Delivering Superior Health and Wellness Management with IoT and Analytics

Foreword
Preface
	References
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
About the Authors
Part I Mobile and Sensor-Based Solutions
	Towards a Medical Tricorder: A 3D Map to Categorise Diseases for Self-Care with Mobile Technology
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Background
			2.1 Medical Perspective
			2.2 Self-Care Perspective
			2.3 Technological Perspective
		3 Burden of Disease
			3.1 Criteria for Medical Conditions
			3.2 Categorisation of Medical Conditions
				3.2.1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
				3.2.2 Infectious Diseases
				3.2.3 Other Diseases
		4 Self-Care Relevance
			4.1 Criteria for Self-Care Relevance
			4.2 Categorisation of Self-Care Relevance
		5 Technological Feasibility
			5.1 Criteria for Categorisation
			5.2 Categorisation of Technologies
				5.2.1 3D Self-Care Map
		6 Discussion
			6.1 Implications for Research and Practice
			6.2 Further Research
		References
	Piloting a Mobile Tele-simulation Unit to Train Rural and Remote Emergency Healthcare Providers
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
		3 Description of MTU Prototype
		4 Methods
			4.1 Cycle A – Theory and Modeling
				4.1.1 Development of MTU Prototype
				4.1.2 Development of Training Program
			4.2 Cycle B – Piloting
				4.2.1 Session A
				4.2.2 Session B
				4.2.3 Session C
		5 Results
		6 Discussion and Future Research
		7 Conclusion
		Appendix A – Aim-FineTune-FollowThrough Approach
		Appendix B – Procedural Skills Questions
		*-18pt
		References
	Drone Delivery Models for Medical Emergencies
		1 Introduction
		2 Drone Applications for Medical Emergencies
		3 Examples of Drones for Medical Emergencies
			3.1 Matternet
			3.2 DHL Parcel
			3.3 CyPhy Works
			3.4 Zipline
			3.5 Flirtey
			3.6 Delft University “Ambulance Drone”
			3.7 Drone Delivery Costs
		4 Models for Drone Delivery
		5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Converting Disability into Ability Using IT/IS and Smart Textiles
