination Culture Histopathology Image Diagnosis (Box 11.14) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Eumycetoma Actinomycetoma Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis (or Entomophthoramycosis) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Mucormycosis Entomophthoromycosis (or Entomophthoramycosis) Clinical Presentation Mucormycosis Entomophthoromycosis Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.15) Differential Diagnosis Mucormycosis Basidiobolomycosis Conidiobolomycosis Therapeutic Approach Paracoccidiodomycosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.16) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Coccidioidomycosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.17) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Histoplasmosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.18) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cryptococcosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 11.19) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References Further Readings 12: Parasitic and Protozoal Infections Arthropod Infections Scabies Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Demodicosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Insect Infections Head Lice Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Body Lice Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Hemiptera Infestations Triatomine Bug Infestations Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Bed Bugs Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Dipterous Larvae Infestations Myiasis Furuncular Myiasis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Creeping Myiasis Wound Myiasis Helminthic Infections Hookworm-Related Cutaneous Larva Migrans Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Protozoal Infections Leishmaniasis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Syndromes Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Anergic Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Prevention Glossary References 13: Congenital Syphilis Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Follow-Up Glossary References Part III: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Neoplasias 14: Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer Introduction Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer Related to Human Papillomavuris Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Dysplastic Nevus Acquired Melanocytic Nevus Basocellular Carcinoma Precursor Lesions Nevus Sebaceus Spinocellular Carcinoma Precursor Lesions Actinic Keratosis Porokeratosis Cutaneous Horn Chronic and Burn Scars Oral Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia Oral Lichen Planus Lichen Sclerosus Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer Related to Human Papillomavirus Glossary References 15: Basal Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Genetic Syndromes Associated with an Increase of BCCs Clinical Presentation Nodular BCC Superficial BCC Morpheaform BCC Pinkus Fibroepithelioma Diagnosis Dermoscopy Complementary Examinations Histopathology Imaging Methods Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Standard Surgical Excision Mohs Micrographic Surgery Curettage and Electrodessication Cryosurgery Nonsurgical Treatment Methods Radiotherapy Target Therapy: Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors Follow-Up Glossary References 16: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Immunosuppression Human Papillomavirus Other Etiologic Factors Clinical Presentation Actinic Keratosis SCC In Situ Invasive SCC Dermoscopy Complementary Examinations Anatomopathology Imaging Examinations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Systemic Treatment for Locally Advanced and Metastatic SCC Follow-Up Glossary References 17: Melanoma Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Phenotypic and Host Factors Personal or Family History of Melanoma and Genetic Factors Other Factors Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Dermoscopy Total-Body Photography and Digital Dermoscopy Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Histopathology Immunohistopathology Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Staging Therapeutic Approach Surgical Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma Excisional Biopsy Incisional Biopsy Shave Biopsy Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Special Sites Treatment of the Primary Lesion Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Clinically Detectable Regional Lymph Nodes Locoregional Advanced or Metastatic Disease Adjuvant Treatment Palliative Treatment Follow-Up Prognosis Prevention and Screening Glossary References 18: Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Other Lymphoproliferative Dermatological Diseases Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Genetic Factors Including Chromosomal Abnormalities Environmental Factors Infectious Factors Classification Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas Mycosis Fungoides Clinical Presentation Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Sézary Syndrome Clinical Presentation Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) Clinical Manifestations and Complementary Tests Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders (LPDs) Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell (C-ALCL) Clinical Manifestations Complementary Tests Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Lymphomatoid Papulosis (LP) Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma Clinical Manifestations Complementary Tests Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type (ENKL) Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Rare Subtypes Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8+ T-Cell Lymphoma (Provisional) Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous γδ T-Cell Lymphoma Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous Lymphoma CD4+ T-Cell Small-/Medium-Sized Pleomorphic Lymphoma (Provisional) Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Primary Cutaneous Acral CD8+ T-Cell Lymphoma (CD8+ ATCL), Provisional Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (PTL, NOS) Chronic Active EBV Infection in Childhood Clinical Manifestations Complementary Exams Histopathological Examination Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigation Prognosis Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (PCMZL) Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma (PCFCL) Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type (PCDLBCL, LT) EBV-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer (Provisional) (EBV MCU) Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma Glossary References Part IV: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases 19: Eczemas Introduction Contact Dermatitis Irritant Contact Dermatitis Predisposing Factors Etiopathogenesis Common Irritants Clinical Presentation Specific Clinical Examples Irritant Contact Diaper Dermatitis Irritant Hand Dermatitis Phototoxic Contact Dermatitis Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Allergic Contact Dermatitis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Cross Reactions Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Tests Patch Test Histopathology Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Complementary Examinations Photoallergens Histopathology Therapeutic Approach Nummular Eczema Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnoses Therapeutic Approach Stasis Dermatitis (Stasis Eczema) Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Therapeutic Approach Dyshidrotic Eczema Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Atopic Dermatitis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Skin Barrier Change Immunological Changes Diagnostic and Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Complementary Tests Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis Therapeutic Approach Nonpharmacologic Interventions Topical Approach Phototherapy Systemic Therapy Support Groups References 20: Psoriasis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Mild Psoriasis Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Glossary References 21: Seborrheic Dermatitis Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Associated Factors Hormones Sex Body Fat, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Hypertension Emotional Stress Sun Exposure Medications Neurogenic Theory and Parkinson’s Disease AIDS Skin Color Quality of Life Clinical Presentation Diagnosis: Dermoscopy, Confocal Microscopy, and Histology Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 22: Lichen Planus Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Other Viruses Environmental Factors Other Factors Clinical Presentation Classic Cutaneous Lichen Planus Actinic Lichen Planus (Subtropical or Tropical Lichen Planus) Exanthematous Lichen Planus (Acute, Eruptive, or Generalized) Annular Lichen Planus Atrophic Lichen Planus Bullous Lichen Planus and Pemphigoid Lichen Planus Hypertrophic or Verrucous Lichen Planus Inverse Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Lichen Planus Lichen Planopilaris (LPP)/Follicular