Delmar’s Standard Textbook of Electricity, Third Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 21
SECTION I: Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s Law......Page 26
SAFETY OVERVIEW......Page 27
S–1 General Safety Rules......Page 28
S–2 Effects of Electric Current on the Body......Page 30
S–3 On the Job......Page 31
S–4 Protective Clothing......Page 36
S–5 Ladders and Scaffolds......Page 40
S–6 Fires......Page 42
S–7 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters......Page 44
S–8 Grounding......Page 46
UNIT 1 Atomic Structure......Page 52
1–1 Early History of Electricity......Page 53
1–2 Atoms......Page 55
1–3 The Law of Charges......Page 58
1–4 Centripetal Force......Page 60
1–5 Electron Orbits......Page 61
1–6 Valence Electrons......Page 63
1–7 Electron Flow......Page 64
1–8 Insulators......Page 67
1–10 Molecules......Page 68
1–11 Methods of Producing Electricity......Page 70
1–12 Electrical Effects......Page 71
UNIT 2 Electrical Quantities and Ohm’s Law......Page 75
2–1 The Coulomb......Page 76
2–2 The Ampere......Page 77
2–4 The Conventional Current Flow Theory......Page 78
2–5 Speed of Current......Page 80
2–6 Basic Electric Circuits......Page 83
2–7 The Volt......Page 85
2–8 The Ohm......Page 86
2–9 The Watt......Page 88
2–10 Other Measures of Power......Page 90
2–11 Ohm’s Law......Page 92
2–12 Metric Prefixes......Page 97
UNIT 3 Static Electricity......Page 103
3–1 Static Electricity......Page 104
3–3 The Electroscope......Page 106
3–4 Static Electricity in Nature......Page 109
3–5 Nuisance Static Charges......Page 112
3–6 Useful Static Charges......Page 113
UNIT 4 Magnetism......Page 118
4–1 The Earth Is a Magnet......Page 119
4–3 The Electron Theory of Magnetism......Page 121
4–4 Magnetic Materials......Page 123
4–5 Magnetic Lines of Force......Page 124
4–6 Electromagnets......Page 125
4–7 Magnetic Measurement......Page 129
4–9 Demagnetizing......Page 131
4–10 Magnetic Devices......Page 133
UNIT 5 Resistors......Page 136
5–1 Uses of Resistors......Page 137
5–2 Fixed Resistors......Page 138
5–3 Color Code......Page 142
5–4 Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Resistors......Page 148
5–5 Power Ratings......Page 150
5–6 Variable Resistors......Page 151
5–7 Schematic Symbols......Page 155
SECTION II: Basic Electric Circuits......Page 158
UNIT 6 Series Circuits......Page 159
6–1 Series Circuits......Page 160
6–2 Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit......Page 161
6–4 Calculating Series Circuit Values......Page 163
6–5 Solving Circuits......Page 165
6–6 Voltage Dividers......Page 178
6–7 The General Voltage Divider Formula......Page 180
6–8 Voltage Polarity......Page 181
6–9 Using Ground as a Reference......Page 182
UNIT 7 Parallel Circuits......Page 186
7–1 Parallel Circuit Values......Page 187
7–2 Parallel Resistance Formulas......Page 190
UNIT 8 Combination Circuits......Page 212
8–1 Combination Circuits......Page 213
8–2 Solving Combination Circuits......Page 214
8–3 Simplifying the Circuit......Page 215
8–4 Other Electrical Laws......Page 233
SECTION III: Meters and Wire Sizes......Page 268
UNIT 9 Measuring Instruments......Page 269
9–1 Analog Meters......Page 270
9–2 The Voltmeter......Page 275
9–3 Multirange Voltmeters......Page 276
9–4 Reading a Meter......Page 279
9–5 The Ammeter......Page 282
9–6 Ammeter Shunts......Page 283
9–8 The Ayrton Shunt......Page 286
9–9 AC Ammeters......Page 291
9–10 Clamp-On Meters......Page 295
9–11 DC-AC Clamp-On Ammeters......Page 298
9–12 The Ohmmeter......Page 301
9–13 Shunt-Type Ohmmeters......Page 303
9–14 Digital Meters......Page 304
9–15 The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester......Page 307
9–16 The Oscilloscope......Page 309
9–17 The Wattmeter......Page 320
9–19 Bridge Circuits......Page 322
UNIT 10 Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes......Page 329
10–1 Using the NEC® Charts......Page 330
10–2 Factors That Determine Ampacity......Page 335
10–3 Correction Factors......Page 336
10–4 Computing Conductor Sizes and Resistance......Page 340
10–5 Computing Voltage Drop......Page 351
10–6 Parallel Conductors......Page 352
10–7 Testing Wire Installations......Page 355
SECTION IV: Small Sources of Electricity......Page 362
UNIT 11 Conduction in Liquids and Gases......Page 363
11–1 The Ionization Process: Magnesium and Chlorine......Page 364
11–2 Other Types of Ions......Page 366
11–3 Electroplating......Page 368
11–5 Conduction in Gases......Page 369
11–6 Ionization in Nature......Page 374
UNIT 12 Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity......Page 377
12–1 History of the Battery......Page 378
12–2 Cells......Page 380
12–3 Cell Voltage......Page 381
12–4 Primary Cells......Page 383
12–5 Secondary Cells: Lead-Acid Batteries......Page 391
12–6 Other Secondary Cells......Page 398
