Decision Making in Emergency Medicine: Biases, Errors and Solutions

Preface
Contents
1: We Can?t Escape Bias
	1.1	 Theoretical Problems
	1.2	 Biases Are Often More Complex than We?Make Them Seem
	1.3	 Studies in?Medicine Are (Thus Far) Underwhelming
	1.4	 Recognizing Potential Harms
	1.5	 Summary
	References
2: Aggregate Bias
	2.1	 Case 1
	2.2	 Case 2
	2.3	 Case 3
	2.4	 Case 4
	2.5	 Conclusion
	References
3: Ambiguity Bias
	3.1	 Case 1
	3.2	 Case 2
	3.3	 Case 3
	3.4	 Case 4
	3.5	 Conclusions
	References
4: Anchoring Bias
	4.1	 Case 1
	4.2	 Case 2
	4.3	 Case 3
	4.4	 Case 4
	4.5	 Conclusions
	References
5: Ascertainment Bias
	5.1	 Case 1
	5.2	 Case 2
	5.3	 Case 3
	5.4	 Case 4
	5.5	 Conclusions
	References
6: Attentional Bias
	6.1	 Case 1
	6.2	 Case 2
	6.3	 Case 3
	6.4	 Case 4
	6.5	 Conclusion
	References
7: Authority Bias
	7.1	 Case 1
	7.2	 Case 2
	7.3	 Case 3
	7.4	 Case 4
	7.5	 Conclusions
	References
8: Availability Bias
	8.1	 Case 1
	8.2	 Case 2
	8.3	 Case 3
	8.4	 Case 4
	8.5	 Conclusion
	References
9: Bandwagon Effect
	9.1	 Case 1
	9.2	 Case 2
	9.3	 Case 3
	9.4	 Case 4
	9.5	 Case 5
	9.6	 Conclusion
	References
10: Base Rate Neglect
	10.1	 Case 1
	10.2	 Case 2
	10.3	 Case 3
	10.4	 Case 4
	10.5	 Conclusion
	References
11: Belief Bias
	11.1	 Case 1
	11.2	 Case 2
	11.3	 Case 3
	11.4	 Case 4
	11.5	 Conclusions
	References
12: Blind Spot Bias
	12.1	 Case 1
	12.2	 Case 2
	12.3	 Case 3
	12.4	 Case 4
	12.5	 Conclusions
	References
13: Commission Bias
	13.1	 Case 1
	13.2	 Case 2
	13.3	 Case 3
	13.4	 Case 4
	13.5	 Conclusions
	References
14: Confirmation Bias
	14.1	 Case 1
	14.2	 Case 2
	14.3	 Case 3
	14.4	 Case 4
	14.5	 Conclusions
	References
15: Congruence Bias
	15.1	 Case 1
	15.2	 Case 2
	15.3	 Case 3
	15.4	 Case 4
	15.5	 Case 5
	15.6	 Conclusion
	Reference
16: Contrast Effect
	16.1	 Case 1
	16.2	 Case 2
	16.3	 Case 3
	16.4	 Case 4
	16.5	 Conclusion
	References
17: Decision Fatigue Effect
	17.1	 Case 1
	17.2	 Case 2
	17.3	 Case 3
	17.4	 Case 4
	17.5	 Conclusions
	References
18: Deformation Professionnelle Bias
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Case 1
	18.3	 Case 2
	18.4	 Case 3
	18.5	 Case 4
	18.6	 Conclusion
	Reference
19: Diagnostic Momentum Error
	19.1	 Case 1
	19.2	 Case 2
	19.3	 Case 3
	19.4	 Case 4
	19.5	 Conclusions
	References
20: Dunning-Kruger Effect
	20.1	 Case 1
	20.2	 Case 2
	20.3	 Case 3
	20.4	 Case 4
	20.5	 Conclusion
	Reference
21: Ego Bias
	21.1	 Case 1
	21.2	 Case 2
	21.3	 Case 3
	21.4	 Case 4
	21.5	 Conclusions
	References
22: Expectation Bias
	22.1	 Case 1
	22.2	 Case 2
	22.3	 Case 3
	22.4	 Case 4
	22.5	 Conclusions
	References
23: Feedback Sanction
	23.1	 Introduction
	23.2	 Case 1
	23.3	 Case 2
	23.4	 Case 3
	23.5	 Case 4
	23.6	 Conclusion
	References
24: Framing Effect
	24.1	 Case 1
	24.2	 Case 2
	24.3	 Case 3
	24.4	 Case 4
	24.5	 Conclusions
	References
25: Fundamental Attribution Error
	25.1	 Case 1
	25.2	 Case 2
	25.3	 Case 3
	25.4	 Case 4
	25.5	 Conclusions
	References
26: Gambler?s Fallacy
	26.1	 Case 1
	26.2	 Case 2
	26.3	 Case 3
	26.4	 Case 4
	26.5	 Conclusion
	References
27: Gender Bias
	27.1	 Case 1
	27.2	 Case 2
	27.3	 Case 3
	27.4	 Case 4
	27.5	 Conclusions
	References
28: Hawthorne Effect
	28.1	 Case 1
	28.2	 Case 2
	28.3	 Case 3
	28.4	 Case 4
	28.5	 Conclusions
	References
29: Hindsight Bias
	29.1	 Case 1
	29.2	 Case 2
	29.3	 Case 3
	29.4	 Case 4
	29.5	 Conclusion
	References
30: Illusory Correlation
	30.1	 Case 1
	30.2	 Case 2
	30.3	 Case 3
	30.4	 Case 4
	30.5	 Conclusion
	References
31: Information Bias
