Democracy and Citizenship in Scandinavia

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 12
Preface......Page 20
The purpose of the book......Page 22
Citizenship, political participation and political culture......Page 23
Citizenship and the welfare state......Page 26
Broadening the concept of political participation......Page 28
Data and design......Page 31
The plan of the book......Page 32
Part I Political Participation and Citizenship......Page 34
Introduction: the problem and the concept......Page 36
Operationalization......Page 38
An overview: political interest in Scandinavia, in a comparative perspective......Page 39
Social variations in political engagement – an overview......Page 41
Class and gender mobilization......Page 44
Cognitive mobilization......Page 45
Welfare state mobilization?......Page 48
Conclusions......Page 51
Introduction: high levels of political engagement but declining electoral participation?......Page 52
Macro-level explanations of declining turnout......Page 53
Electoral mobilization and class mobilization......Page 55
Social structural variations......Page 58
Labor market marginalization and family change......Page 60
Political change: representation, distrust and indifference......Page 62
Value change: declining civic virtues......Page 63
Participation in local elections......Page 65
The significance of political parties in Scandinavia and theories of party decline......Page 68
Decline of party membership in Scandinavia, 1960–2000......Page 72
The reality of party membership......Page 76
The motivational bases of party membership......Page 79
Party system change......Page 81
Electoral volatility and declining partisanship......Page 83
Consequences of declining party membership......Page 90
Conclusions......Page 96
Introduction: the significance of voluntary associations in Scandinavia......Page 98
A typology of voluntary associations......Page 100
Membership and activity in voluntary associations: an overview......Page 101
Variations between types of voluntary associations......Page 104
Social and political representativeness......Page 108
Representativeness: a \'power\' analysis of positions......Page 110
Conclusions......Page 112
The strong unions in Scandinavia and theories of union decline......Page 114
Union membership: institutions and social change......Page 117
Unions as movements......Page 123
Efficacy and trust in unions......Page 128
Representativeness......Page 132
Scandinavian unions: conclusions......Page 133
Introduction......Page 135
Historical background......Page 137
Participation and job satisfaction......Page 142
Individual and collective efficacy......Page 144
The workplace as a \'classroom for democracy\'......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 153
Introduction......Page 156
The hypotheses......Page 158
Choice of administrative areas......Page 160
Voice and exit......Page 162
Resources and institutions......Page 172
Inequality......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 181
Introduction: political distrust and political protest in Scandinavia......Page 185
Theories and conceptualizations of political protest......Page 188
Measurement of political protest......Page 191
Social and political variations......Page 193
What is protest about?......Page 196
Political protest and political distrust......Page 199
Postmaterialism and political protest......Page 200
Representativeness of protestors......Page 203
Conclusion: from protest to single-issue participation......Page 205
Part II Challenges to Citizenship......Page 206
Marginalization, polarization and the welfare state......Page 208
Economic and social marginalization......Page 212
Unemployed and trade unions: unemployed as \'insiders\'......Page 215
Political marginalization......Page 217
Political polarization......Page 221
Conclusions......Page 223
Introduction......Page 225
Nordic referenda on the European Union......Page 229
Dimensions of attitudes......Page 230
European identity and solidarity......Page 234
Efficacy......Page 237
The elite and the people: social polarization in attitudes towards the EU?......Page 241
Ideological changes......Page 244
Conclusion......Page 245
Introduction......Page 248
Historical background......Page 249
Political rights and electoral participation......Page 252
Other types of political participation......Page 255
Political, religious and civic organizations......Page 256
Direct political action......Page 259
Attitudes towards immigrants and refugees......Page 260
Conclusion......Page 268
Scandinavian exceptionalism?......Page 271
The legacy of class mobilization......Page 272
Equality and participation......Page 276
\'Small\' democracy......Page 279
The post-national challenge......Page 280
Notes......Page 284
Bibliography......Page 302
C......Page 322
E......Page 323
H......Page 324
M......Page 325
P......Page 326
S......Page 327
T......Page 328
Y......Page 329