Lichen Planus Palmoplantar Lichen Planus Linear Lichen Planus Nail Lichen Planus Ulcerative Lichen Planus Lichenoid Drug Eruption (Drug-Induced Lichen Planus) Mucosal Lichen Planus Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and Lichen Planus: Overlap Syndrome Lichen Planus and Wolf’s Isotopic Response Associated Conditions Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 23: Acne Vulgaris Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Follicular Hyperkeratinization Sebaceous Hypersecretion Inflammation Colonization of the Pilosebaceous Follicle Other Factors Gut Microbiota Diet Menstrual Period Clinical Presentation and Classification Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Treatment Topical Treatment Retinoids Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Agents Salicylic Acid Systemic Treatment Antibiotics Hormonal Oral Retinoids New Therapeutic Strategies Complications Variants of Acne Fulminant Acne Acne in Adult Women (AAW) Classification and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Treatment Topical Treatment Systemic Treatment Hormonal Treatment Pediatric Acne Neonatal Acne Acne in Infants Occupational Acne Elaioconiosis Chloracne Acneiform Eruptions Drug-Induced Acne Acne Induced by Prolonged Mask Use: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic Era Glossary References 24: Hidradenitis Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Classification Quality of Life Treatment General Measures Lifestyle Changes Topical Treatments Systemic Antibiotics Hormonal Treatments Retinoids in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Corticotherapy Dapsone Gluconate and Zinc Biological Treatments Surgical Treatment Drainage Deroofing Surgical Excision Reconstruction Techniques Primary Suture Secondary Intention Healing Skin Graft Use of Flaps Summary Glossary References 25: Rosacea Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Transcriptome Analysis Deregulation of the Innate Immune System Microorganisms Ultraviolet Radiation Neuroimmune Interactions Barrier Abnormal Function Neurovascular Changes Neuromediators Clinical Presentation Phenotypes Fixed Centrofacial Erythema Phymatous Changes Papules and Pustules Flushing Telangiectasias Ocular Rosacea Granulomatous Rosacea Complementary Examinations Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Therapeutic Approach How to Use It Topical Treatments Systemic Treatment Laser and Light Treatment Surgical Treatment Glossary References 26: Vitiligo Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Autoimmune Theory Biochemical Theory Vitiligo Genetics Observational Studies in Vitiligo Genome-Wide Linkage Studies to Discover Genes in Vitiligo Genome-Wide Association Studies to Discover Genes in Vitiligo Mechanistic Candidate Genes in Vitiligo Clinical Presentation Classification Association with Other Diseases Complementary Examinations Diagnosis (Box 26.1) Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Topical Corticosteroids Calcineurin Inhibitors Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy Systemic Immunosuppressants Phototherapy and Photochemotherapy Narrow-Band UVB Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet A (PUVA) Surgical Management Tissue Techniques Punch Grafting Suction Blister Epidermal Graft (SBEG) Split-Thickness Skin Grafting Cellular Techniques Noncultured Epidermal Suspension (NCES) Noncultured Extracted Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cell Suspension (NCORSHFS) Cultured Cell Suspension Glossary References Further Reading 27: Autoimmune Bullous Dermatoses Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 28: Cutaneous Vasculitides Introduction Nomenclature and Categorization Overview General Approach to a Cutaneous Vasculitis Clinical and Morphological Assessment Histopathological Study ANCA Status Additional Complementary Evaluation Small-Vessel Vasculitides IgA Vasculitis Epidemiology Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup Differential Diagnoses to Consider Therapeutic Approach IgG/IgM Immune Complex Vasculitis Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Epidemiology Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup Differential Diagnoses Therapeutic Approach Urticarial Vasculitis Epidemiology Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup Differential Diagnoses to Consider Therapeutic Approach Erythema Elevatum Diutinum Epidemiology Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup Differential Diagnoses to Consider Therapeutic Approach Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy Epidemiology Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup Differential Diagnoses to Consider Therapeutic Approach ANCA-Associated Vasculitides (AAVs) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Pathology Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Skin-Limited, Drug-Induced AAVs Medium-Vessel Vasculitides Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Pathology Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous Arteritis (CA, Formerly Known as Cutaneous PAN) Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Pathology Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach Kawasaki Disease (KD) Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Large-Vessel Vasculitides Variable Vessel Vasculitis Behçet’s Disease (BD) Cogan’s Syndrome (CS) Glossary References 29: Aphthae Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 30: Neutrophilic Dermatosis Introduction Etiopathogeny Sweet Syndrome Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Neutrophilic Dermatosis of the Dorsal Hands Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Pyoderma Gangrenosum Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Behçet’s Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Amicrobial Pustulosis of the Folds Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Palmoplantar Pustulosis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (Sneddon–Wilkinson Disease) Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach SAPHO Syndrome Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 31: Adverse Drug Reactions Introduction Severe Adverse Drug Reactions Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactoid Reactions Erythroderma Clinical Spectrum of Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell’s Syndrome) Stevens–Johnson Syndrome Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis or Lyell’s Syndrome Considerations on the Physiopathology of SJS and TEN Considerations on Treating SJS and TEN Considerations on the Prognosis Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome: DRESS (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) [49–52] Incidence Etiopathogenesis Drugs Involved and Metabolism Sequential Reactivation of Herpesvirus in DRESS/DIHS Immune Aspects Involved in DRESS/ DIHS Associations of HLA Alleles with DRESS/DIHS and Maculopapular Eruption Induced by Aromatic Anticonvulsants or Other Drugs (Pharmacogenomics) Histopathology Symptoms and Signs Diagnostic Criteria Complementary Tests During Follow-Up of Patients with DRESS/DIHS Treatment Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis [53] Drug-Induced Serum Sickness [53] Drug-Induced Vasculitis [53, 54] Anticoagulant-Induced Skin Necrosis [53] Moderate or Mild Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADRs) or Uncomplicated CADRs Exanthematous Drug Eruptions [56, 57] Acute Urticaria and Angioedema [57, 58] Fixed Drug Eruptions [57, 59] Acneiform Eruptions [57, 60] Lichenoid Eruptions [57, 61] Photosensitivity Reactions [57, 62] Drug-Induced Coma Blisters [63] Drug-Induced Erythema Nodosum [64] Drug-Induced or Exacerbating Psoriasis [57, 65] Symmetric Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema [66] Nicolau Syndrome or Embolia Cutis Medicamentosa (ECM) [69, 70] Drug-Induced Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis (LABD) [55, 71] Drug-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid [55] Drug-Induced Pemphigus [55] Adverse Mucocutaneous Reactions to Chemotherapeutic Drugs [72–75] Alterations of the Phaneros and Cutaneous Annexes [72–76] Alopecia [72–76] Trichomegaly and Hair Curling [72–76] Ungual, Subungual, and Periungual Alterations [72–76] Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis [72–76] Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia [72–76] Acral Erythema or Palmoplantar Erythrodysesthesia Syndrome [72–76] Toxic Erythema Caused by Chemotherapeutic Drugs [72–76] Acneiform Eruption [72–76] Mucous Membrane Alterations [72–73] Stomatitis Scrotum Ulcer After Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy with Mitomycin C [77–79] Vascular Conditions Associated with Chemotherapy [80] Vasomotor Changes [80] Flushing [80] Interactions with Radiation [80] Interaction with UV Light [80] Radiation Recall [80] Exacerbation of Radiation [80] Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Chemotherapy Agents [80] Local Reactions to Chemotherapy Agents [80] Local Toxicity [80] Drug Extravasation [80] Periorbital Edema [80] Cutaneous Eruption of Lymphocyte Recovery [80] Skin Toxicity Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors [80] Adverse Cutaneous Reactions of