Delivery of Drugs: Expectations and Realities of Multifunctional Drug Delivery Systems: Volume 2: Expectations and Realities of Multifunctional Drug Delivery Systems

Cover
Design for Health: Applications of Human Factors
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section 1: Devices, tools, and health care IT
1 Designing for medical device safety
	Introduction
	Human factors design process
	Identify device users, environments, interfaces
		Device users
		Device environments
		Device interfaces
	Methods for identifying users, environments, and interfaces
	Identifying risks
		Critical tasks and known issues
		Method for identifying critical tasks and known issues
	Formative usability process
	Validation testing
		Enable simple interactions
		Design for the environment of use
		Avoid physical strain and repetitive motion
		Provide timely and informative feedback
		Design with accessibility in mind
		Do not overrely on training and instructions for use
		Design with user emotions in mind
	Case Study: SynCardia
		Phase 1: Contextual inquiry and participatory design
		Phase 2: Graphical user interface wireframe prototype and formative study 1
		Phase 3: Foam models, driveline connector prototypes, and formative study 2
		Phase 4: Appearance models, battery prototypes, alarm messages, and formative study 3
		Phase 5: Functional prototype, auditory alarms, and formative study 4
	Next steps
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
2 Designing for medication safety
	Designing for medication safety
		Medication errors during care transitions
	Medication reconciliation
	Challenges with completing medication reconciliation
		Quality of medication reconciliation
		Multisource verification
		Involvement of multiple stakeholders
		Technology design
	Design guidelines for medication reconciliation
		Assembling the home medication list
		Performing reconciliation
	Case study: medication reconciliation
		Methods and design
		Results
	Conclusion
	References
3 Design for digital health
	Introduction
	Designing a system, not a product
	Health care is opaque
	Observerships and research ethics
	Case study: when product design is not enough—the vital signs project
	Change management, Lean, and implementation science
	The service design approach
	Case study: service design a heart-failure-management app for patients
	Conclusion
	References
4 Design for eHealth and telehealth
	Introduction
	Functional and nonfunctional requirements
		Requirement gathering for telemedicine system
			Interviews and focus groups
			Observational studies
			Existing system log data
			Studying documentations
			Participatory design
	Design and prototyping
	Case study: heart failure readmission prevention
	System operation
	Contextual and cognitive support
	Clinical study: a pilot trial
	Design guidelines
		Predictive analytics
		Personalized instruction and education for behavior modification
		Telehealth element management system
		Security and privacy
		Usability
	Conclusion
	References
5 Design of mobile health technology
	Introduction
		The new world of mHealth
		Wellness versus clinical practice
		Types of mHealth solutions
	Design guidelines
		Function and features for mHealth apps
		Importance of visual appeal and following design guidelines
		Persuasive design
		Paradoxes of health technology design
	Case study: understanding user behavior in the wild through real-world data
	The prototyping
	Data-driven design
	Conclusion
	References
6 Design for effective care collaboration
	Challenges in care coordination
	Design guidelines
	Case study 1: Creating a prototype to facilitate clinical communication in emergency situations
		Participatory design approach
		Solution overview
		Discussion
	Case study 2: Redesigning “after-visit summaries” to better support clinical communication
		Novel approach to heuristic evaluation
		Evaluation results
		Recommendations to improve electronic health record–generated after-visit summaries
		Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Section 2: Healthcare systems
7 Design for critical care
	Introduction
	Overview of critical care
	System design criteria in the intensive care unit
	Case study: a comparison of two intensive care units at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore
		Delivery of life-saving critical care medical interventions
		Safety for patients, staff, and others
		Support for clinical effectiveness
		Support for clinical effectiveness
		Address the social and family needs of patients
		Preparation for the future and the unexpected
	Conclusion: the intensive care unit of the future
	References
	Further reading
8 Design for emergencies
	Introduction
	Human cognition during emergencies
		Decision making under cognitive load
		How to improve the way people perform during emergencies?
		How design affects human behavior
	The three pillars of emergency systems
		Environment
		Human operator
		Equipment
		The system and the interaction between the three pillars
	Guidelines for how to design for emergencies
		Environment
		Human operator
		Equipment
	Case study
		Mass-casualty incident
		The mass-casualty incident environment
		The mass-casualty incident human operator
		The mass-casualty incident management equipment
	Conclusions and implications
	References
9 Design for resilience
	What is resilience?