		1 Introduction
		2 Brain Injury
			2.1 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
			2.2 Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
			2.3 Symptoms and Types of Brain Injuries
			2.4 Categories of Brain Injuries According to Clinical Severity
		3 Types of Assistive Technologies
			3.1 Non-invasive Technologies
				3.1.1 Passive or Aesthetic Body Powered Limb
				3.1.2 Non-invasive: Head Wearable Gear
				3.1.3 Non-invasive; Fixed to Limb
			3.2 Invasive: Implantable Technologies
				3.2.1 Invasive: Brain-Implanted Electrode
				3.2.2 Invasive: Implant into Arm
		4 Proposed Smart Textile Glove
			4.1 Nerve and Muscle Actuation Mapping
			4.2 Signals Conductions
			4.3 Signal Communications
			4.4 Signal Processing
			4.5 Output/Actions
		5 Benefits for Using Smart Textile Glove?
			5.1 Material Choices
			5.2 Aesthetic Aspect
			5.3 Cost
			5.4 Integration and Acceptance in Society
			5.5 Reduction in Depression and Suicidal
			5.6 Upgradation with Age or Need
			5.7 Reduction in Overall Care Need
			5.8 Comfort
		6 Conclusion
		References
	A Mobile Nursing Solution
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Case Study
			2.2 Questionnaire
			2.3 Interviews
		3 Results
			3.1 Questionnaire Survey
			3.2 Semi-structured Interviews
				3.2.1 Benefits from Using Mobile Nursing Information System
				3.2.2 Dissatisfaction with the Mobile Nursing Information System
				3.2.3 Anticipation of the Mobile Nursing Information System
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	SmartCoping: A Mobile Solution for Recognizing Stress and Coping with It
		1 Introduction
		2 Physiological Indicators of Stress
		3 Stress Detection and Management
		4 The SmartCoping Approach
			4.1 Main Features of SmartCoping
			4.2 Obtaining Physiological Stress Parameters
			4.3 Stress Level Calculation
				4.3.1 Calibration Based on User Feedbacks on Stress Levels
				4.3.2 Acquiring User Feedbacks in an Initial Learning Phase
				4.3.3 Calibration Without User Feedbacks
			4.4 Generation of Stress Warnings
			4.5 Indication of Recurrent High-Stress Situations
			4.6 Biofeedback for Reducing Stress
		5 Evaluation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Changing Behavior of Kids with Obesity with Gamified Wearables
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Obesity in Children
			2.2 Gamification
			2.3 Wearables
			2.4 Gamified Wearables
		3 Empirical Analysis
			3.1 Objectives
			3.2 Methodology
			3.3 Design and Data Collection
			3.4 Data Analysis
			3.5 Results
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Potential Gamification App: Body Balance
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Precision Wellness: An Optimization Model
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Precision Health
			2.2 Precision Medicine
			2.3 Precision Wellness
			2.4 Current Trends
			2.5 Technologies Applied
			2.6 Barriers to Implementation
			2.7 Facilitators
		3 The Current Need to Develop an Operationalized Model for Precision Wellness
		4 Identifying Parameters for Input to, and Presentation of a Precision Wellness Dashboard
		5 Precision Wellness Dashboard
			5.1 Co-design and Gamification
		6 Optimization Engine
		7 Tracking and Measurement
		8 Feedback Points
		9 Challenges
		10 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	The Development of a Wearable for Automated Documentation and Improved Staff Planning in Outpatient Care
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Background
			2.1 Problem Definition
			2.2 State-of-the-Art Solutions
		3 Description of the Planned Solutions
		4 Project Developments and Results
			4.1 Sensors and Wearable
			4.2 Automated Documentation
			4.3 Staff Planning
		5 Discussion, Limitations, and Conclusion
		References
	Towards a Better Life for Diabetic Patients: Developing and Integrating a Non-invasive Self-Management Support Tool Within a Smart Digital Companion
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Invasive, Semi-invasive and Non-invasive Solutions
			2.2 Non-invasive Terahertz Technology Solution
		3 Proposed Solution
		4 Methodology
		5 Problem Exploration and Solution Visualisation: Work in Progress
			5.1 Requirements Workshops
			5.2 Mili: A Smart Digital Companion for the Diabetic Patient
		6 Next Steps
		7 Discussion and Conclusions
		Appendix A
		Appendix B
		References
Part II Opportunities to Incorporate Critical Aspects of Analytics to Provide Superior Insights and Thus Support Better Decision-Making
	Intelligent Risk Detection in Health Care: Integrating Social and Technical Factors to Manage Health Outcomes
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory and Background
			2.1 Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
			2.2 Health Risk Management
			2.3 Knowledge Discovery
			2.4 Social Factors in Patient-Centric Risk Detection
		3 Eliciting a BI Framework: The Context of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
			3.1 Research Methodology and Key Outcomes
				3.1.1 Clinical Perspective
				3.1.2 Nonclinical Perspective
		4 A Framework for Intelligent Risk Detection: The HOUSE Model
