Delivering Better Policies Through Behavioural Insights: New Approaches

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
	Applying BI to individual and organisational behaviour
	Key lessons: How can policymakers apply BI to complex problems
Chapter 1.  Overview and key lessons
	Behavioural insights and public policy: Where are we now
		Applying behavioural insights in policy settings
		How is BI being used to develop and implement policies?
	Applying behavioural insights to current policy issues: New insights
		Individual decision-making
			Smart meters and electricity consumption
			Digital consumer policy
		Organisational decision-making
			Cartel behaviour
			Safety behaviour
	Guidance and lessons for policymakers
	References
		Part I. Individual decision-making
Part I. Individual decision-making
	Chapter 2.  Real-time information and consumer decisions  on energy consumption
		Introduction
		Context and problem setting
			Real-time feedback and time-use electricity pricing
			Smart meters allow real-time feedback on household electricity consumption
				Text message or email
				Internet site or mobile application
				In-home display
			Smart meters allow dynamic electricity pricing regimes
				Real-time pricing
				Critical period pricing
				Time-of-use pricing
		Literature review
		Methodology
			Theoretical model
			Experimental design
				Context
				In-home display
				Time-of-use electricity prices
		Results and discussion
			Temporal variation in household response
			Household response by outdoor temperature
			Persistence of household response
			Real-time feedback and time of use electricity prices
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3.  Protecting digital consumers
		Introduction
		Context and problem setting
			Using behavioural insights to better understand the consumer experience: Online advertising and consumer biases
				Online advertising: An overview
				Benefits and risks for consumers
				Online advertising can take advantage of consumer biases and cause consumer detriment
				Endowment, anchoring and framing effects
				Use of social norms and persuasion profiling
				Default and status quo bias
				Using behavioural insights to further understand the impact of online advertising
			Improving interventions with behavioural insights: Online disclosures
				The importance of online information disclosure: An overview
				Consumers’ behavioural biases relevant to online disclosures
					Information overload
					Anchoring and framing effects
					The endowment effect and loss aversion
					Default biases
					Overconfidence and myopia
					Social norms and other factors
				Policy implications
					Information and pricing should be clear and accurate
					Material information should not only be in the terms and conditions
					Use of images, audio and video should be considered
					Timing of disclosures is important
					Consumer consent should be express
					Information should be as simple as possible
					Personalised disclosures require further consideration
					Technology-enabled information provision could facilitate comparison shopping and switching in complex markets
				The importance of testing
		Methodology
			Personalised pricing: An overview
			Examples of behavioural biases that are potentially relevant to personalised pricing
				Framing and loss aversion
				Fairness
				Overconfidence
			Research objectives and orientations
			Proposed experimental approach
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
			Part II. Organisational decision-making
Part II. Organisational decision-making
	Chapter 4.  Cartel deterrence and the labour market for managers
		Introduction
		Context and problem-setting
			EU legislation
			Anti-cartel legislation in major European countries
				Germany
				France
				United Kingdom
			North American anti-cartel law
				United States
				Canada
			Cartel enforcement in practice
				EU cartel case
				German price-fixing cases
				French cartel case
				Canada and the United States
			Literature review
				Theoretical literature
				Empirical literature
				Experimental literature
				Policy literature
		Methodology
			Theoretical model
				Market description
				Competitive benchmark
				Collusion
				Corporate fines
				Individual fines
			Experimental design
		Results and discussion
			Introductory note and test hypotheses
			Cartel prevalence
			Pricing behaviour
			Voting behaviour
			Discussion
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5.  Fostering a safety culture in the energy sector
		Introduction
		Context and problem setting
			What is safety culture?
			Applying behavioural insights to foster strong safety culture
			Key BI principles in safety culture literature
				Messenger
				Social influences
				Social benchmarking
				Social norms (speaking up)
				Reciprocity
			Safety culture context of countries in the analysis
				Canada
				Mexico
				Ireland
				Oman
			Understanding the system – Shared responsibility, awareness of safety culture, complacency
				Shared understanding of responsibility between regulators and regulated entities
				Awareness of safety
				Complacency
				Organisational structure, management and workers
		Methodology
			Understanding context and fine-tuning the design
			Experimental design: Questionnaire on safety culture and behavioural scenarios
				Administering the questionnaire
				Language
				Timeframe
				Design
					1. Demographics
					2. Safety culture/climate questions
					3. Behavioural scenarios
					4. Qualitative
		Results and discussion
			Results
			Sample size
			Safety culture questions
				National differences
				Role differences
			Behavioural insights vignettes
				Overall
				Regulator vs. regulated entity
				Behavioural principle
				Feedback effects
				Norm effects
				Messenger effects
			International lens and understanding the results
				Messenger
				Feedback
				Social norms
			Lens of an occupational role for understanding the results
				Messenger
				Feedback
				Social norms
			Lens of an organisational background for understanding the results
			Summary of behavioural results
				Messenger
				Feedback
				Social norms
			Limitations of the study
		Conclusions
			Policy lessons
			Potential next steps/areas for further work
			Complementary field work
		References
			Annex 5.A. Additional information and sample survey
		Additional details on sample and participants
		Survey on behavioural assets and needs
		Safety culture items
		Behavioural vignettes items
		Sample of behavioural vignettes
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