Pharmacologic Interventions for COVID-19 Glossary References Part V: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Skin Diseases and Environment 32: Cold and Heat Cold Injuries Frostbite Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Acrocyanosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Chilblains Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cold Urticaria Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cryoglobulinemia Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Cold Panniculitis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Heat Injuries Burns Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Erythema Ab Igne Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 33: Solar Radiation and Photodermatoses Ultraviolet Radiation Photodermatosis Polymorphic Light Eruption Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutics Actinic Prurigo Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutics Hydroa Vacciniforme Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutics Chronic Actinic Dermatitis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Complementary Examinations Therapeutics Solar Urticaria Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Differential Diagnosis Therapeutics Glossary References 34: Dermatoses by Plants Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Irritant Contact Dermatitis Phytophotodermatitis Contact Urticaria Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria Immunologic Contact Urticaria Allergic Contact Dermatitis Woods Botanicals and Essential Oils Pseudophytodermatitis Complementary Examinations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Conclusion References Further Reading 35: Skin Lesions Caused by Venomous Animals Introduction Envenomations Caused by Animals (Injuries by Venomous/Poisonous Animals) Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of Envenomations with Cutaneous Impact Invertebrates Snakebites Injuries Caused by Aquatic Animals Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of Envenomations with Cutaneous Impact Cnidarians Sea Urchins Fish References 36: Occupational Dermatosis Introduction Concept of Occupational Dermatosis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Contact Dermatitis Other Occupational Dermatoses Diagnosis Clinical Complementary Examinations Sectors Where Occupational Dermatosis Occurs More Often Housekeeping Civil Construction Health Sector Beautification Sector Food and Catering Industries Metal Industry Differential Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Treatment Prevention Glossary References Further Reading 37: Air Pollution and the Skin Health Introduction State of the Art Skin Damage Induced by Pollution Ways of the Interaction of Pollutants with the Skin Inside–Outside Mechanism Outside–Inside Mechanism Possible Mechanisms of Skin Damage Generation of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress Possible Interactions of Airborne Contaminants with UV Radiation Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Induction of the Inflammatory Cascade and Skin Barrier Disturbances Skin Microflora Alterations Associations Between Pollution and Systemic Disease Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Nervous System Other Systems Cutaneous Diseases Triggered and Aggravated by Pollution Early Skin Aging Atopic Dermatitis Urticaria Acne Melasma Skin Cancer Approach to Pollution-Induced Skin Damage and Preventive Measures Photoprotection The Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C Vitamin E Combination of Antioxidants Protection of the Skin Barrier and Maintenance of Healthy Skin Microbiota Skin Microbiome Healthy Diet Gut Microbiota Synchronous Circadian Cycle Future Perspectives Glossary References Part VI: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Vital Cycle and Dermatology 38: Skin Diseases and Pregnancy Introduction Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy Pregnancy-Altered Dermatoses Pregnancy-Specific Dermatoses Gestational Pemphigoid Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Pregnancy Polymorphic Eruption Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 39: Neonatal Dermatosis Introduction Physiologic Aspects of Newborn Skin Transient Dermatosis Vernix Caseosa Physiologic Desquamation Generalized Redness and Acrocyanosis Physiologic Cutis Marmorata Lanugo Mini Puberty “Harlequin” Color Suction Blisters Gingival and Palatine Epidermal Cyst Milia Miliaria Hyperplasia of Sebaceous Glands Neonatal Acne Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis Toxic Erythema Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis (TNPM) Infantile Acropustulosis Birthmarks Salmon Patch or Nevus Simplex Mongolian Spots Vascular Lesions Hemangioma Capillary Vascular Malformation Other Hyperpigmented Lesions Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Café-au-Lait Spots Granular Parakeratosis Other Diagnoses That May Present Hyperchromic or Hypochromic Spots at Birth Tuberous Sclerosis Incontinentia Pigmenti Nevus Depigmentosus Neonatal and Congenital Lupus Erythematosus Chikungunya Syphilis Glossary References 40: Cutaneous Aging and Dermatosis in Geriatric Patients Epidemiology Aging of the Population Concepts and Etiopathogenesis Aging and the Geriatric Patient Functional Changes in the Elderly Multiple Diseases/Plurimorbidities Geriatric Syndromes Iceberg Phenomenon Polypharmacy Scenarios of Care Cutaneous Aging Intrinsic or Chronological Skin Aging Extrinsic Skin Aging Dermatosis in Geriatric Patients Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approach Skin Manifestations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Skin Aging Skin Infections in the Elderly Bacterial Infections Cellulitis and Erysipelas Necrotizing Fasciitis Impetigo Folliculitis and Furuncles Secondary Infections Hanseniasis Viral Infections Fungal Infections Candidiasis Dermatophytosis Onychomycosis Cutaneous Parasitosis Scabies Pediculosis Xerosis Pruritus Eczemas Pressure Ulcers Malignant Dermatosis Skin Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Disorders Adverse Drug Reactions The Elderly and the Risk of Falls Elderly Abuse and Neglect COVID-19 and the Geriatric Challenges Glossary References Part VII: Skin Manifestations of Major Diseases in Public Health 41: Diabetes Mellitus General Epidemiology Skin Manifestations Diabetes-Specific Skin Conditions Diabetic Dermopathy Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Necrobiosis Lipoidica Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Granuloma Annulare Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Acanthosis Nigricans Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Diabetic Bullosis Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Scleredema Diabeticorum Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Kyrle’s Disease Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Nonspecific Skin Conditions Associated with Diabetes Skin Tags Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Rubeosis Faciei Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Yellow Skin Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Xerosis Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Diabetic Pruritus Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Psoriasis Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Vitiligo Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Lichen Planus Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Skin Complications Associated with Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Foot Syndrome Plantar Ulcers Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Charcot Foot Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Diabetic Hand Syndrome Cutaneous Infections Conclusion Glossary References 42: Diseases of Thyroid Epidemiology The Thyroid and the Environment Skin Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Special Considerations Graves Ophthalmopathy Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Pretibial Myxedema Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Thyroid Acropachy Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Hyperthyroidism and Gestation (Hipertireoidismo e Gestação) Skin Manifestations of Hypothyroidism General Skin Manifestations and Generalized Myxedema Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Skin Manifestations Related to the Thyroid Gland and Not to Its Function Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Ultrasonography Therapeutic Approach Thyroid Cancer and Cutaneous Metastases Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Glossary References 43: Dyslipidemias Introduction General Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Clinical Presentation Eruptive Xanthomas Tuberous/Tuberoeruptive Xanthomas Tendinous Xanthomas Plane Xanthomas and Xanthelasma Verruciform Xanthomas Xanthomas in Children Complementary Exams Lipid Profile Metabolic Profile Skin Biopsy/Histopathology Therapeutic Approach References 44: Nutritional Disorder, Morbidly Obese, and Post-Bariatric Acanthosis Nigricans Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Acne Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Acrodermatitis Enteropathica and Zinc