Delmar's Standard Textbook of Electricity

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Dedication Page
Preface
	Intended Use
	Subject & Approach
	Design of Text
	Math Level
	A Note about Calculations
	New to this Edition
	Features of The Text
		• “Safety Overview”
		• “Cautions”
		• Math Presentation
		• “Why You Need to Know”
		• “Practical Applications”
		• DVD Correlation
		• Text Design
		• New, Up-to-Date Art
		• Dedication to Technical Accuracy and Consistency
	Supplement Package
	A Note about the Lab Manuals
	About the Author
	Acknowledgments
Introduction: Electrical Occupations
	Organization of the Industry
		Electrical Personnel
		Union and Nonunion Employees
		Ethics
		Appearance
		Communication
		Working on a Team
		Building Codes
		Green Building
		Solar Energy
		Wind Power
		Lighting
		Summary
SECTION l: Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s Law
	Safety Overview
		S–1: General Safety Rules
		S–2: Effects of Electric Current on the Body
		S–3: On the Job
		S–4: Protective Clothing
		S–5: Ladders and Scaffolds
		S–6: Fires
		S–7: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
		S–8: Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)
		S–9: Grounding
	UNIT 1: Atomic Structure
		1–1: Early History of Electricity
		1–2: Atoms
		1–3: The Law of Charges
		1–4: Structure of the Atom
		1–5: Electron Orbits
		1–6: Valence Electrons
		1–7: Electron Flow
		1–8: Insulators
		1–9: Semiconductors
		1–10: Molecules
		1–11: Methods of Producing Electricity
		1–12: Electrical Effects
	UNIT 2: Electrical Quantities and Ohm’s Law
		2–1: The Coulomb
		2–2: The Ampere
		2–3: The Electron Flow Theory
		2–4: The Conventional Current Flow Theory
		2–5: Speed of Current
		2–6: Basic Electric Circuits
		2–7: The Volt
		2–8: The Ohm
		2–9: The Watt
		2–10: Other Measures of Power
		2–11: Ohm’s Law
		2–12: Metric Prefixes
	UNIT 3: Static Electricity
		3–1: Static Electricity
		3–2: Charging an Object
		3–3: The Electroscope
		3–4: Static Electricity in Nature
		3–5: Nuisance Static Charges
		3–6: Useful Static Charges
	UNIT 4: Magnetism
		4–1: The Earth Is a Magnet
		4–2: Permanent Magnets
		4–3: The Electron Theory of Magnetism
		4–4: Magnetic Materials
		4–5: Magnetic Lines of Force
		4–6: Electromagnetics
		4–7: Magnetic Measurement
		4–8: Magnetic Polarity
		4–9: Demagnetizing
		4–10: Magnetic Devices
	UNIT 5: Resistors
		5–1: Uses of Resistors
		5–2: Fixed Resistors
		5–3: Color Code
		5–4: Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Resistors
		5–5: Power Ratings
		5–6: Variable Resistors
		5–7: Schematic Symbols
SECTION ll: Basic Electric Circuits
	UNIT 6: Series Circuits
		6–1: Series Circuits
		6–2: Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit
		6–3: Resistance in a Series Circuit
		6–4: Calculating Series Circuit Values
		6–5: Solving Circuits
		6–6: Voltage Dividers
		6–7: The General Voltage Divider Formula
		6–8: Voltage Polarity
		6–9: Using Ground as a Reference
	UNIT 7:Parallel Circuits
		7–1: Parallel Circuit Values
		7–2: Parallel Resistance Formulas
	UNIT 8: Combination Circuits
		8–1: Combination Circuits
		8–2: Solving Combination Circuits
		8–3: Simplifying the Circuit
	UNIT 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
		9–1: Kirchhoff’s Laws
		9–2: Thevenin’s Theorem
		9–3: Norton’s Theorem
		9–4: The Superposition Theorem
SECTION lll: Meters and Wire Sizes