			4.1 Underlying Principles: The Foundation of the HOUSE Model
			4.2 The OODA Loop: Clinical Decision-Making and Risk Management
			4.3 The Physical Domain
			4.4 The Information Domain
			4.5 The Cognitive Domain
			4.6 A Real-Time Intelligent Portal
		5 Discussion and Implications
			5.1 Implications for Research
				5.1.1 Outcome, Opportunities for IRD Systems in Healthcare
				5.1.2 Examining Critical Factors in the Success of IRD
		6 Conclusion
		Appendix A
		References
	A Literature Review on Predicting Unplanned Patient Readmissions
		1 Introduction
		2 Approach
			2.1 Eligibility Criteria
			2.2 Definition Criteria
			2.3 Data Source and Search Method
			2.4 Data Collection
		3 Sample Statistics
			3.1 Interest in the Subject Area
		4 Characteristics of Included Studies
			4.1 Disease Specificity
			4.2 Study Design
			4.3 Homogeneity of Papers' Samples
			4.4 Country
			4.5 Type of Comparison
			4.6 Outcome
		5 Patient Risk Factors
			5.1 Characteristics of Patient Risk Factors
			5.2 Socio-demographics and Social Determinants of Health
			5.3 Comorbid Conditions and Clinical Results
			5.4 Polypharmacy Risk Factors
			5.5 Hospital Visitation and Utilization
			5.6 Health Behaviour
		6 Risk Prediction Models
			6.1 Characteristics of Prediction Models
			6.2 Cohort Model Evaluation
		7 Discussion
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Using Knowledge Management to Develop Superior Online Health Decision Support Solutions: The Case of Allergy Care
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
		3 Knowledge Management
			3.1 Knowledge Management for Healthcare
			3.2 The Application of Knowledge Management on This Study
		4 The Proffered Solution
		5 Study Design Methodology
			5.1 Setting and Participants
			5.2 Data Collection Plan and Techniques
		6 Results to Date and Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		8 Acknowledgement
		References
	Opportunities for Using Blockchain Technology in e-Health: e-Prescribing in Germany
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 What Is Blockchain?
			2.2 How Does the Blockchain Function?
			2.3 Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare Sector
				2.3.1 Blockchain in Different Healthcare Regions
			2.4 Strengths of the Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Sector
			2.5 Weaknesses of Blockchain in Healthcare
			2.6 Barriers Hindering Adoption of Blockchain in Healthcare
			2.7 Factors Facilitating the Adoption of Blockchain in Healthcare
		3 Electronic Prescriptions
		4 Electronic Prescription Based on Blockchain Technology
		5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Knowledge Acquisition of Consumer Medication Adherence
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Results
			3.1 Causes of Medication Nonadherence
			3.2 Data Sources for Adherence Measures
				3.2.1 Administrative Claims Data
				3.2.2 Electronic Medical Record Data
				3.2.3 Pharmacy Refill Data
				3.2.4 Electronic Adherence Monitoring
			3.3 Medication Adherence Metrics
				3.3.1 ASK-12
				3.3.2 Visual Analog Scale
				3.3.3 The Morisky Scale
				3.3.4 Tool for Advance Behaviour Screening
				3.3.5 MedsIndex
				3.3.6 Medication Adherence Report Scale-5
				3.3.7 Medication Possession Ratio (MPR)
				3.3.8 The Proportion of Days Covered (PDC)
				3.3.9 Medication Regimen Complexity Index
				3.3.10 MEMS (Medication Event Monitoring System)
				3.3.11 Cost-Related Measure
			3.4 Adherence Predictors and Patient Characteristics
				3.4.1 Prediction and Improvement of Adherence Methods
				3.4.2 Mobile Monitoring and Prediction of Adherence Level
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Addressing Data Accuracy and Information Integrity in mHealth Solutions Using Machine Learning Algorithms
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Data Quality and the Element of Data Accuracy
			2.2 Information Integrity
			2.3 Application of Machine Learning in the Health Domain
		3 Conceptual Model
		4 Research Methodology
			4.1 Single Case Study
			4.2 Data Collection
			4.3 Data Sampling
			4.4 Data Triangulation
			4.5 Data Analysis
		5 Research Limitations
		6 Discussion and Conclusion
		7 Future Research Direction
		References
	Enabling Value-Based Health Care with Business Analytics and Intelligence
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Business Analytics
			2.2 BA Benefits to Healthcare
		3 Research Design and Method
			3.1 Data Collection Plan and Data Analysis
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part III Critical Issues Around Aspects of IoT in Healthcare Contexts
	A Review of Mixed Reality in Health Care
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Findings
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Implementing Lean Principles in the Healthcare Industry: A Theoretical and Practical Overview
		1 Introduction
		2 Lean Principles in Healthcare Processes
			2.1 Philosophy
			2.2 Process
			2.3 People: Respect and Development
			2.4 Problem-Solving: Continuous Improvement
		3 The Limitations of the Study
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Data, Denial, and Disparity: Is This a New Digital Divide?