Deficiency Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Atopic Dermatitis Nutritional Correlation Food Allergy Microbioma Maternal Diet and Breastfeeding Micronutrients Obesity Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Food Elimination/Avoidance Diets Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation Probiotic Allergic Contact Dermatitis Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Autoimmune Cutaneous Diseases Nutritional Correlation Eating Disorders Vitamin D Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Eating Disorders Vitamin D Bullous Diseases Nutritional Correlation Pemphigus Bullous Pemphigoid Linear IgA Disease Dermatitis Herpetiformis Epidermolysis Bullosa Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Energy-Protein Malnutrition Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Hair Disorders Nutritional Correlation Malnutrition and Weight-Loss Diets Vitamin C Zinc Essential Fatty Acids Selenium Vitamin A Biotin Iron Copper Vitamin D Hypervitaminosis Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Hidradenitis Suppurativa Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Oral Mucosa Disorders Nutritional Correlation Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Vitamin B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic Acid) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin) Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Vitamin A (Retinol) Vitamin D Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) Calcium Fluoride Iron Zinc Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Nail Disorders Nutritional Correlation Chromonychia Splinter Hemorrhages Terry Nails Muehrcke Lines Onycholysis Transverse Leukonychia Clubbing Koilonychia Hapalonychia Beau’s Lines Onychomadesis Onychorrhexis Trachyonychia Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Obesity, Morbid Obesity, and Bariatric Surgery Obesity and Morbid Obesity Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Dermatosis and Bariatric Surgery Pellagra Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Skin Manifestations of Peripheral Vascular Disease Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Phrynoderma and Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Porphyria Nutritional Correlation Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Alcohol Iron Antioxidants Variegate Porphyria Hereditary Coproporphyria Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Pressure Ulcers Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Psoriasis Nutritional Correlation Weight Loss Alcohol Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acid (PUFA) Gluten Folic Acid Vitamin D Selenium and Other Antioxidants Inositol and Zinc Taurine Probiotics Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Rosacea Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Scurvy and Vitamin C Deficiency Nutritional Correlation Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Skin Cancer Nutritional Correlation Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin C Selenium Low-Fat Diet Melanoma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alcohol Vitamin D Vitamin E Selenium Green Tea Polyphenols Resveratrol Lycopene Microbioma Skin Manifestations Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Melanoma Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Urticaria Nutritional Correlation Pseudoallergens Gluten Vitamin D Wheat Alcohol Probiotics Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Vitiligo Nutritional Correlation Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Gluten Iron Skin Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach References 45: Renal Failure Introduction Epidemiology Cutaneous Manifestations of Chronic Renal Failures Nonspecific Cutaneous Entities with Higher Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Xerosis Pruritus Dischromy Ecchymosis Gynecomastia Cutaneous Infections Skin Cancer Mucosal Alterations Faneral Disorders Uremic Fetor Specific Skin Entities That Are Characteristic of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Acquired Perforating Disorders Bullous Dermatoses Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Pseudoporphyria Calcification Disorders Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Specific Nail Changes Uremic Frost Dermatoses on the Arteriovenous Shunt Kaposi Pseudosarcoma Adverse Drug Reactions Etiopathogenic Mechanisms Xerosis Pruritus Dyschromy Diffuse Hyperpigmentation Sallow Skin Ecchymosis Gynecomastia Cutaneous Infections Skin Cancer Faneral Disorders Acquired Perforating Dermatoses Bullous Dermatoses Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Pseudoporphyria Disorders of Calcification Benign Nodular Calcification Calciphylaxis Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Lindsay Nails Uremic Frost Clinical Presentation Nonspecific Cutaneous Entities with Higher Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Xerosis Pruritus Dyschromy Diffuse Hyperpigmentation Sallow Skin Ecchymosis Skin-Specific Entities That Are Characteristic of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Acquired Perforating Dermatosis Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Pseudoporphyria Benign Nodular Calcification Calciphylaxis Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Lindsay Nails Uremic Frost Complementary Exams Acquired Perforating Dermatoses Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Pseudoporphyria Benign Nodular Calcification Calciphylaxis Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Therapeutic Approach Xerosis Pruritus Dyschromy Diffuse Hyperpigmentation Sallow Skin Acquired Perforating Disorder Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Pseudoporphyria Benign Nodular Calcification Calciphylaxis Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis References 46: Connective Tissue Diseases Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Introduction General Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Genetics Ultraviolet Infection Hormones Drugs and Chemicals Apoptosis Innate Immune System Adaptive Immune System Cytokines and Chemokines Clinical Presentation Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous (ACLE) Subacute Lupus Erythematous (SCLE) Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous (CCLE) Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Variants Complementary Exams Therapeutic Approach Dermatomyositis Introduction General Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Genetics Immunologic Abnormalities Antibodies Infectious Agents Drug-induced Dermatomyositis Implants and Cosmetic Fillers Injection Malignancy Clinical Presentation Cutaneous Manifestations Muscle Manifestations Systemic Manifestations Classification Differential Diagnosis Complementary Exams Therapeutic Approach Morphea Introduction General Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Radiation Therapy Infections Chimerism Vaccinations Drug-Induced Morphea Trauma Clinical Presentation Plaque Morphea Generalized Plaque Morphea Pansclerotic Morphea Linear Morphea Complementary Exams Therapeutic Approach References Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous Dermatomyositis Morphea 47: Smoking, Alcoholism, and Use of Illicit Drugs Tobacco Smoking Epidemiology Etiopathogeny Cutaneous Manifestations Obliterans Thromboangeitis Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Carcinogenesis Keratoacanthoma Malignant Melanoma Postsurgical Complications Other Dermatoses Oral Melanosis Nicotinic Stomatitis/Palatal Leukokeratosis Yellow Discoloration Harlequin Nails Tobacco Smoking Protective Effects Alcoholism Epidemiology Skin Manifestations In Endocrinological Changes Hypogonadism Hyperestrogenism Pseudo-cushing Syndrome In Nutritional Deficiencies Signs of Alcoholic Hepatopathy Psoriasis and Alcohol Use Solar Exposition and Alcohol Alcohol and Other Dermatoses Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Seborrheic Dermatitis Rosacea Urticaria Systemic Contact Dermatitis Discoid Eczema Alcohol and Procedures Alcohol and Drug Interactions Therapeutic Approach Illicit Drugs: Drug Addiction Stigmas Related to the Use of Injectable Drugs Cutaneous Infections Pruritus and Signs of Excoriation Acneiform Eruption Damage to the Nasal and Oral Mucosa Other Cutaneous and Mucosal Manifestations Cocaine, Levamisole, and Adjuvant Syndrome Glossary References 48: Skin Manifestations Associated with HIV/AIDS Introduction Infectious Skin Disorders Viral Diseases Acute HIV Infection Etiopathogenesis and General Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Herpes Simplex Virus General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Interrelationship Between HSV and HIV Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Varicella-Zoster Virus General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Molluscum Contagiosum General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Oral Hairy Leukoplakia General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Human Papillomavirus General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Acquired Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Bacterial Diseases Cutaneous Bacterial Infections