Demography in Archaeology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 15
Tables......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
1.1.1 What is a population?......Page 23
1.1.2 Population characteristics......Page 24
1.1.3 Demographic data: from individual life histories to population
parameters......Page 25
1.2.2 Population pressure: cause or effect?......Page 26
1.2.3 Population structure......Page 28
1.2.4 Health and disease......Page 29
1.2.5 Migration......Page 30
1.3.1 Theoretical models......Page 32
1.3.3 Archaeological evidence: skeletal remains, settlements
and site catchments......Page 33
1.3.4 Genetic and evolutionary evidence......Page 34
1.3.5 Evidence from disease......Page 35
2.1.1 Age categories and age distributions......Page 37
2.1.2 Sex distributions......Page 40
2.2.1 Geometric and exponential growth......Page 41
2.2.2 Logistic growth......Page 43
2.2.3 Demographic transition......Page 45
2.3.2 Survivorship......Page 47
2.3.3 Stable populations......Page 48
Introducing the life table......Page 49
Calculating the life table......Page 50
Model life tables......Page 53
2.3.5 Hazard functions for modelling mortality and survivorship......Page 54
2.4.1 Fertility......Page 57
2.4.2 Population projection......Page 58
2.5.1 Migration......Page 60
2.5.2 Colonisation......Page 62
2.6.1 Population standardisation......Page 63
2.6.2 Population comparison......Page 65
3.1.1 Vital registration......Page 67
3.1.2 Censuses......Page 68
3.1.3 Commemorative inscriptions......Page 69
3.1.4 Other written sources......Page 70
3.2.2 Family reconstitution......Page 72
3.3.1 Perceptions and misperceptions of longevity......Page 74
3.3.2 Menarche and menopause......Page 76
3.4.1 Migration in pre-industrial Europe......Page 77
3.4.2 Mass migration and colonisation in the modern era......Page 79
3.5.1 Population structure in hunter-gatherers......Page 80
3.5.2 Mortality and fertility in hunter-gatherers......Page 84
3.6.1 Population structure in agricultural populations......Page 86
3.6.2 Mortality and fertility in agricultural populations......Page 89
3.7.1 Crisis mortality and natural disasters......Page 91
3.7.2 Famine......Page 92
3.7.3 Epidemic disease......Page 96
3.7.4 Conflict mortality......Page 99
4.1.1 Background to the palaeodemography debate......Page 103
4.1.2 The challenge by Bocquet-Appel and Masset......Page 106
4.1.3 Uniformitarian assumptions in palaeodemography......Page 109
4.1.4 Bias in samples and in estimation......Page 111
4.2.1 Human sex differences......Page 114
4.2.2 Morphological sex differences in pre-adolescent skeletons......Page 115
4.2.3 Morphological sex differences in adult skeletons......Page 117
4.2.5 Biomolecular methods of sex estimation......Page 119
4.3.1 Human skeletal development and ageing......Page 120
4.3.2 Age estimation in fetuses and children......Page 123
Overview......Page 127
Dental attrition......Page 128
Other macroscopic ageing methods......Page 130
4.3.4 Age estimation in adults: microscopic methods......Page 132
4.4.1 General principles in estimating age from morphological indicators......Page 134
4.4.2 Bayes’ theorem and its application to age estimation......Page 135
Derivation of prior probabilities of age......Page 136
4.4.3 Evaluative studies of Bayesian methods in age estimation......Page 138
4.4.4 Alternative ways of modelling likelihoods: transition analysis and
latent traits......Page 141
4.4.5 Perinatal age estimation from long bone length......Page 142
4.4.6 Age estimation and catastrophic mortality profiles......Page 145
4.4.7 Prospects for the future......Page 147
4.5.1 House sizes and floor areas......Page 148
4.5.2 Settlement sizes......Page 149
4.5.3 Site catchments and resource utilisation......Page 150
4.5.4 Monitoring population size from radiocarbon dating distributions......Page 153
5.1.1 Natural animal populations......Page 155
5.1.2 Demography of non-human primates......Page 156
5.2.1 Maturation times and longevity in fossil hominids......Page 159
5.2.2 Demography of Australopithecus and early Homo......Page 162
5.2.3 Demography of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis......Page 165
5.3.1 Genetic studies of present-day populations......Page 168
5.3.2 Genetic studies of ancient populations......Page 170
Disease, illness and sickness......Page 173
Epidemiological concepts......Page 174
Sources of evidence for diseases in past populations......Page 175
Skeletal evidence......Page 176
Biomolecular evidence......Page 178
Demographic evidence......Page 180
Skeletal evidence......Page 182
Dental evidence......Page 184
Chemical and biomolecular evidence......Page 186
Skeletal evidence......Page 187
Biomolecular evidence......Page 189
Skeletal evidence......Page 190
Demographic evidence for conflict and homicide......Page 192
Infanticide......Page 193
6.2.1 Demographic responses to disease......Page 194
Treatment......Page 195
Isolation......Page 196
Evidence for compassion......Page 197
7.1 The relevance of demography for archaeology......Page 199
7.2 How meaningful are the results of palaeodemographic analysis?......Page 201
7.3 How different were populations in the past?......Page 202
7.4 Demographic processes and cultural change......Page 205
7.5 Challenges for the future......Page 207
References......Page 211
Index......Page 247