Defensive (anti-herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants

Front Matter....Pages i-xxiii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Introduction....Pages 3-6
Plants Are Not Sitting Ducks Waiting for Herbivores to Eat Them....Pages 7-8
The Many Defensive Mechanisms of Plants....Pages 9-10
No Defense Is Perfect and Defense Is Always Relative....Pages 11-11
Operating Under Stress and Fear in the Military as a Lesson Concerning Difficulties for Herbivory in Nature. Factors That Lower the Need for Perfect Defensive Mechanisms Including Mimicry....Pages 13-14
Evaluating Risk: The Problematic and Even Erroneous Common View of “No Damage or No Attack Equals No Risk”....Pages 15-16
Partial Descriptions of Color Patterns in Floras and Handbooks Has Consequences on the Study of Plant Coloration Biology....Pages 17-18
Animal Color Vision....Pages 19-20
The Nature of Signals....Pages 21-22
White as a Visual Signal....Pages 23-23
Visual Signaling by Plants to Animals via Color....Pages 25-26
Müllerian and Batesian Mimics Are Extended Phenotypes....Pages 27-28
Front Matter....Pages 29-29
Camouflage....Pages 31-39
Seed Camouflage....Pages 41-49
Defensive Functions of White Coloration in Coastal and Dune Plants....Pages 51-58
Gloger’s Rule in Plants: The Species and Ecosystem Levels....Pages 59-64
Defensive Masquerade by Plants....Pages 65-67
Potential Defense From Herbivory by Dazzle Effects and Trickery Coloration of Variegated Leaves....Pages 69-75
Plants Undermine Herbirorous Insect Camouflage....Pages 77-85
Front Matter....Pages 87-97
Delayed Greening....Pages 29-29
Red/Purple Leaf Margin Coloration: Potential Defensive Functions....Pages 99-99
Front Matter....Pages 101-105
Aposematism....Pages 107-107
Olfactory Aposematism....Pages 109-111
The Anecdotal History of Discussing Plant Aposematic Coloration....Pages 113-114
Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants....Pages 115-118
Fearful Symmetry in Aposematic Spiny Plants....Pages 119-134
Color Changes in Old Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles....Pages 135-137
Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi on Thorns, Spines and Prickles....Pages 139-148
Aposematism in Plants with Silica Needles and Raphids Made of Calcium Oxalate....Pages 149-151
Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry Rings of Aposematic Thorny, Spiny and Toxic Plants....Pages 153-154
Batesian Mimicry and Automimicry of Aposematic Thorns, Spines and Prickles....Pages 155-164
Additional Cases of Defensive Visual Batesian Mimicry Among Plants....Pages 165-171
When May Green Plants Be Aposematic?....Pages 173-174
Spiny East Mediterranean Plant Species Flower Later and in a Drier Season Than Non-spiny Species....Pages 175-178
Biochemical Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants....Pages 179-182
Aposematic Coloration in Poisonous Flowers, Fruits and Seeds....Pages 183-183
Aposematic Trichomes: Probably an Overlooked Common Phenomenon....Pages 185-195
Why is Latex Usually White and Only Sometimes Yellow, Orange or Red? Simultaneous Visual and Chemical Plant Defense....Pages 197-198
Visual Defenses Basically Operating by Various Mechanisms That Have an Aposematic Component....Pages 199-202
Front Matter....Pages 203-204
Plant Aposematism Involving Fungi....Pages 107-107
Do Plants Use Visual and Olfactory Carrion-Based Aposematism to Deter Herbivores?....Pages 205-207
Gall Aposematism....Pages 209-211
Experimental Evidence for Plant Aposematism....Pages 213-223
Front Matter....Pages 225-226
The Complicated Enigma of Red and Yellow Autumn Leaves....Pages 227-227
Leaf Color Variability....Pages 229-235
What Do Red and Yellow Autumn Leaves Signal for Sure?....Pages 237-238
The Second Generation of Hypotheses About Colorful Autumn Leaves....Pages 239-239
The Shared and Separate Roles of Aposematic (Warning) Coloration and the Co-evolution Hypothesis in Defending Autumn Leaves....Pages 241-254
Spring Versus Autumn or Young Versus Old Leaf Colors: Evidence for Different Selective Agents and Evolution in Various Species and Floras....Pages 255-257
How Red Is the Red Autumn Leaf Herring and Did It Lose Its Red Color?....Pages 259-266
Defensive Animal and Animal Action Mimicry by Plants....Pages 267-269
Caterpillar and Other Herbivore Feeding Damage Mimicry as Defense....Pages 271-272
Tunneling Damage Mimicry....Pages 273-275
Butterfly Egg Mimicry....Pages 277-278
Caterpillar Mimicry....Pages 279-280
Aphid Mimicry....Pages 281-294
Ant Mimicry....Pages 295-298
Beetle Mimicry....Pages 299-304
Spider Web Mimicry....Pages 305-307
Front Matter....Pages 309-316
Defensive Bee and Wasp Mimicry by Orchid Flowers....Pages 227-227
Gall Midge Mimicry....Pages 317-321
Arthropod Wing Movement Mimicry....Pages 323-324
“Eye Spot” Mimicry....Pages 325-326
Snake Mimicry....Pages 327-327
Visual and Olfactory Feces and Carrion Mimicry....Pages 329-330
Extended Phenotype....Pages 331-332
A General Perspective of Defensive Animal Mimicry by Plants....Pages 333-333
Currently Temporary Final Words....Pages 335-335
Back Matter....Pages 337-339
....Pages 341-385