12–7 Series and Parallel Battery Connections......Page 401
12–8 Other Small Sources of Electricity......Page 403
UNIT 13 Magnetic Induction......Page 412
13–1 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 413
13–2 Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule......Page 416
13–4 Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage......Page 417
13–5 Lenz’s Law......Page 418
13–6 Rise Time of Current in an Inductor......Page 421
13–7 The Exponential Curve......Page 423
13–8 Inductance......Page 425
13–9 R-L Time Constants......Page 427
13–10 Induced Voltage Spikes......Page 428
SECTION V: Basics of Alternating Current (AC)......Page 436
UNIT 14 Basic Trigonometry and Vectors......Page 437
14–1 Right Triangles......Page 438
14–2 The Pythagorean Theorem......Page 439
14–3 Sines, Cosines, and Tangents......Page 441
14–5 Practical Application......Page 445
UNIT 15 Alternating Current (AC)......Page 458
15–1 Advantages of AC......Page 459
15–2 AC Waveforms......Page 460
15–3 Sine Wave Values......Page 466
15–4 Resistive Loads......Page 474
15–5 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 475
15–6 Skin Effect in AC Circuits......Page 476
SECTION VI: Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Containing Inductance......Page 482
UNIT 16 Inductance in AC Circuits......Page 483
16–1 Inductance......Page 484
16–2 Inductive Reactance......Page 487
16–3 Schematic Symbols......Page 491
16–4 Inductors Connected in Series......Page 492
16–5 Inductors Connected in Parallel......Page 493
16–6 Voltage and Current Relationships in an Inductive Circuit......Page 495
16–7 Power in an Inductive Circuit......Page 497
16–9 Q of an Inductor......Page 498
UNIT 17 Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits......Page 504
17–1 R-L Series Circuits......Page 505
17–2 Impedance......Page 507
17–3 Total Current......Page 509
17–4 Voltage Drop across the Resistor......Page 510
17–5 Watts......Page 511
17–7 Voltage Drop across the Inductor......Page 512
17–8 Total Voltage......Page 513
17–9 Computing the Reactive Power......Page 514
17–10 Computing the Apparent Power......Page 515
17–11 Power Factor......Page 517
17–12 Angle Theta......Page 518
UNIT 18 Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 532
18–1 Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 533
18–2 Computing Circuit Values......Page 534
SECTION VII: AC Circuits Containing Capacitors......Page 552
UNIT 19 Capacitor......Page 553
19–1 Capacitors......Page 554
19–2 Electrostatic Charge......Page 557
19–3 Dielectric Constants......Page 561
19–4 Capacitor Ratings......Page 562
19–5 Capacitors Connected in Parallel......Page 563
19–6 Capacitors Connected in Series......Page 564
19–7 Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates......Page 565
19–8 RC Time Constants......Page 567
19–10 Nonpolarized Capacitors......Page 569
19–11 Polarized Capacitors......Page 572
19–12 Variable Capacitors......Page 575
19–13 Capacitor Markings......Page 577
19–15 Ceramic Capacitors......Page 579
19–17 Film Capacitors......Page 580
19–18 Testing Capacitors......Page 581
UNIT 20 Capacitance in AC Circuits......Page 587
20–1 Connecting the Capacitor into an AC Circuit......Page 588
20–2 Capacitive Reactance......Page 590
20–3 Computing Capacitance......Page 591
20–4 Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 592
20–5 Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 594
20–6 Quality of a Capacitor......Page 595
20–7 Capacitor Voltage Rating......Page 596
20–8 Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit......Page 597
20–9 Series Capacitors......Page 598
20–10 Parallel Capacitors......Page 603
UNIT 21 Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 609
21–1 Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 610
21–2 Impedance......Page 611
21–3 Total Current......Page 612
21–6 Capacitance......Page 613
21–8 Total Voltage......Page 614
21–10 Apparent Power......Page 615
21–12 Angle Theta......Page 616
UNIT 22 Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 626
22–1 Operation of RC Parallel Circuits......Page 627
22–2 Computing Circuit Values......Page 628
SECTION VIII: AC Circuits Containing Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance......Page 642
UNIT 23 Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 643
23–1 RLC Series Circuits......Page 644
23–2 Series Resonant......Page 655
UNIT 24 Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 664
24–1 RLC Parallel Circuits......Page 665
24–2 Parallel Resonant Circuits......Page 674
UNIT 25 Filters......Page 688
25–1 Broad-Band Tuning......Page 690
25–2 Low-Pass Filters......Page 691
25–3 High-Pass Filters......Page 693
25–4 Bandpass Filters......Page 696
25–5 Band-Rejection (Notch) Filters......Page 697
25–6 T Filters......Page 699