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is the Issue?
		3 Background
		4 The Conundrum
		5 The Solution Set
		6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	The Enabling Role for Technology in the Support of Care Coordination in Health Care
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Barriers to Care Coordination Table
			1.2 Review on Value-Based Care
			1.3 Impact of Electronic Health Records and Their Role in Care Coordination
			1.4 Role of Care Coordination in Chronic Disease Management
		2 Care Coordination Conceptual Framework
		3 Current Lack of Health Quality Issues in the United States
		4 Policy Recommendations
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Managing the Risks of Emerging IoT Devices
		1 Introduction
		2 Brief History of IoT
			2.1 IoT Predecessor
			2.2 Birth of IoT
			2.3 The Current IoT Platform
				2.3.1 Advanced Networking Capabilities
				2.3.2 AI-Based Large-Scaled Analytics Tools
			2.4 Cloud Technologies
		3 Risk Involved with Applying IoT to Medical Devices
			3.1 Compromising the Confidentiality of Medical Devices
			3.2 Compromising the Integrity of Medical Devices
			3.3 Compromising the Availability of Medical Devices
		4 The Role of the Internet in Risk of Attacks
			4.1 Origins of the Internet
			4.2 Inherent Flaws of the Internet
		5 Design Flaws of IoT Networks
			5.1 Exploiting the Weakest Link
			5.2 Insecure Message Protocols
				5.2.1 MQTT Protocol
				5.2.2 Telnet Protocol
		6 Reducing the Risk of IoT-Related Threats
			6.1 Demand Secure Devices
			6.2 User Cybersecurity Training
			6.3 Use Network Security Tools
		7 Advanced Security Through Network Science
			7.1 Community Detection
			7.2 Identifying Hidden Correlations
			7.3 Network Science-Based Analysis Framework
				7.3.1 P2P Botnet
				7.3.2 Honeynets
				7.3.3 Traffic and Log Collection Module
				7.3.4 Traffic-Processing Module
				7.3.5 Flow Correlation Module
				7.3.6 Botnet Behavior Monitoring Module
				7.3.7 Bot Master and C&C Detection Module
				7.3.8 Framework Evaluation Results
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Mosquitoes and Public Health: Improving Data Validation of Citizen Science Contributions Using Computer Vision
		1 Introduction
		2 The Growth of Citizen Science and Data
		3 Computer Vision and Citizen Science
		4 System Overview
		5 Working Prototype
			5.1 Training of Classifier: Image Collection
			5.2 Citizen Scientist Mobile Application: Recognition Client
			5.3 Recognizing New Images: Classifier Prediction
			5.4 Image Validation by Expert Entomologists
		6 Pilot Evaluation of the First Prototype
			6.1 System Response to Low-Quality Images
			6.2 Outbreak Simulation and Sample Visualization of Geographical Regions of Interest
		7 Discussion and Future Work
		8 Ending Remarks
		References
Part IV Applications of Portals in Healthcare Contexts
	Using Responsive Web Design to Enhance the User Experience of Chronic Disease Management Portals for Clinical Users
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Disease Burden
			1.2 Chronic Disease Management
				1.2.1 Importance
				1.2.2 Role of Technology
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Information Technology in Chronic Care
			2.2 Web Portals in Chronic Disease Management
			2.3 The Gap
		3 Theoretical Framework
			3.1 Technology Brief
			3.2 Implementation Processes
		4 Discussion and Conclusions
		Bibliography
	Older Adults Empowerment Through Training and Support and Its Implication on Proactive Self-Monitoring, Patient Engagement, and Connected Health
		1 Introduction
		2 Background and Literature Review
			2.1 Theoretical Background
		3 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses
		4 Methodology
			4.1 Participants and Setting
			4.2 Instrumentation
			4.3 Data Collection
		5 Results
			5.1 Analysis of Variance
				5.1.1 Computer Anxiety
				5.1.2 Computer Confidence
				5.1.3 Computer Self-Efficacy
			5.2 Partial Least Squares