	UNIT 10: Measuring Instruments
		10–1: Analog Meters
		10–2: The Voltmeter
		10–3: Multirange Voltmeters
		10–4: Reading a Meter
		10–5: The Ammeter
		10–6: Ammeter Shunts
		10–7: Multirange Ammeters
		10–8: The Ayrton Shunt
		10–9: AC Ammeters
		10–10: Clamp-On Ammeters
		10–11: DC–AC Clamp-On Ammeters
		10–12: The Ohmmeter
		10–13: Shunt-Type Ohmmeters
		10–14: Digital Meters
		10–15: The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester
		10–16: The Oscilloscope
		10–17: The Wattmeter
		10–18: Recording Meters
		10–19: Bridge Circuits
	UNIT 11: Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes
		11–1: The American Wire Gauge (AWG)
		11–2: Using the NEC Charts
		11–3: Factors That Determine Ampacity
		11–4: Correction Factors
		11–5: Calculating Conductor Sizes and Resistance
		11–6: Calculating Voltage Drop
		11–7: Parallel Conductors
		11–8: Testing Wire Installations
SECTION lV: Small Sources of Electricity
	UNIT 12: Conduction in Liquids and Gases
		12–1: The Ionization Process: Magnesium and Chlorine
		12–2: Other Types of Ions
		12–3: Electroplating
		12–4: Electrolysis
		12–5: Conduction in Gases
		12–6: Ionization in Nature
	UNIT 13: Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity
		13–1: History of the Battery
		13–2: Cells
		13–3: Cell Voltage
		13–4: Primary Cells
		13–5: Secondary Cells: Lead-Acid Batteries
		13–6: Other Secondary Cells
		13–7: Series and Parallel Battery Connections
		13–8: Other Small Sources of Electricity
	UNIT 14: Magnetic Induction
		14–1: ElectromagnetiC Induction
		14–2: Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule
		14–3: Moving Magnetic Fields
		14–4: Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage
		14–5: Lenz’s Law
		14–6: Rise Time of Current in an Inductor
		14–7: The Exponential Curve
		14–8: Inductance
		14–9: R-L Time Constants
		14–10: Induced Voltage Spikes
SECTION V: Basics of Alternating Current
	UNIT 15: Basic Trigonometry and Vectors
		15–1: Right Triangles
		15–2: The Pythagorean Theorem
		15–3: Sines, Cosines, and Tangents
		15–4: Formulas
		15–5: Practical Application
	UNIT 16: Alternating Current
		16–1: Advantages of AC
		16–2: AC Waveforms
		16–3: Sine Wave Values
		16–4: Resistive Loads
		16–5: Power in an AC Circuit
		16–6: Skin Effect in AC Circuits
SECTION VI: Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Containing Inductance
	UNIT 17: Inductance in AC Circuits
		17–1: Inductance
		17–2: Inductive Reactance
		17–3: Schematic Symbols
		17–4: Inductors Connected in Series
		17–5: Inductors Connected in Parallel
		17–6: Voltage and Current Relationships in an Inductive Circuit
		17–7: Power in an Inductive Circuit
		17–8: Reactive Power
		17–9: Q of an Inductor
	UNIT 18: Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits
		18–1: R-L Series Circuits
		18–2: Impedance
		18–3: Total Current
		18–4: Voltage Drop across the Resistor
		18–5: Watts
		18–6: Calculating the Inductance
		18–7: Voltage Drop across the Inductor
		18–8: Total Voltage
		18–9: Calculating the Reactive Power
		18–10: Calculating the Apparent Power
		18–11: Power Factor
		18–12: Angle Theta
	UNIT 19: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits
		19–1: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits
		19–2: Calculating Circuit Values
SECTION Vll: AC Circuits Containing Capacitors
	UNIT 20:Capacitors
		20–1: Capacitors
		20–2: Electrostatic Charge