25–8 Crossover Networks......Page 700
SECTION IX: Three-Phase Power......Page 704
UNIT 26 Three-Phase Circuits......Page 705
26–1 Three-Phase Circuits......Page 706
26–2 Wye Connections......Page 708
26–3 Delta Connections......Page 712
26–4 Three-Phase Power......Page 713
26–5 Watts and VARs......Page 714
26–6 Three-Phase Circuit Calculations......Page 715
26–8 Load 2 Calculations......Page 724
26–9 Load 1 Calculations......Page 725
26–10 Alternator Calculations......Page 726
26–11 Power Factor Correction......Page 727
SECTION X: Transformers......Page 734
UNIT 27 Single-Phase Transformers......Page 735
27–1 Single-Phase Transformers......Page 736
27–2 Isolation Transformers......Page 738
27–3 Autotransformers......Page 764
27–4 Transformer Polarities......Page 767
27–5 Voltage and Current Relationships in a Transformer......Page 772
27–6 Testing the Transformer......Page 774
27–7 Transformer Nameplates......Page 775
27–8 Determining Maximum Current......Page 776
27–9 Transformer Impedance......Page 777
UNIT 28 Three-Phase Transformers......Page 784
28–1 Three-Phase Transformers......Page 785
28–2 Closing a Delta......Page 790
28–3 Three-Phase Transformer Calculations......Page 791
28–4 Open-Delta Connection......Page 797
28–5 Single-Phase Loads......Page 798
28–6 Closed Delta with Center Tap......Page 802
28–7 Closed Delta without Center Tap......Page 803
28–8 Delta-Wye Connection with Neutral......Page 804
28–9 T-Connected Transformers......Page 805
28–11 Zig-Zag Connection......Page 808
28–12 Harmonics......Page 810
SECTION XI: DC Machines......Page 826
UNIT 29 DC Generators......Page 827
29–1 What Is a Generator?......Page 828
29–2 Armature Windings......Page 838
29–4 Pole Pieces......Page 840
29–5 Field Windings......Page 841
29–6 Series Generators......Page 842
29–7 Shunt Generators......Page 846
29–8 Compound Generators......Page 852
29–9 Compounding......Page 853
29–10 Countertorque......Page 856
29–11 Armature Reaction......Page 857
29–12 Setting the Neutral Plane......Page 860
29–13 Paralleling Generators......Page 861
UNIT 30 DC Motors......Page 867
30–1 DC Motor Principles......Page 868
30–2 Shunt Motors......Page 871
30–3 Series Motors......Page 874
30–4 Compound Motors......Page 876
30–5 Terminal Identification for DC Motors......Page 878
30–6 Determining the Direction of Rotation of a DC Motor......Page 879
30–7 Speed Control......Page 882
30–8 The Field-Loss Relay......Page 884
30–9 Horsepower......Page 885
30–10 Brushless DC Motors......Page 888
30–11 Converters......Page 891
30–12 Permanent Magnet Motors......Page 892
30–13 The Right-Hand Motor Rule......Page 900
SECTION XII: AC Machines......Page 904
UNIT 31 Three-Phase Alternators......Page 905
31–1 Three-Phase Alternators......Page 906
31–3 The Brushless Exciter......Page 910
31–4 Alternator Cooling......Page 913
31–5 Frequency......Page 914
31–6 Output Voltage......Page 915
31–7 Paralleling Alternators......Page 916
31–8 Sharing the Load......Page 918
31–9 Field-Discharge Protection......Page 919
UNIT 32 Three-Phase Motors......Page 923
32–1 Three-Phase Motors......Page 924
32–2 The Rotating Magnetic Field......Page 925
32–3 Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors......Page 935
32–4 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors......Page 941
32–5 Wound-Rotor Induction Motors......Page 958
32–6 Synchronous Motors......Page 961
32–7 Selsyn Motors......Page 968
UNIT 33 Single-Phase Motors......Page 976
33–2 Split-Phase Motors......Page 977
33–3 Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 981
33–4 Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 989
33–5 Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors......Page 991
33–6 Determining the Direction of Rotation for Split-Phase Motors......Page 994
33–7 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors......Page 995
33–8 Shaded-Pole Induction Motors......Page 998
33–9 Multispeed Motors......Page 1002
33–11 Construction of Repulsion Motors......Page 1004
33–12 Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1007
33–13 Repulsion-Induction Motors......Page 1010
33–14 Single-Phase Synchronous Motors......Page 1011
33–15 Stepping Motors......Page 1013
33–16 Universal Motors......Page 1022
APPENDIX A: Trigonometric Functions—Natural Sines and Cosines......Page 1030
APPENDIX B: Trigonometric Functions—Natural Tangents and Cotangents......Page 1032
APPENDIX C: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase,Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor......Page 1034
APPENDIX D: Alternating Current Formulas......Page 1038
APPENDIX E: Greek Alphabet......Page 1050
APPENDIX F: Metals......Page 1051
APPENDIX G: Scientific Notation......Page 1053
APPENDIX H: Answers to Practice Problems......Page 1058
GLOSSARY......Page 1074
INDEX......Page 1091