				5.2.1 Instrumentation and Measurement Model
				5.2.2 Explaining Perceived Level of Patient Portal Ease of Use
		6 Factors Affecting Willingness to Share Self-Generated Data
			6.1 Results
				6.1.1 Perceived Advantage
				6.1.2 Learnability
				6.1.3 Security
				6.1.4 Trust
				6.1.5 Effort
		7 Discussion
		8 Limitations
		References
	An Evaluation of the Point-of-Care (PoC) System Implementation and Adoption in a Multi-Campus Private Hospital in Melbourne
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 The Point-of-Care (PoC) System
			2.2 Fit-Viability Model
			2.3 Task-Technology Fit
			2.4 Viability
		3 Research Framework
		4 Methodology
		5 Analysis and Results
			5.1 The Context Before and After OneView PoC System
				5.1.1 The Context of Food Services
				5.1.2 The Context of Food Services Prior to OneView PoC System
				5.1.3 The Context of Food Services After OneView PoC System
			5.2 The Context of Environmental Services
				5.2.1 The Context of Environmental Services Before OneView PoC System
				5.2.2 The Context of Environmental Services After OneView PoC System
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Leveraging the IoT to Enable the Guided Self-Determination Method
		1 Introduction
		2 Background: The GSD Method in Diabetes Context
		3 Overview of the GSD Course Activities Between Health Professionals and Client/Patient Eight Meetings with Activities
		4 The Enabling Role for Technology
		5 Research Methodology and Design
		6 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Determining Missing Key Elements in Oncology Information System to Improve Patient Experience and Clinical Care
		1 Introduction/Background
		2 Burden of Disease
			2.1 DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
			2.2 YLD (Years Lived with Disability)
			2.3 YLL (Years of Life Lost)
			2.4 Burden of Cancer in Australia
		3 Oncology Information System
			3.1 Oncology
			3.2 Oncology Information System
			3.3 Need for OIS (Oncology Information System)
			3.4 Current and Expected Market Share of OIS
		4 Methodology of Study
		5 Comparing OIS with Australian Point of View
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Toward Actionable Knowledge: A Systematic Analysis of Mobile Patient Portal Use
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Work and Background
			2.1 Patient-Centered Care
			2.2 Patient Health Records (Patient Portal)
			2.3 The Impacts of User-Generated Content
		3 Method
			3.1 Data Collection and Preparation
			3.2 Topic Modeling: LDA
		4 Results
			4.1 Gaps Discovered
			4.2 Validity of Gaps Discovered
		5 Conclusion
		References
	A Lazy User Perspective to Patient Adoption and Use of Personal Health Records
		1 Introduction
		2 Background Literature
			2.1 Managing Electronic Personal Health Information (ePHI)
				2.1.1 The Role of the Meaningful Use (MU) on Certified Electronic Health Records
			2.2 Theories of Technology Adoption and Diffusion
		3 Research Questions and Methodology
			3.1 Data Collection
			3.2 Data Analysis
				3.2.1 Subjects
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 The Lazy Personal Health Information User
			4.2 Results
			4.3 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	The Australian PCEHR or My Health Record: The Journey Around a Large-Scale Nationwide Digital Health Solution
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
		3 The Australian Healthcare System
			3.1 Issues and Challenges Facing the Australian Healthcare System
		4 The Australian E-Health System (My Health Record)
			4.1 The Journey of the My Health Record
			4.2 What Is the My Health Record
		5 Key Considerations for Large-Scale Information Technology (IT) Projects
			5.1 Governance
			5.2 Risk Management
			5.3 Portfolio and Project Management
		Appendix 1: Comparative Performance of the Australian Healthcare System
		Appendix 2 Structure of the Australian Health-Care System
		Appendix 3: System Architecture of the My Health Record
		References
Epilogue
Index