Decentralized Systems and Distributed Computing

Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Next-Generation Internet and Distributed Systems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Traditional Network
	1.3 Next-Generation Internet
		1.3.1 Next-Generation Internet Protocol
			1.3.1.1 IPv6
			1.3.1.2 Tunneling
		1.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS)
	1.4 Network Middleware
	1.5 Software-Defined Network (SDN)
		1.5.1 Necessity of Software-Defined Network
	1.6 Edge Cloud-Based Next-Generation Internet
		1.6.1 Edge Cloud
		1.6.2 Content Distribution Networks (CDNs)
	1.7 Network Architecture
		1.7.1 Some Proposed Architectures
			1.7.1.1 Security Architecture for Networked Enterprises (SANE)
			1.7.1.2 Swarming Architecture
			1.7.1.3 Flexible Internet Architecture (FlexNGIA)
			1.7.1.4 Architecture for Mobility Support
			1.7.1.5 The Data-Oriented Network Architecture (DONA)
			1.7.1.6 MILSA (Mobility and Multihoming Supporting Identifier-Locator Split Architecture)
			1.7.1.7 Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) and Related Architectures
		1.7.2 Challenges for Architecture
			1.7.2.1 Network Services
			1.7.2.2 Network Management
			1.7.2.3 Network Performance
			1.7.2.4 Diversity and Change
	1.8 Security and Safety
	1.9 Distributed Systems
		1.9.1 Concept of Distributed System
		1.9.2 Terminologies
			1.9.2.1 Grouping of Autonomous Computer Components
			1.9.2.2 Single Coherent System
	1.10 Distributed System Design
		1.10.1 Significance of a Certain Design
		1.10.2 Scale and Scalability
			1.10.2.1 Definition of Scale
			1.10.2.2 Scalability Analysis
	1.11 Distributed System Monitoring
		1.11.1 Idea of Monitoring System
	1.12 Security in Distributed Systems
		1.12.1 Reasons for Not Using Encryption
		1.12.2 Authorization
	1.13 Blockchain and Distributed Systems
		1.13.1 Decentralization
		1.13.2 Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)
	1.14 Blockchain-Based Distributed Control Systems
		1.14.1 Control System
			1.14.1.1 To Handle Complicated Processes
			1.14.1.2 Pre-Defined Function Blocks
			1.14.1.3 Scalable Platform
	1.15 Blockchain for Distributed System Security
		1.15.1 Fault-Tolerant Consensus in a Distributed System
		1.15.2 Complications while Using Blockchain for Distributed Computing
	1.16 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 2 Decentralized System in Education and Research
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 History of Decentralization in the Education System
	2.3 Advantages and Challenges of Decentralization of the Education System
		2.3.1 Advantages
		2.3.2 Challenges
	2.4 Impact of Decentralization in Education and Research
	2.5 Current Approaches
		2.5.1 World Scenario
			2.5.1.1 Finland Education System
			2.5.1.2 Brazil, Federal Universities
			2.5.1.3 The United States, National Science Foundation
			2.5.1.4 Mexico, CONACYT
		2.5.2 Indian Scenario
			2.5.2.1 Kerala Model of Decentralization Implementation in Education and Research
	2.6 Development Trend Towards Education and Research
	2.7 Future Scope and Recommendations
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Architecture of Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized Systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 What is a Decentralized System?