	31.1	 Case 1
	31.2	 Case 2
	31.3	 Case 3
	31.4	 Case 4
	31.5	 Conclusion
	References
32: Inter-Group Bias
	32.1	 Case 1
	32.2	 Case 2
	32.3	 Case 3
	32.4	 Case 4
	32.5	 Conclusion
	References
33: Mere Exposure Effect
	33.1	 Case 1
	33.2	 Case 2
	33.3	 Case 3
	33.4	 Case 4
	33.5	 Conclusion
	References
34: Modality Effect
	34.1	 Case 1
	34.2	 Case 2
	34.3	 Case 3
	34.4	 Case 4
	34.5	 Conclusions
	References
35: Multiple Alternatives Bias
	35.1	 Case 1
	35.2	 Case 2
	35.3	 Case 3
	35.4	 Case 4
	35.5	 Case 5
	35.6	 Conclusion
36: Need for?Closure Bias
	36.1	 Case 1
	36.2	 Case 2
	36.3	 Case 3
	36.4	 Case 4
	36.5	 Case 5
	36.6	 Conclusion
	References
37: Negativity Bias
	37.1	 Case 1
	37.2	 Case 2
	37.3	 Case 3
	37.4	 Case 4
	37.5	 Conclusions
	References
38: Neglect of?Probability Bias
	38.1	 Definition: Neglect of?Probability
	38.2	 Case 1
	38.3	 Case 2
	38.4	 Case 3
	38.5	 Case 4
	38.6	 Conclusion
	References
39: Omission Bias
	39.1	 Case 1
	39.2	 Case 2
	39.3	 Case 3
	39.4	 Case 4
	39.5	 Conclusions
	References
40: Order Bias
	40.1	 Case 1
	40.2	 Case 2
	40.3	 Case 3
	40.4	 Case 4
	40.5	 Conclusion
41: Outcome Bias
	41.1	 Case 1
	41.2	 Case 2
	41.3	 Case 3
	41.4	 Case 4
	41.5	 Conclusions
	References
42: Overconfidence Bias
	42.1	 Case 1
	42.2	 Case 2
	42.3	 Case 3
	42.4	 Case 4
	42.5	 Conclusions
	References
43: Planning Fallacy
	43.1	 Case 1
	43.2	 Case 2
	43.3	 Case 3
	43.4	 Case 4
	43.5	 Conclusions
	References
44: Playing the?Odds Bias
	44.1	 Introduction
	44.2	 Case 1
	44.3	 Case 2
	44.4	 Case 3
	44.5	 Case 4
	44.6	 Conclusion
	References
45: Posterior Probability Bias
	45.1	 Case 1
	45.2	 Case 2
	45.3	 Case 3
	45.4	 Case 4
	45.5	 Conclusion
	References
46: Premature Closure
	46.1	 Case 1
	46.2	 Case 2
	46.3	 Case 3
	46.4	 Case 4
	46.5	 Case 5
	46.6	 Conclusions
	References
47: Psych-Out Error
	47.1	 Case 1
	47.2	 Case 2
	47.3	 Case 3
	47.4	 Case 4
	47.5	 Conclusions
	References
48: Reactance Bias
	48.1	 Case 1
	48.2	 Case 2
	48.3	 Case 3
	48.4	 Case 4
	48.5	 Conclusion
	References
49: Representativeness Restraint
	49.1	 Case 1
	49.2	 Case 2
	49.3	 Case 3
	49.4	 Case 4
	49.5	 Conclusion
	References
50: Reverse Ego Bias
	50.1	 Case 1
	50.2	 Case 2
	50.3	 Case 3
	50.4	 Case 4
	50.5	 Conclusions
	References
51: Search Satisfaction
	51.1	 Introduction
	51.2	 Case 1
	51.3	 Case 2
	51.4	 Case 3
	51.5	 Case 4
	51.6	 Conclusion
	References
52: Self-Serving Bias
	52.1	 Case 1
	52.2	 Case 2
	52.3	 Case 3
	52.4	 Case 4
	52.5	 Case 5
	52.6	 Conclusion
	References
53: Semmelweis Reflex
	53.1	 Case 1
	53.2	 Case 2
	53.3	 Case 3
	53.4	 Case 4
	53.5	 Conclusions
	References
54: Status Quo Effect
	54.1	 Case 1
	54.2	 Case 2
	54.3	 Case 3
	54.4	 Case 4
	54.5	 Conclusion
	References
55: Sunk Cost Bias
	55.1	 Case 1
	55.2	 Case 2
	55.3	 Case 3
	55.4	 Case 4
	55.5	 Conclusions
	References
56: Sutton?s Law and?Sutton?s Slip
	56.1	 Case 1
	56.2	 Case 2
	56.3	 Case 3
	56.4	 Case 4
	56.5	 Conclusion
	References
57: Triage Cueing Error
	57.1	 Introduction
	57.2	 Case 1
	57.3	 Case 2
	57.4	 Case 3
	57.5	 Case 4
	57.6	 Conclusion
	References
58: Unpacking Principle Error
	58.1	 Case 1
	58.2	 Case 2
	58.3	 Case 3
	58.4	 Case 4
	58.5	 Conclusions
	References
59: Visceral Bias
	59.1	 Introduction
	59.2	 Case 1
	59.3	 Case 2
	59.4	 Case 3
	59.5	 Case 4
	59.6	 Conclusion
	References
60: Yin Yang Out Error
	60.1	 Case 1
	60.2	 Case 2
	60.3	 Case 3
	60.4	 Case 4
	60.5	 Conclusions
	References
61: Zebra Retreat
	61.1	 Case 1
	61.2	 Case 2
	61.3	 Case 3
	61.4	 Case 4
	61.5	 Conclusions
	Refrences