Dental Pulp Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Preface
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Mesenchymal Stem Cells
	1.1 Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Historical Perspective
	1.2 Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs Are Bona Fide Stem Cells
	1.3 Nomenclature
		1.3.1 Renaming Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Rationale Behind Medicinal Signaling Cells
			1.3.1.1 Magical Cells vs. Secreted Molecules
			1.3.1.2 What About Perivascular Cells, Pericytes?
	1.4 The Developmental Origin of MSCs
		1.4.1 Mechanisms Involved in the Therapeutic Properties of MSCs
	1.5 Conceptual Problems Regarding MSCs
		1.5.1 Definition and Identity
		1.5.2 Microheterogeneity, Temporal Stochasticity, and Diversity at the Single-Cell Level
		1.5.3 Source Variability and Differentiation
		1.5.4 In Vivo Behavior
	References
Chapter 2: Dental Evolution
	2.1 Historical Perspectives
		2.1.1 Atavism
	2.2 Early Theories of Dental Patterning
		2.2.1 The Field Theory
		2.2.2 The Clone Theory and Reaction/Diffusion Model
		2.2.3 The Odontogenic Homeobox Code
		2.2.4 A Unified Model and Clinical Applications
	References
Chapter 3: Tooth Development
	3.1 Tooth Development
	3.2 Stages of a Tooth Development
		3.2.1 Initiation
		3.2.2 Bud Stage
		3.2.3 Cap Stage
		3.2.4 Bell Stage
	3.3 Odontoblast Differentiation
		3.3.1 Asymmetric Division of Preodontoblasts
	3.4 Dental Papilla and Follicle
	3.5 Formation of Permanent Dentition
	3.6 Bioengineered Tooth: Is It Possible?
		3.6.1 Challenges for Whole-Tooth Tissue Engineering
	References
Chapter 4: Dental Pulp Is a Connective Tissue
	4.1 Histology of the Dental Pulp
	4.2 Extracellular Matrix of the Dental Pulp
	4.3 Cells of the Dental Pulp
		4.3.1 Odontoblasts
		4.3.2 Fibroblasts
		4.3.3 Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells
		4.3.4 Immunocompetent Cells
	4.4 Neuronal and Vascular Networks
	4.5 Deciduous (Primary) Tooth Dental Pulp
	References
Chapter 5: Evidences for Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells
	5.1 Emergence of a New Generation of Odontoblast-Like Cells
	5.2 Origin of Progenitor Cells
	5.3 Höhl Cell as an Odontoblast’s Stem Cell: A Mere but Bold Suggestion
	References
Chapter 6: Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
	6.1 Cellular Characterization of Adult Human Dental Pulp
	6.2 Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
		6.2.1 Significant Features of DPSCs
			6.2.1.1 High Proliferation Rates and Clonogenicity
			6.2.1.2 Multipotency
			6.2.1.3 Self-Renewal
			6.2.1.4 Immunomodulatory Properties
			6.2.1.5 Paracrine Effects
	6.3 Niche(s) in Dental Pulp
	6.4 Epigenetics in the Dental Pulp
	6.5 DPSCs from Deciduous Teeth
		6.5.1 The Degree of Resorption of the Teeth Related to Stem Cell Isolation
	6.6 DPSCs’ Role in the Repair of the Dentin-Pulp Complex
	References
Chapter 7: Isolation, Cryopreservation, and Differentiation Methods of DPSC
	7.1 Isolation of DPSCs
		7.1.1 Enzyme Digestion Method
		7.1.2 Outgrowth (Explant) Method
		7.1.3 The Other Isolation Methods for DPSC
	7.2 Cell Culture Media for DPSCs
	7.3 Cryopreservation of DPSC
	7.4 Differentiation Regimens for DPSC
		7.4.1 Recipes for Tri-lineage Differentiation of DPSC
		7.4.2 Problems in Adipogenesis
	7.5 Odontogenic Differentiation
		7.5.1 Is There a Predetermined Cell Fate to Become Either an Osteoblast or an Odontoblast?
	References
Chapter 8: Reprogramming of DPSC to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
	8.1 A Brief History of Efforts to Change Somatic Fate
	8.2 Generation of the First iPSC
	8.3 Applications of iPSCs
		8.3.1 Disease-Specific iPSCs
		8.3.2 Other Applications of iPSC
	8.4 Challenges to Therapeutic Potential of Human iPSCs
	8.5 Applications of iPSCs Through Organoids
	8.6 Reprogramming of DPSCs to iPSCs
		8.6.1 Is Reprogramming Necessary for Dental Regenerative Therapies?
	References
Chapter 9: Need for Tangible Methods for Clinical Translation
	9.1 Abandoning the Stem Cell Term
	9.2 Health vs. Disease
	9.3 Changing Concepts in Cell Biology
	9.4 A New Theory Is Yet to Come
	9.5 Post-Truth Medicine
	9.6 The Dental Pulp as a Complex Adaptive System
	References
Index