		3.2.1 Centralized System vs. Decentralized System
		3.2.2 Merits and Demerits of a Decentralized System
	3.3 Blockchain
		3.3.1 What is Blockchain?
		3.3.2 Structure of Blockchain
		3.3.3 Requirements of Blockchain
		3.3.4 Merits and Demerits of Blockchain
	3.4 Smart Contracts and Its Examples
	3.5 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System
		3.5.1 Role of Blockchain
		3.5.2 Types of Decentralization in Blockchain
		3.5.3 Types of Blockchain Architecture
		3.5.4 Requirements
		3.5.5 Pros and Cons
	3.6 Architecture for the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System
		3.6.1 The Network
		3.6.2 The Consensus Protocol
		3.6.3 The Data Structure
	3.7 Decentralized Todo App with Blockchain
	3.8 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System Development and Challenges
	3.9 Future of the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System
	3.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Mobile Edge Computing for Decentralized Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Edge Computing
	4.3 Benefits of Edge Computing
	4.4 Classification of Attacks in a 5G IoT System
	4.5 Decentralized Dynamic Computation Offloading Method
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Blockchain in Education
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Benefits of Blockchain in Education
		5.2.1 Blockchain Can Enhance Learner Data Privacy and Security, Allowing Learners to Maintain Control Over Their Personal Information
		5.2.2 Blockchain Can Enable Lifelong Learning Tracking, Creating a Comprehensive and Immutable Record of a Learner’s Achievements and Skills
			5.2.2.1 Blockchain as a Distributed and Immutable Record-Keeping System
			5.2.2.2 Benefits of Blockchain-Enabled Lifelong Learning Tracking
	5.3 Challenges of Blockchain in Education
		5.3.1 Concerns Related to Data Privacy, Security, and Compliance with Data Protection Regulations
			5.3.1.1 Data Privacy Concerns
			5.3.1.2 Compliance with Data Protection Regulations
			5.3.1.3 Security Concerns
			5.3.1.4 Collaboration with Industry Experts and Auditors
		5.3.2 Potential Resistance to Change and Adoption Barriers in the Education Sector
	5.4 Use Cases of Blockchain in Education
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Pattern Recognition Applications in Distributed Systems and Distributed Machine Learning
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 What is Pattern Recognition?
		6.1.2 Distributed Computing Environment
		6.1.3 Basic Model of the Pattern Recognition System
	6.2 Data Generation and Preprocessing
	6.3 Feature Selection
		6.3.1 What is Feature Selection?
		6.3.2 Filter Models of Feature Selection
		6.3.3 Wrapper Models of Feature Selection
	6.4 Design of Classifier
		6.4.1 Conventional Classifiers in Distributed Environment
		6.4.2 Neural Network Classifiers in a Distributed Environment
	6.5 Designing Machine Learning Models for Distributed Environment
	6.6 Role of Distributed Computing in Pattern Recognition
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Next-Generation Distributed Computing for Cancer Detection
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Research Motivation
	7.3 Cancer Statistics
	7.4 Modern Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Methods
	7.5 Methodology
	7.6 Technical Challenges
	7.7 Future Directions
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Benefits and Challenges of Decentralization in Education for Resource Optimization and Improved Performance
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Decentralized Systems in Education and Research
		8.1.2 Connect Between Democracy and Education
	8.2 The Centralization and Decentralization Concepts
	8.3 Decentralized Systems in Education and Research: Policies and Practices
		8.3.1 Open Educational Resources (OER) Policy
		8.3.2 Collaborative Research Networks
		8.3.3 Self-Directed Learning
		8.3.4 Peer Review
		8.3.5 Open Data
		8.3.6 Equity and Inclusion
		8.3.7 Quality Assurance
	8.4 Building Capacity Across and Between Levels Within Education Systems
	8.5 Developing Accountability Measures and Systems in Implementing a Decentralized Education Policy
		8.5.1 Establish Clear and Quantifiable Policy Objectives
		8.5.2 Create Performance Indicators and Benchmarks
		8.5.3 Assign Roles and Responsibilities
		8.5.4 Build Effective Monitoring and Evaluation Systems