General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Syphilis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Bacillary Angiomatosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Cutaneous Mycobacterial Infections General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Fungal Infections Candidiasis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Dermatophytosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Cryptococcosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Histoplasmosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Sporotrichosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Ectoparasitic Infestations Scabies General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Demodicidosis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Protozoal Diseases Tegumentary Leishmaniasis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Parasitologic Diagnosis Immunologic Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Noninfectious Skin Disorders Xerosis Seborrheic Dermatitis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Psoriasis General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Papular Pruritic Dermatoses Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Manifestations Cutaneous Toxicities of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Dermatologic IRIS Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Neoplastic Disorders Kaposi’s Sarcoma General Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Glossary References Suggested Reading and Consulting 49: Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infection in Dermatology Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type (HTLV-1) Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenicity Diagnosis of Infection HTLV-1-Related Diseases Juvenile Infective Dermatitis Associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) Clinical Aspects Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Pathology IDH Progression to HAM/TSP and ATL Treatment Adulthood Infective Dermatitis Associated with HTLV-1 Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) Classification, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis Primary Cutaneous Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Aspects of Skin Lesions Histopathologic Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/ TSP) Xerosis and Acquired Ichthyosis Noninfectious Inflammatory Dermatoses Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses Glossary References Suggestions Reading In Portuguese Suggestions Reading In English Citação 50: Liver Diseases Hepatitis Introduction Hepatitis B General Epidemiology Cutaneous Manifestation Therapeutic Approach Serum Sickness-Like Syndrome Polyarteritis Nodosa Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood Hepatitis C General Epidemiology HCV and Skin Therapeutic Approach Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Lichen Planus Skin Diseases with Possible Association with HCV Psoriasis Chronic Itching (Pruritus) Necrolytic Acral Erythema Adverse Cutaneous Reactions Related to HCV Treatment References 51: Transplant Recipients Epidemiology Skin Manifestations Infections Viral Infections Etiopathogenesis CMV HPV HSV VZV Clinical Presentation CMV HPV HSV VZV Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach CMV HPV HSV VZV Fungal Infections Etiopathogenesis Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections Superficial Fungal Infections Clinical Presentation Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections Superficial Fungal Infections Complementary Examinations Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections Superficial Fungal Infections Therapeutic Approach Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections Superficial Fungal Infections Bacterial Infections Etiopathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Other Infections Malignancies and Premalignancies Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Prevention Basal Cell Carcinoma Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Melanoma Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Examinations Therapeutic Approach Skin Cancer and Immunosuppression Reduction Side Effects of Immunosuppressant Drugs Glossary References Further Information Can Be Found at the Following Internet Addresses 52: Skin Manifestations of Major Diseases in Public Health Psychiatric Diseases Introduction Epidemiology Classification and Diagnosis: Dermatology and Psychiatry Approaches and Systematization of Studies Dermatology Psychiatry Psychodermatosis: Clinical Presentation Dermatological Neurotic Excoriation Artifact Dermatitis Synonymia: factitious dermatitis Trichotillomania Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Delusional Parasitosis Clinical Presentation Body Dysmorphic Disorder Clinical Presentation Psychiatric/Psychologic Etiopathogenesis of Psychodermatosis Treatments: Dermatological, Psychiatric, and Psychotherapeutic Dermatological Psychiatric Psychotherapeutic Some Words About Coronavirus Pandemic and Dermatologic Suffering Final Considerations Glossary References Additional Suggested Readings 53: Paraneoplasias Introduction Skin Manifestations Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans Acquired Pachydermatoglyphy or “Tripe Palms” Sign of Leser-Trélat Florid Cutaneous Papillomatosis (Schwartz-Burgess Syndrome) Acquired Ichthyosis Bazex Syndrome Erythema Gyratum Repens (EGR) Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Dermatomyositis Paraneoplastic Scleroderma Paraneoplastic Pemphigus Sweet Syndrome Pyoderma Gangrenosum Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma Acquired Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Other Paraneoplastic Dermatoses Pruritus Erythroderma Genetic Syndromes Associated with Malignant Neoplasias and Cutaneous Manifestations (Table 53.5) Glossary References Part VIII: Emerging Issues of Dermatology in Public Health 54: Ethnicity and Dermatology Introduction State of the Art Defining Ethnic Skin Ethnic Differences Biology of Pigmentation Ethnic Differences in Stratum Corneum Structure Ethnic Differences in Epidermal Structure Ethnic Differences in Cutaneous Appendages Eccrine Sweat Glands Apocrine Sweat Gland Apoeccrine Gland Sebaceous Gland Hair Follicles Ethnic Differences in the Dermis Cutaneous Disease Implications Skin Cancer Photoaging Pigmentary Disorders Melasma Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH) Pityriasis Versicolor (PV) Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis (PMH) Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra (DPN) Hair and Scalp Disorders Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA) Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp (DCS) Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae (FKN) Traction Alopecia (TA) Acquired Trichorrhexis Nodosa Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (PFB) Hair Breakage Keloidal Scar Contact Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis (Fig. 54.8) Acne Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (CARP) Future Perspectives Glossary References 55: Skin Disorders in Transgender Patients Introduction Transgender Patient Care State of the Art Disorders and Dermatological Treatments in Trans Women Effects of Hormone Therapy Hair Disorders Gender Reassignment Surgery-Related Issues Dermatoses of the Neogenitalia Complications from Dermal Fillers for Facial/Body Contouring HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Other Health Disparities Disorders and Dermatological Treatments in Trans Men Acne Androgenic Alopecia Gender Reassignment Surgery-Related Issues Perspectives Glossary References 56: Dermatosis in Conflict Zones and Disaster Areas Introduction Disasters Associated with Natural Hazards War and Armed Conflicts State of the Art Skin Injuries Related to Chemical Warfare War-Related Burn Injuries Dermatology and Bioterrorism Communicable Skin Diseases and Epidemics in Displaced Populations Measles Outbreaks Skin and Soft-Tissue Skin Infections Vector-Mediated Skin Diseases Malnutrition and Vitamin Deficiencies Immersion Foot (Trench Foot) and Warm Water Immersion Injuries Psychoemotional Stress as an Aggravating Factor for Skin Diseases Future Perspectives Glossary References Suggested Literature 57: Dermatology and Sports Introduction State of the Art Lesions Caused by Infectious Agents Herpes Gladiatorum Common Warts Tinea Corporis Gladiatorum Tinea Pedis Onychomycosis Swimmer’s Ear Sea Bather’s Eruption Cercarial Dermatitis Other Skin Infections Lesions Caused by Traumatic Conditions Friction Blisters Calluses and Callosities Calcaneal Petechiae (Black Heel) Jogger’s Toe Piezogenic Pedal Papules Jogger’s Nipples Knuckle Pads Environment-Related Cutaneous Conditions Contact Dermatitis Xerosis Mechanical Acne Urticaria Miscellaneous Striae Green Hair Skin Cancer and Sun Protection Doping Control and Dermatology Perspectives: Final Remarks Glossary References 58: Photoprotection and the Environment Introduction Electromagnetic Spectrum Ultraviolet Rays Visible Light Infrared Radiation Radiation Influences on the Environment Latitude and Altitude Ozone Time of Day and Season Sites State of the