		20–3: Dielectric Constant
		20–4: Capacitor Ratings
		20–5: Capacitors Connected in Parallel
		20–6: Capacitors Connected in Series
		20–7: Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates
		20–8: RC Time Constants
		20–9: Applications for Capacitors
		20–10: Nonpolarized Capacitors
		20–11: Polarized Capacitors
		20–12: Variable Capacitors
		20–13: Capacitor Markings
		20–14: Temperature Coefficients
		20–15: Ceramic Capacitors
		20–16: Dipped Tantalum Capacitors
		20–17: Film Capacitors
		20–18: Testing Capacitors
	UNIT 21: Capacitance in AC Circuits
		21–1: Connecting the Capacitor into an AC Circuit
		21–2: Capacitive Reactance
		21–3: Calculating Capacitance
		21–4: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Capacitive Circuit
		21–5: Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit
		21–6: Quality of a Capacitor
		21–7: Capacitor Voltage Rating
		21–8: Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit
		21–9: Series Capacitors
		21–10: Parallel Capacitors
	UNIT 22: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits
		22–1: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits
		22–2: Impedance
		22–3: Total Current
		22–4: Voltage Drop Across the Resistor
		22–5: True Power
		22–6: Capacitance
		22–7: Voltage Drop Across the Capacitor
		22–8: Total Voltage
		22–9: Reactive Power
		22–10: Apparent Power
		22–11: Power Factor
		22–12: Angle Theta
	UNIT 23: Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
		23–1: Operation of RC Parallel Circuits
		23–2: Calculating Circuit Values
SECTION Vlll: AC Circuits Containing Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance
	UNIT 24: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits
		24–1: RLC Series Circuits
		24–2: Series Resonant Circuits
	UNIT 25: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
		25–:1 RLC Parallel Circuits
		25–2: Parallel Resonant Circuits
	UNIT 26: Filters
		26–1: Broadband Tuning
		26–2: Low-Pass Filters
		26–3: High-Pass Filters
		26–4: Bandpass Filters
		26–5: Band-Rejection (Notch) Filters
		26–6: T Filters
		26–7: PI-Type Filters
		26–8: Crossover Networks
SECTION lX: Three-Phase Power
	UNIT 27: Three-Phase Circuits
		27–1: Three-Phase Circuits
		27–2: Wye Connections
		27–3: Delta Connections
		27–4: Three-Phase Power
		27–5: Watts and VARs
		27–6: Three-Phase Circuit Calculations
		27–7: Load 3 Calculations
		27–8: Load 2 Calculations
		27–9: Load 1 Calculations
		27–10: Alternator Calculations
		27–11: Power Factor Correction
SECTION X: Transformers
	UNIT 28: Single-Phase Transformers
		28–1: Single-Phase Transformers
		28–2:  Isolation Transformers
		28–3: Autotransformers
		28–4: Transformer Polarities
		28–5: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Transformer
		28–6: Testing the Transformer
		28–7: Transformer Nameplates
		28–8: Determining Maximum Current
		28–9: Transformer Impedance
	UNIT 29: Three-Phase Transformers
		29–1: Three-Phase Transformers
		29–2: Closing a Delta
		29–3: Three-Phase Transformer Calculations
		29–4: Open-Delta Connection
		29–5: Single-Phase Loads
		29–6: Closed Delta with Center Tap
		29–7: Closed Delta without Center Tap
		29–8: Delta–Wye Connection with Neutral
		29–9: T-Connected Transformers
		29–10: Scott Connection
		29–11: Zig-Zag Connection
		29–12: Harmonics
SECTION Xl: DC Machines
	UNIT 30: DC Generators
		30–1: What Is a Generator?
