Decline of the Sea Turtles : Causes and Prevention.

Decline of the Sea Turtles
 Copyright
 Preface
 Contents
 Executive Summary
 LIFE HISTORIES OF SEA TURTLES
 SEA TURTLE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE
 SEA TURTLE POPULATION TRENDS
 NATURAL MORTALITY OF SEA TURTLES AND REPRODUCTIVE VALUE OF LIFE STAGES
 SEA TURTLE MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 The Shrimp Fishery
 Other Fisheries
 Dredging
 Boat Collisions
 Oil Platforms
 Plastics and Debris
 SEA TURTLE CONSERVATION
 Eggs, Hatchlings, and Nesting Females
 Nesting Habitat
 Headstarting
 Captive Breeding
 Artificial Imprinting
 Juveniles, Subadults, and Breeders. Prohibition of Intentional HarvestReduction of Unintentional Bycatch
 Dredging
 Collisions with Boats
 Oil-Rig Removal
 Power Plants
 Plastics and Debris
 Education
 Research
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Conclusions
 Recommendations
 1 Introduction
 2 Biology
 KEMP'S RIDLEY
 General Description
 Population Distribution and Habitats
 Foraging Areas
 Nesting Areas
 Food Habits
 Reproduction and Growth
 Major Threats to Survival
 LOGGERHEAD
 General Description
 Population Distribution and Habitats
 Foraging Areas
 Nesting Areas
 Food Habits
 Reproduction and Growth. Major Threats to SurvivalGREEN TURTLE
 General Description
 Population Distribution and Habitats
 Foraging Areas
 Nesting Areas
 Food Habits
 Reproduction and Growth
 Major Threats to Survival
 HAWKSBILL
 General Description
 Population Distribution and Habitats
 Foraging Areas
 Nesting Areas
 Food Habits
 Reproduction and Growth
 Major Threats to Survival
 LEATHERBACK
 General Description
 Population Distribution and Habitats
 Foraging Areas
 Nesting Areas
 Food Habits
 Reproduction and Growth
 Major Threats to Survival
 OLIVE RIDLEY
 3 Population Trends
 KEMP'S RIDLEY
 LOGGERHEAD. GREEN TURTLEHAWKSBILL
 LEATHERBACK
 SUMMARY
 4 Distribution of Sea Turtles in U.S. Waters
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 Nesting Distribution
 Pelagic Aerial Surveys
 Sea Turtle Strandings
 DISTRIBUTION
 Nesting
 Aerial Surveys
 Strandings
 ONSHORE, OFFSHORE, AND DEPTH DISTRIBUTION
 SUMMARY
 5 Natural Mortality and Critical Life Stages
 BIOTIC SOURCES OF MORTALITY
 Predation
 Eggs and Hatchlings on the Beach
 Hatchlings as They Leave the Beach
 Larger Juveniles and Adults in the Water
 Nesting Females on the Beach
 Diseases and Parasites
 Other Nesting Turtles
 Vegetation. ABIOTIC SOURCES OF MORTALITYErosion, Accretion, and Tidal Inundation
 Heavy Rains
 Thermal Stress
 QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF NATURAL MORTALITY
 SUMMARY
 6 Sea Turtle Mortality Associated with Human Activities
 MORTALITY OF SEA TURTLE EGGS AND HATCHLINGS
 Beach Erosion and Accretion
 Beach Armoring
 Beach Nourishment
 Artificial Lighting
 Beach Cleaning
 Increased Human Presence
 Recreational Beach Equipment
 Beach Vehicles
 Exotic Dune and Beach Vegetation
 MORTALITY OF SEA TURTLE JUVENILES AND ADULTS
 Shrimp Fishing
 Description of the Fishery
 Distribution and Intensity of the Fishery.