Art Influence of Sun Radiation on the Organism The Influence of Sun Radiation on the Skin Influence of Sun Radiation on Outdoor Activities Sports and Recreational Activities Outdoor Occupational Activities Pandemic and Indoor Activities Photoprotective Measures Topical Photoprotection Photoprotection by Clothing and Accessories Systemic Photoprotection Photoprotection by Behavioral Strategies Time and Place of Activities UV Index Shadow Rule Eating Habits Self-Examination of the Skin Photosensitizing Agents Educational Approaches for the Population Photoprotection and Sustainable Development Perspectives and Photoprotection Innovations Conclusion Glossary References 59: Human Skin Bank Introduction Skin Harvesting Skin Processing Tissue Quality Control Preservation Methods and Tissue Storage Tissue Release and Distribution Tissue Release Distribution of Tissue for Clinical Use Clinical Use of Allogeneic Skin Burns Classification of Burns and the Use of Allogeneic Skin First-Degree Burns Second-Degree Burns Third-Degree Burns Skin Defects Caused by Trauma Chronic Wounds Glossary References 60: Marketing Influence on Body Image Perception: A Bioethical Perspective Introduction Aesthetics Aesthetic Surgery and Bioethics Principles of Bioethics The Principle of Respect for Autonomy The Principle of Nonmaleficence The Principle of Beneficence The Principle of Justice The Patient-Health Professional Relationship and Decision-Making Informed Consent Aesthetic Medicine and the Media Body Image Disorders Future Perspectives References Recommended Reading 61: Quality of Life in Dermatology Introduction State of the Art Methods of Measurement of Quality of Life Quality of Life Scales in General World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-100) WHOQOL-BREF The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) Patient-Generated Index (PGI) Quality of Life Scales in Dermatology Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) Skindex-29 Dermatology-Specific Quality of Life (DSQL) Quality of Life Scales in Specific Dermatoses Psoriasis Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory (PLSI) Psoriasis Index of Quality of Life (PSORIQoL) Psychometric Assessment Tool (PsoDisk) Individual Burden of Psoriasis (I-BOP) Acne Acne Disability Index (ADI) Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects of Acne (APSEA) Acne Quality of Life Scale (Acne-QoL) Rosacea Hidradenitis Suppurativa Vitiligo Vitiligo Life Quality Index (VLQI) Vitiligo-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument (VitiQoL) Vitiligo Impact Scale-22 (VIS-22) Melasma Allergic Contact Dermatitis Dermatitis of the Scalp Alopecia Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Cadis-SF15 Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis (QoLIAD) Atopic Dermatitis Disability Index (ADDI) Pruritus QoL in Vulvar Lesions Ichthyosis Chronic Wounds Quality of Life in Immunomediated Diseases Urticaria The Cholinergic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CholU-QoL) Angioedema Lupus Behçet’s Disease Mastocytosis The Mastocytosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MC-QoL) Quality of Life in Oncodermatology The Skin Cancer Quality of Life Impact Tool (SCQOLIT) Non-melanoma Skin Cancer The Skin Cancer Quality of Life (SCQoL) Questionnaire The Skin Cancer Index (SCI) Quality of Life Scales Specific for the Evaluation of Pediatric Patients in Dermatology Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0) Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) The Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL) The Quality of Life Scale for Children (AUQEI) Teenagers’ Quality of Life (T-QoL) Quality of Life Assessment in Family Members Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory: Family Impact Module (the PedsQL Family Impact Module) Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) Parents’ Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQoL-AD) Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS) The Psoriasis Family Index (PFI-15) Conclusion and Perspectives References 62: Vaccines and the Prevention of Dermatologic Diseases Introduction State of the Art Vaccines Against HPV Formulations Schedules Clinical Evidence Special Populations Safety Vaccines Against Varicella Zoster Varicella (Chicken Pox) Formulations Schedules Clinical Evidence Contraindications and Special Populations Postexposure Prophylaxis Safety Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Formulations Schedule Clinical Evidence Contraindications and Special Populations Safety Vaccines Against Herpes Simplex BCG Vaccination Against Tuberculosis, Leprosy (Hanseniasis), Buruli Ulcer, and Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterial Infections Formulations Schedule Contraindications and Special Populations Safety Perspectives Glossary References Suggested Literature 63: Dermatoscopy in the Public Health Environment Introduction Lower Cost “Instruments” Colors and Structures Two-Step Dermoscopy Algorithm First Step: Melanocytic Versus Nonmelanocytic Lesions Second Step: Benign Versus Malignant Melanocytic Lesions Benign Melanocytic Nevi Atypical Nevi or Clark Nevus Atypical Mole Syndrome Total Nevi, Atypical Nevi, and Melanoma Thickness Nevi in Specific Body Sites Facial Nevi Acral Volar Mucosal Melanoma Nodular Melanoma Acral Melanoma Melanoma in Facial Chronically Damaged Skin: Lentigo Maligna Melanoma with Special Characteristics Mucosal Melanoma Non-nodular Hypomelanotic Melanoma How Reliable Is Dermoscopy and How Much Time Is Needed to Perform It? Nonmelanocytic Lesions Seborrheic Keratosis Basal Cell Carcinoma Dermatofibroma Vascular Lesions: Hemangioma and Angiokeratoma Actinic Keratosis Classical Nonpigmented Actinic Keratosis Pigmented Actinic Keratosis Other Frequent Uses of Dermoscopy Common Daily Uses for Infections Molluscum Contagiosum Warts Squamous Cell Carcinoma Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma or in Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Keratoacanthoma Dermoscopy of Inflammatory Skin Diseases (Inflammoscopy) Psoriasis Eczematous Dermatitis Lichen Planus Rosacea Demodicosis Future Perspectives References Further Reading 64: Teledermatology Introduction State of the Art Future Perspectives Post-Pandemic Outlook Post-Pandemic World Glossary References Part IX: Signs and Symptoms of Skin Diseases in Public Health—A Practical Guide to Management 65: Pigmented Lesions Introduction Nevocellular or Common Pigmented Nevus Concepts Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Concepts Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Halo Nevus Concepts and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Nevus Spilus Concepts and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Becker’s Nevus Concepts Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Freckles Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Lentigines Concepts and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Café-au-Lait Spots Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Dermal Melanocytic Lesions Mongolian Spots Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Nevus of Ota and Nevus of Ito Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Blue Nevi Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Pigmented Lesions Important in the Differential Diagnosis of Melanoma (See Also Chap. 17) Spitz Nevus Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Reed Tumor Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Recurrent Nevus Concepts and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Atypical Nevus Concepts Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach References Further Reading 66: Purpura Concept Morphology and Approach to the Patient with Purpura Causes and Clinical Presentation Mechanical Purpura Platelet Disorders Changes in Platelet Count Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia (DITP) Thrombotic Microangiopathies Decrease in Platelet Production Sequestration of Platelets Congenital and Acquired Platelet Dysfunction Coagulation Disorders Vessel Disorders Actinic Purpura or Senile Purpura Scurvy Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses Schamberg’s Purpura Gougerot and Blum’s Disease Eczematide-Like Purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis Lichen Aureus Microvascular Occlusion Hypergammaglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenström Heparin-Induced Necrosis Cryoagglutination Disorders Vascular Occlusion Due to Microorganisms Ecthyma Gangrenosum Lucio’s Phenomenon Disseminated Strongyloidiasis Opportunistic Fungai Infections Embolization Disorders Cholesterol Embolus or “Blue Toe Syndrome” Atrial Myxomas Infective Endocarditis Other Purpuras Gardner-Diamond Syndrome Diagnosis Management Glossary References 67: Pruritus Concepts Epidemiology Classification Neurophysiology Mediators of Pruritus Pruritus in Systemic Diseases Pruritus in Chronic Kidney Diseases Pruritus in Liver Disease Pruritus in Hematologic Diseases Pruritus in Endocrinological Diseases Pruritus in Psychiatric Diseases Pruritus in Neurological Diseases Pruritus in HIV Infection Pruritus in Dermatological Diseases Drug-Induced Pruritus Diagnosis Management