		Resilience and complexity
		Inception and development
		Context
	Designing resilient systems
		Resilient design methods
	Applications
		Designing for robustness
	Case study: Infection prevention by increasing robustness of health-care surfaces
		Designing for adaptivity
	Case study: Increasing workplace wellness resilience through adaptive persuasive design
		Designing for graceful extensibility
	Case study: Planning for graceful extensibility through design-development traceability
		Designing for sustainable response
	Case study: Using dynamic modeling in engineering complex systems’ sustainable response
	Summing it up
	Things to remember
	Research acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
	Further reading
10 Designing for collaborative work
	Introduction
	Sociotechnical system functions and inputs
		Work environment
		Physical environment
		Team-level structure
		Tools and technologies
		Team adaptability
	Design guidelines
		Create a stable infrastructure for collaborative practice
		Embed tools to foster effective team process and minimize work arounds
		Create norms, expectations, and space for teamwork: create a culture of collaboration
		Develop teams by training and cross training for roles and responsibilities
	Case studies—problem breakdown and design solutions
		Alter work system support structures
			How to situate effectively: identify coordination demands and process needs
	Collaborative practice—beyond patient outcomes
		How do we create culture change for teamwork?
	Team process in the care arena
		How to support team process
		How do we determine important teamwork processes in care? Develop teams
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
11 Design for stress, fatigue, and workload management
	Introduction
	Workload
		Nurses
		Physicians
		Surgeons
		Caregivers
		Workload measurements
	Stress
		Nurses
		Physicians
		Surgeons
		Caregivers
		Stress measurements
	Fatigue
		Nurses
		Physicians and caregivers
		Fatigue measurements
	Recommendations for workload, stress, and fatigue management
		Workload and fatigue management
		Stress management
	Heuristics to design for workload, stress, and fatigue
	Case study
	Advances in workload, stress, fatigue monitoring, and management
	Conclusion
	References
12 Design for cognitive support
	Introduction
		Perception and attention
		Working memory
			Vigilance
			Interruptions
		Decision-making
	Design guidelines
	Case study
	A clinical decision support primer
	Choosing to alert: right data
	Designing the alert: right design
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
13 Design for improved workflow
	Introduction
		Workflow in health-related settings
		Designing workflow versus designing interventions for workflow
		Health informatics, workflow, and user-centered design
		Workflow and user-centered design in clinical informatics
		Workflow and user-centered design in public health informatics
		Workflow and user-centered design in consumer health informatics
	Design guidelines
		User-centered design: engaging users for improving workflow
			Observations
			Participant interviews
			Focus groups
			Questionnaires
			Think-aloud protocols
		Contextual inquiry and workflow: understanding users’ tasks and activities
	Case study: Design to support patient engagement for improved intra- and interorganizational workflow in emergency care
		Significance of understanding workflow in an emergency care setting
		Redesigning clinical workflow with health information technologies implementation in the ED
		Incorporating patient’s needs into the ED workflow
		Understanding interorganizational workflow in ED care
	Conclusion and recommendations
	References
14 Design for self-care
	Introduction
	Identifying and understanding problems in self-care
		Actors in the practice of self-care
		Types of self-care
		Components of self-care
		Barriers to self-care performance
		Solutions for self-care
		Emerging trends in design for self-care
	Design guidelines: supporting self-care
		Design for self-care components
		Design to overcome self-care barriers
	Case study: designing for heart failure self-care
		Formative research to understand heart failure self-care
			Data collection methods: interviews, observations, and surveys
			Data analysis methods
		Designing for heart failure self-care
		Evaluating design for heart failure self-care
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section 3: Special population
15 Design for inclusivity
	Inclusive design guidelines
		General guidelines
		Passive techniques: personas
			Overview
			Practical guidance
	Case study: hospital parking lot redesign for safety and accessibility
		Maximum variance sampling
			Overview
			Practical guidance
	Case study: understanding design requirements for health information technology to aid in sharing health information with p...
		Community-based participatory research
			Overview
			Practical guidance
	Case study: improving maternal health outcomes and maximizing patient experience for African American women in Chicago
	Conclusion
	References
16 Design for global health
	Introduction
		History of global health
		Current global-health challenges
	Design in the context of global health
	Design for global-health guidelines
	Models of applying design to global health in action
	Case study: Adolescents 360
		The global-health problem
	Adolescents 360 design process
		Results of the design process
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
17 Design of health information and communication technologies for older adults
	Health-care needs of older adults
		Demographics and age-related health needs
		Use of information and communication technology for health-care self-management
		Chapter scope
	Older Adults’ physiological and psychological characteristics related to information and communication technology use
		Sensory/perceptual processes/systems
			Vision
			Hearing
			Haptics
		Cognitive function
		Psychological needs
	Guidelines for health-care technology design for the aging population
	Involving older adults in the design process
		Contextual inquiry
		Case study: PRISM
			Project overview
			Design approach
			Lessons learned
		Case study: Aging Concerns, Challenges, and Everyday Solution Strategies
			Project overview
			Design approach
			Lessons learned
		Universal design
		Case study: A universally designed support tool for exergame use
			Project overview
			Design research approach
			Lessons learned
		Participatory health-technology design
		Case study: Participatory design of a mobile fitness application
			Project overview
			Design research approach
			Lessons learned
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Index
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