		30–2: Armature Windings
		30–3: Brushes
		30–4: Pole Pieces
		30–5: Field Windings
		30–6: Series Generators
		30–7: Shunt Generators
		30–8: Compound Generators
		30–9: Compounding
		30–10: Countertorque
		30–11: Armature Reaction
		30–12: Setting the Neutral Plane
		30–13: Paralleling Generators
	UNIT 31: DC Motors
		31–1: DC Motor Principles
		31–2: Shunt Motors
		31–3: Series Motors
		31–4: Compound Motors
		31–5: Terminal Identification for DC Motors
		31–6: Determining the Direction of Rotation of a DC Motor
		31–7: Speed Control
		31–8: The Field-Loss Relay
		31–9: Horsepower
		31–10: Brushless DC Motors
		31–11: Converters
		31–12: Permanent Magnet Motors
		31–13: The Right-Hand Motor Rule
SECTION Xll: AC Machines
	UNIT 32: Three-Phase Alternators
		32–1: Three-Phase Alternators
		32–2: The Rotor
		32–3: The Brushless Exciter
		32–4: Alternator Cooling
		32–5: Frequency
		32–6: Output Voltage
		32–7: Paralleling Alternators
		32–8: Sharing the Load
		32–9: Field-Discharge Protection
	UNIT 33:Three-Phase Motors
		33–1: Three-Phase Motors
		33–2: The Rotating Magnetic Field
		33–3: Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors
		33–4: Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors
		33–5: Wound-Rotor Induction Motors
		33–6: Synchronous Motors
		33–7: Selsyn Motors
	UNIT 34: Single-Phase Motors
		34–1: Single-Phase Motors
		34–2: Split-Phase Motors
		34–3: Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors
		34–4: Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors
		34–5: Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors
		34–6: Determining the Direction of Rotation for Split-Phase Motors
		34–7: Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
		34–8: Shaded-Pole Induction Motors
		34–9: Multispeed Motors
		34–10: Repulsion-Type Motors
		34–11: Construction of Repulsion Motors
		34–12: Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motors
		34–13: Repulsion-Induction Motors
		34–14: Single-Phase Synchronous Motors
		34–15: Stepping Motors
		34–16: Universal Motors
APPENDIX A: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase, Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor
APPENDIX B: AC Formulas
	Instantaneous and Maximum Values
	Changing Peak, RMS, and Average Values
	Pure Resistive Circuit
	Series Resistive Circuits
	Parallel Resistive Circuits
	Pure Inductive Circuits
	Series Inductive Circuits
	Parallel Inductive Circuits
	Pure Capacitive Circuits
	Series Capacitive Circuits
	Parallel Capacitive Circuits
	Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits
	Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits
	Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits
	Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
	Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits
	Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits (continued)
	Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
	Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits (continued)
	Transformers
	Three-Phase Connections
APPENDIX C: Greek Alphabet
APPENDIX D: Metals
APPENDIX E:Scientific Notation
	Using Scientific Notation with Calculators
	Entering Numbers in Scientific Notation
	Setting the Display
APPENDIX F: Answers to Practice Problems
	Unit 2: Electrical Quantities and Ohm’s Law
	Unit 5: Resistors
	Unit 6: Series Circuits
	Unit 7: Parallel Circuits
	Unit 8: Combination Circuits
	Unit 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
	Unit 10: Measuring Instruments
	Unit 11: Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes
	Unit 15: Basic Trigonometry and Vectors
	Unit 16: Alternating Current
		Sine Wave Values
		Peak, RMS, and Average Values
	Unit 17: Inductance in AC Circuits
		Inductive Circuits
	Unit 18: Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits
	Unit 19: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits
	Unit 20: Capacitors
		RC Time Constants
	Unit 21: Capacitance in AC Circuits
		Capacitive Circuits
	Unit 22: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits
	Unit 23: Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
	Unit 24: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series
	Unit 25: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits
	Unit 27: Three-Phase Circuits
	Unit 28: Single-Phase Transformers
	Unit 29: Three-Phase Transformers
GLOSSARY
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
INDEX