Topical Treatment Systemic Treatment References 68: Prurigo Concepts Clinical Presentation Acute Prurigo Acute Prurigo: Simplex Acute Prurigo Simplex: Adulthood Prurigo Hebra Subacute Prurigo Chronic Prurigo Endogenous and Exogenous Factors Related to Prurigo Atopy Internal Diseases Malabsorption Malignancy Emotional Factors Prurigo of Pregnancy Ethnic Predisposition Infections and Parasitic Infections Contact Allergy and Drug Reactions Light Eruption Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Topical Treatments Systemic Treatments Glossary References 69: Ulcers Legs and Lymphedema Chronic Leg Ulcers Introduction Venous Ulcer Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Test Therapeutic Approach Compression Therapy Ulcer Treatment Systemic Drug Therapy Surgical Treatment of Venous Ulcer Ancillary Measures Methods to Prevent Relapses Arterial Ulcer Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Test Therapeutic Approach Neuropathic Ulcers Etiopathogenesis Clinical Presentation Complementary Test Therapeutic Approach Less Common Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers Hypertensive Ischemic Ulcer (Martorell Ulcer) Clinical Presentation Therapeutic Approach Pyoderma Gangrenosum Leg Ulcers in Rheumatoid Arthritis Leg Ulcers Due to Vasculitis Leg Ulcers Due to Thrombophilia Livedoid Vasculopathy Leg Ulcers Associated with Hematologic Diseases Leg Ulcer Due to Infections Leg Ulcer of Neoplastic Origin Leg Ulcer Due to Lymphedema Other Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers Lymphedema Glossary References 70: Urticaria Introduction Acute Urticaria Chronic Urticaria Physiopathologic Mechanisms/Etiologic Factors Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Relation to CU Chronic Urticaria: Food as a Cause of Pseudoallergic Reactions Dental Infections and Urticaria Hepatitis B and C Infection Helminthic Parasites and Infestations Chronic Urticaria and Thyroid Autoimmune/Autoreactive Chronic Urticaria Chronic Urticaria and Allergic Etiology Definition, Classification, and Course of the Disease Diagnosis Considerations on Autologous Serum Skin Test Considerations on the Autologous Plasma Skin Test Treatment Other Pharmacologic Interventions in Chronic Urticaria (Third-Line Agents) Immunosuppressors Cyclosporine Methotrexate Cyclophosphamide Biologic Agents Omalizumab Intravenous Immunoglobulin Anti-CD20 Drugs (Rituximab and Others) Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) Agents Corticosteroids Drugs with Anti-Inflammatory Effects Hydroxychloroquine Colchicine Dapsone Sulfasalazine Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist (Montelukast) Anticoagulants Levothyroxine Therapeutic Strategies in Clinical Practice Chronic Urticaria: Severity Markers and Disease Prognosis The Possible Future of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Treatment Summary References 71: Erythema Nodosum Introduction Concepts Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Therapeutic Approach Etiologic Treatment: The Impact of Etiologies Associated with EN Streptococcal Pharyngitis Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacteriosis Sarcoidosis Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Behcet’s Disease Medications Malignancies COVID 19 Future Perspectives Glossary References Suggested Literature 72: Rash Introduction Current Condition of the Disease Clinical Presentation Rash: Children Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Erythema Infectiosum Exanthema Subitum Scarlet Fever Varicella Measles Rubella Kawasaki Disease Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Gianotti–Crosti Syndrome Miliaria Meningococcemia Rash: Adults Drug Eruptions Erythema Multiforme Contact Dermatitis Pityriasis Rosea Secondary Syphilis Emerging Dermatologic Viral Diseases Coronavirus Disease Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Future Perspectives Glossary References Further Reading 73: Alopecia Hair Shaft Disorders Monilethrix Trichorrhexis Invaginata Trichorrhexis Nodosa Pili Torti Pili Annulati Trichothiodystrophy Woolly Hair Inflammatory Scalp Diseases Psoriasis Seborrheic Dermatitis Scalp Infectious Diseases Syphilitic Alopecia Tinea Capitis Acquired Nonscarring Alopecia Acute Telogen Effluvium Chronic Telogen Effluvium Alopecia Areata Androgenetic Alopecia or Female and Male Pattern Hair Loss Trichotillomania Primary Cicatricial Alopecia Lichen Planopilaris Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Lassueur Graham-Little Piccardi Syndrome Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Alopecia Folliculitis Decalvans Dissecting Cellulitis Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia Traction Alopecia Glossary References 74: Stains Introduction State of the Art and Future Perspectives Hypochromic Stains Acquired Hypomelanosis Vitiligo Guttate Leukoderma (Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis) Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis Melanoma-Associated Leukoderma Postinflammatory Hypomelanosis Pityriasis Alba Hypopigmented Mycosis Fungoides Scleroderma Lichen Sclerosus Lupus Erythematosus Leukoderma by Chemical Substances Drug-Induced Leukoderma Sarcoidosis Infectious/Parasitic Hypomelanosis Pityriasis Versicolor Leprosy Syphilis Hereditary and Congenital Hypomelanosis Albinism Piebaldism Tuberous Sclerosis Nevus Achromicus Hyperchromic Stains Acquired Hyperchromic Stains Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation Melasma Phytophotodermatitis Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans Fixed Pigmented Erythema Flagellate Dermatitis Poikiloderma de Riehl-Civatte Lichen Planus Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Hereditary Hyperchromic Stains Mongolian Spot Nevus of Ota Nevus of Ito Becker Nevus Speckled Lentiginous Nevus Ephelides (Freckles) Café-au-Lait Spots Other Genetic Hyperpigmentations Hyperchromia Secondary to Systemic Diseases Addison’s disease Cutaneous Amyloidosis Mastocytosis Hyperchromia Secondary to External Components Ochronosis Miscellaneous Hyperchromia Vascular and Blood Stains Purpura Nonpalpable Purpura Palpable Purpura Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses Raynaud’s Phenomenon Livedo Reticularis Glossary References 75: Xerosis Introduction State of the Art Pathogenesis of Dry Skin Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of Xerosis Skin Diseases and Conditions Related to Xerosis Environmental Humidity and Temperature Surfactant-Related Xerosis Aging Atopic Dermatitis Ichthyosis Systemic Diseases and Drugs Treatment Prevention General Measures Topical Treatment Adverse Effects of Topical Treatment for Xerosis Future Perspectives Glossary References Suggested Reading 76: Hyperhidrosis Introduction Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Classification Primary Hyperhidrosis Axillary Hyperhidrosis Plantar and Palmar Hyperhidrosis Inguinal Hyperhidrosis or Hexsel’s Hyperhidrosis Localized Unilateral Hyperhidrosis Secondary Hyperhidrosis Secondary Generalized Hyperhidrosis Secondary Focal Hyperhidrosis Gustatory Sweating Cutaneous Disorders Other Forms of Secondary Hyperhidrosis Associated Factors and Conditions Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Nonpharmacologic Treatment Weight Control Nonthermogenic Diet Physical Exercise Clothing Weather Conditions Topical Treatments Oral Treatments Iontophoresis Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A) Treatment Lasers Microwave-Based Treatment Focused Ultrasound Therapy Surgical Therapy Glossary References 77: Nail Diseases Onychomycosis Introduction Concepts Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Nail Lichen Planus Introduction Concepts Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Nail Psoriasis Introduction Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Periungual Warts Introduction Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Melanocytic Lesions in the Nail Unit Concepts Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Tumors in the Nail Unit Concepts Myxoid Cyst Glomus Tumor Nail Keratoacanthoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bowen’s Disease Onychomatricoma Nail Apparatus Melanoma Ingrown Toenail Concepts Clinical Presentation Ingrown Toenail in Infancy Lateral and Distal Nail Fold Hypertrophy Pincer Nails Juvenile Ingrown Toenail Therapeutic Approach Conservative Treatment Surgical Treatment Nail Edge Excision without Matricectomy Definitive Narrowing of the Nail Plate Debulking of Periungual Soft Tissues Paronychia Concepts Acute Paronychia Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Chronic Paronychia Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Clinical Treatment Surgical Treatment Glossary References 78: Metatarsalgia, Calluses, and Callosities of the Feet Introduction Anatomic and Biomedical Considerations of the Foot Clinical Presentation Primary Metatarsalgia Secondary Metatarsalgia Calluses (Helomas) Toe Calluses Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapeutic Approach Orthopedic Deformities in the Toes Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Interdigital Calluses Clinical Presentation Treatment Intertriginous Callus Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Callosities (Tylomas) Diagnosis Treatment Plantar Wart Concepts Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Glossary References Part X: Dermatological Biopsy and Major Histopathological Patterns 79: Skin Biopsy Introduction Choice of Lesion Area for Biopsy Complementary Research Standard Protocol for Skin Biopsies Types of Biopsy Punch Technique Curettage Technique Shave Biopsy Technique Deep Shave Biopsy/Saucerization Technique Elliptical Biopsy Technique Nail Biopsy Technique Glossary References 80: Major Histopathological Patterns in Dermatology Introduction Spongiotic Dermatitis (Eczema) Pityriasis Rosea Lichenoid/Vacuolar Interface Dermatitis Lichen Planus (LP) Benign Lichenoid Keratosis (Lichen Planus-Like Keratosis) Lichen Nitidus Lichen Striatus Lichen Sclerosus (et atrophicus) Pityriasis Lichenoides Erythema Multiforme (EM), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Fixed Drug Eruption Graft-Versus-Host Disease Neutrophilic Diffuse Dermal Inflammatory Dermatosis Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (Sweet Syndrome) Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG) Wells Syndrome (Eosinophilic Cellulitis) Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis (IGD) (Palisaded Neutrophilic and Granulomatous Dermatitis) Psoriasiform Dermatitis [1–3] Psoriasis Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris Pellagra Necrolytic Acral Erythema Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Vesiculobullous Diseases [1–3] Grover’s Disease: Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis Darier Disease Hailey-Hailey Disease: Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus Bullous pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis: Duhring Brocq Cicatricial Pemphigoid: Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Epidermolysis bullosa Acquisita: Dermolytic Pemphigoid Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Porphyria cutanea tarda Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus vegetans Pemphigus foliaceus Paraneoplastic pemphigus [1–4] Perivascular and Interstitial Dermatitis [1, 5] Urticaria Arthopod Bite Reaction Polymorphous Light Eruption Jessner Lymphocytic Infiltrate Erythema annulare Centrifugum Perniosis Purpuric Pigmented Dermatosis Granulomatous Dermatoses [1, 5] Granuloma annulare O’brien’s Actinic Granuloma Necrobiosis lipoidica Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma Rheumatoid Nodule Sarcoidosis Foreign Body Granuloma Vasculitis [1–4] Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Granuloma faciale Erythema elevatum diutinum Collagenosis Lupus Erythematosus Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Neonatal LE Bullous Lupus Erythematosus Differential Diagnosis Dermatomyositis Differential Diagnosis Panniculitis Septal Panniculitis Lobular Panniculitis Septal Panniculitis Erythema Nodosum (EN) Differential Diagnosis Lobular Panniculitis Pancreatic Panniculitis Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Differential Diagnosis Erythema Induratum and Nodular Vasculitis Differential Diagnosis Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn (SCFN) Sclerema Neonatorum Differential Diagnosis Genodermatosis [1, 3, 5] Incontinentia pigmenti Porokeratosis Ichthyosis Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (of Gougerot and Carteaud) (CARP) Differential Diagnosis Acrokeratosis Verruciformis of Hopf Alopecia [1, 5, 6] Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) Telogen effluvium (TE) Alopecia Areata (AA) Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) Lichen Planus Pilaris (LPP) Folliculitis Decalvans (FD) Dissecting Folliculitis (DF) Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Glossary References Part XI: Multidisciplinary Team and Dermatological Care 81: Dermatological Assistance in the Primary Health Care: A Brazilian Nursing Approach Introduction The Practice of the Nurse in the Skin Care The Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic and the Treatment of Lesions Final Considerations Glossary References 82: Care Wounds: Dressings Introduction Evaluation The Etiology Management Chart for Chronic Wounds Evaluation of Wounds The Time Span The Depth The Presence of Infection Regarding the Type of Wound Healing The Phases of the Healing Process [4] Tissues Found in the Bed of the Wounds Treatment of Wounds Debridement Types of Debridement Dressings: A Rapid Guide Glossary References 83: Physical Therapy in Leprosy Introduction State of Art Pathophysiology of Nerve Damage in Leprosy Face Facial Nerve Trigeminal Nerve Nose The Arms Ulnar Nerve Injury Median Nerve Injury Injury to the Radial Nerve Lower Limbs Common Peroneal Nerve Tibial Nerve Psychosocial Aspects of Leprosy Assessments and Preventive Measures Simplified Neurological Assessment Investigation of the Main Complaint Inspection Nerve Palpation (Figs. 83.7–83.11) Sensitivity Assessment Evaluation of Corneal Sensitivity Sensitivity Test for the Hands and Feet Motor Assessment (Figs. 83.15–83.19) Classification of the Degree of Disability (WHO) Simple Techniques to Prevent Disability and for Self-care Assistive Technology Orthoses and Adaptations Self-care Assessment of Quality of Life Assessments and Measures for Surgical Rehabilitation Reconstructive Surgeries Neural Decompression Sensory Education in a Leprosy Context Future Perspectives References 84: Psychological Approaches in Treating Patients with Dermatological Diseases Introduction State of the Art Psychology and Integrality Skin and Psyche Interface Therapeutic Modalities Individual Therapy Family Therapy Couple Therapy Group Therapy Psychodermatosis Group with Children Psychodermatosis Group with Adults Psychoeducational Group: Group Therapy for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Multidisciplinary Approach: Integrating Psychology and Nutrition Perspectives and Final Considerations Glossary References Part XII: Special Chapters 85: Dermatological Education in Public Health: The Teaching of Dermatology Introduction The Medical Course and the Positioning of Dermatology Dermatology Teaching Methodology Teaching Dermatology for Undergraduate Teaching at the Dermatology Residency Evaluation Computerization of Teaching and Distance Learning The Role of Social Media in Teaching Artificial Intelligence Revolutionizing Learning in Dermatology Teledermatology Patient Education Final Considerations References 86: Hospital Dermatology: The Role of Dermatologists in Hospital Settings Introduction General Aspects Dermatological Diseases and Hospital Admissions The Origins of Hospital Dermatology: From Saint Louis Hospital to the Society of Dermatology Hospitalists Dermatology Consultations Hospital Dermatology Contributions to Medical Education Hospital Care and Training in Dermatology Difficulties and Challenges for Hospital Dermatology Consolidation Clinical Aspects Dermatoses in Dermatology Consultations Hospital Consultations for Internal Medicine Erythroderma Hospital Consultations for Hematology and Transplantation Specialties Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) Hospital Consultations for Nephrology Calciphylaxis Hospital Consultations for Oncology and Surgery Cutaneous Metastases Hospital Consultations for Pneumology and Infectology Covid-19 Hospital Consultations for Intensive Medicine and Nursing Pressure Ulcers Demonstrative Images of Skin Diseases Managed in Hospital Settings Conclusion Glossary References 87: Brief History of Dermatology (Pandemics Included) Introduction History Primitive Dermatology Egyptian Civilization, Edwìn-Smith and Ebers Papyrus: From Wounds and Tumors to the First Cosmiatric Formulations Hippocrates: The Legacy of the “Father of Medicine” for Dermatology The Roman Empire and the Dermatological Descriptions of Aurelius Celsus Pre-Modern Dermatology From Medieval Inertia to the First Classifications of Skin Diseases Modern Dermatology The Great European Medical Schools and the Rise of Dermatology The Austrian School The British School The French School Scientific Dermatology The Science of Dermatology: the First Journals, Congresses, and Societies Microbiology: Discovering the Etiology of Infectious Diseases Syphilis and Penicillin: The Ethics Abandonment in the Tuskegee Study The Innovations of the Twentieth Century Dermatoscopy Phototherapy Cryosurgery Patch Test Lasers Retinoids Immunosuppressants Probiotics and Prebiotics Technoscientific Dermatology Teledermatology: The Use of Digital Media as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Resource Nanomedicine: Nanoemollients, Nanoprotectors, and Drug Delivery Special Topics in the History of Dermatology Hanseniasis: The Oldest Skin Disease of Humanity? Dermatological Depictions Throughout History: From Paintings to the Invention of Photography A Brief History of Dermatological Surgery A Brief History of Dermatological Cosmiatry Dermatology and Global Pandemics Smallpox: The Pandemics that Brought Down Empires HIV and AIDS: The Silent Pandemic that Challenged Medicine COVID-19: Humanity Tested in the Greatest Pandemic of the Twenty-First Century Conclusion References Suggested Reading Index Untitled
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