		8.5.5 Encourage Transparency and Involvement
		8.5.6 Establish Redressal Mechanisms
	8.6 Developing Local-Level Capacity Across All Education System Levels and Sectors
	8.7 Education Policies in India to Achieve Decentralization in Education Systems
		8.7.1 National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
		8.7.2 Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
		8.7.3 RUSA (Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan)
	8.8 Research and Development Policies in India and Promoting Decentralization in R&D
		8.8.1 Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
		8.8.2 The National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI)
		8.8.3 National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STI) 2020
		8.8.4 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
		8.8.5 Department of Science and Technology (DST)
	References
Chapter 9 Blockchain in Data Security and Transparency in Business Transactions
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Dimensions and Requirements of Data Security
	9.3 Security Issues in Conventional Data Security
	9.4 Diversity of Attacks in Conventional Data Security
	9.5 Blockchain: The Complete Solution
	9.6 The Decentralized and Immutable Approach
	9.7 Comparison of ECC and RSA
	9.8 Digital Signature Algorithm
	9.9 Blockchain Technology Ensures Transparency
	9.10 Blockchain Solutions for Traditional Data Security
	9.11 Blockchain Types
	9.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 A Comparative Study of Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Ad Hoc Network
		10.2.1 Ad Hoc Network Types
		10.2.2 Ad Hoc Routing Protocol
		10.2.3 Ad Hoc Security Attack
	10.3 Wireless Sensor and Network
		10.3.1 Types of Wireless Network
		10.3.2 Mobility in WSN
		10.3.3 Routing Protocol
	10.4 Challenges, Applications, and Limitations
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Content Filtering-Based Movie Recommendation System Using Deep Learning
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Related Work
		11.2.1 “Collaborative Filtering for Movie Recommendations” by George Karypis et al. (2001)
		11.2.2 “Item-Based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms” by Badrul Sarwar et al. (2001)
		11.2.3 “Netflix Prize” by Netflix (2006)
		11.2.4 “Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems” by Robin Burke (2007)
		11.2.5 “Movie Recommendation Using Personal Preferences” by Alok Singh et al. (2012)
		11.2.6 “A Comparative Study of Collaborative Filtering Algorithms for Movie Recommendation” by Gopal Krishna Shyam et al. (2015)
		11.2.7 “Movie Recommendation System Using Collaborative Filtering Algorithm” by Shashank Gupta et al. (2016)
		11.2.8 “Movie Recommendation System Using K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm” by L. Dhivya et al. (2017)
		11.2.9 “Movie Recommendation System Based on User’s Personal Preferences” by Bhavesh Parikh et al. (2018)
		11.2.10 “A Review of Movie Recommendation Systems” by Muhammad Usman et al. (2020)
	11.3 Method and Material
	11.4 Experiments and Results
		11.4.1 Data Pre-Processing
		11.4.2 Evaluation Metrics
		11.4.3 Recommendation Generation
		11.4.4 Results
		11.4.5 Comparison with Previous Works
	11.5 Possible Extension of Proposed Model into Distributed Environment
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Mobile Edge Computing: A Paradigm Shift in Computing
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Why is MEC Important?
	12.3 Background
	12.4 Characteristics
	12.5 Reference Architecture
	12.6 Mobile Edge Computing Key Enablers
	12.7 Advantages of Mobile Edge Computing
	12.8 Potential Research Directions
	12.9 Challenges and Issues
	12.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Descriptive Analysis of the Potential of 5G Technologies in Empowering Decentralized Systems
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Evolution of 5G Networks
		13.1.2 Generations of 5G
		13.1.3 Phases of 5G
	13.2 Building 5G Network
	13.3 Blockchain on 5G Networks
	13.4 Real-World Impact of 5G
		13.4.1 Impact on Business
			13.4.1.1 Impact on Business After and Before 5G
		13.4.2 Impact on Infrastructure
		13.4.3 Impact on Humans as Well as on Nature by the 5G Network
			13.4.3.1 Impact on Humans
			13.4.3.2 Impact on Nature
	13.5 Future of 5G
	13.6 Limitations
	References
Chapter 14 Merging Blockchain and Deep Learning for Authentication and Security Architectures
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Motivation and Structure
	14.2 Merger of Blockchain and DL
		14.2.1 Limitations of DL and Blockchain
			14.2.1.1 Limited Utility of Blockchain Nodes
			14.2.1.2 High Dependency on Energy
			14.2.1.3 Providing Guarantee
			14.2.1.4 Computational Scalability
			14.2.1.5 Neural Networks
			14.2.1.6 DL Classification Framework
	14.3 Application of Blockchain-Based DL Models
		14.3.1 Smart Contract-Based Security Analysis
		14.3.2 Cybersecurity
		14.3.3 Healthcare Sector
		14.3.4 Cloud Storage
		14.3.5 Banking and FinTech Segments
		14.3.6 IoT in Data Analytics
		14.3.7 Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
		14.3.8 Law Enforcement and Associated Things
	14.4 Study of Existing Integrated Models
		14.4.1 Arrhythmia Classification
		14.4.2 Blockchain-Based DL Model in IoT
		14.4.3 Currency Supervision
		14.4.4 Ovarian Cancer Detection
	14.5 Challenges and Issues
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 5G Embedded Decentralized Systems for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing
	15.1 Overview of Decentralized Systems
		15.1.1 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
		15.1.2 Distributed Databases
		15.1.3 Blockchain
	15.2 5G Technology
		15.2.1 Key Futures of 5G Technology
		15.2.2 5G Architecture
		15.2.3 5G Advantages Over Previous Generations
	15.3 5G for Decentralized Systems
		15.3.1 Scalability
		15.3.2 Security
		15.3.3 Interoperability
		15.3.4 Internet of Things (IoT)
		15.3.5 Low Latency
		15.3.6 Edge Computing
	15.4 Use Cases and Applications
		15.4.1 Current Use Case
		15.4.2 Future Use Case
	15.5 Challenges and Opportunities
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Artificial Intelligence in a Distributed System of the Future
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 AI in the Industrial Sector
		16.2.1 Applications
		16.2.2 AI in the United States
		16.2.3 AI in India
	16.3 AI in the Economic Sector
		16.3.1 Applications
	16.4 Environment Sector
	16.5 Robotics Skill
		16.5.1 Applications
	16.6 Interaction Between the Human and the Machine
		16.6.1 Applications
	16.7 Recent Projects in AI
	16.8 Terminologies Regarding AI for the Next Generation
	16.9 Real-Time Project and Future Implementation
	16.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 The Metaverse and Mental Health: The Future
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 How Has Technology and the Internet Already Impacted Mental Health?
		17.2.1 These Concerns May Be Exacerbated by the Metaverse
	17.3 Importance of Researching the Metaverse’s Effects on Mental Health
	17.4 Potential Positive Mental Health Effects of the Metaverse
		17.4.1 Access to Virtual Mental Health Services
		17.4.2 Reduction of Stigma Surrounding Health
		17.4.3 Opportunities for Social Connection and Support
		17.4.4 The Potential for Immersive Therapy
	17.5 Possible Detrimental Effects of the Metaverse on Mental Health
		17.5.1 Risk of Addiction and Compulsive Behavior
		17.5.2 Impact on Physical Health
		17.5.3 Concerns Regarding the Morality of Data Privacy and Mental Health Diagnoses
	17.6 Considerations for Designing the Metaverse with Mental Health in Mind
	17.7 The Future of Mental Health and Metaverse
		17.7.1 Innovation and Advancement Opportunities in Mental Health Care
		17.7.2 Challenges and Potential Pitfalls to Consider
		17.7.3 The Influence of Interdisciplinarity on the Development of Mental Health and the Metaverse
	17.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Decentralization in Education Governance: A Case Study of India
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Central Organizations
	18.3 Decentralized Systems
		18.3.1 Features of a Decentralized System
		18.3.2 Architecture of a Decentralized System
	18.4 Distributed Systems
		18.4.1 Features of a Distributed System
		18.4.2 The Architecture of a Distributed System
		18.4.3 Limitations of a Distributed System
		18.4.4 Difference Between a Centralized Database and a Distributed Database
	18.5 Use of a Distributed Database in the Education System
		18.5.1 Functions of a Distributed Database System
	18.6 Decentralized Education and Contemporary Solution
		18.6.1 Rebuilding Education through Decentralization
		18.6.2 Education Scenario in India
		18.6.3 Education Tools
	18.7 Conclusion
	References
Index
Also of Interest
EULA