Decent Work and Economic Growth

Decent Work and Economic Growth
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Aid for Trade (AfT): Leveraging Trade as a Booster for Economic Growth and Structural Changes in Developing Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Aid for Trade: The Birth of a Concept
		Doha Development Agenda and Trade-Related Assistance
		Aid for Trade: Operationalization of the Initiative and Its Scope
			Trade Policy and Regulations
			Trade Development
			Trade-Related Infrastructure
			Building Productive Capacity
			Trade-Related Adjustment
			Other Trade-Related Needs
		Aid for Trade in Practice
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Anthropocene and Migration: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
		Definition
		Introduction
		Mobility and Anthropocene
		Law Challenges
		Internal Displacements
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	ASEAN-5
	Assessment of the Sustainability Reports: Evidence from Brazilian Listed Companies
		Definitions
		Literature Review
			Economic-Based Disclosure Theories (Especially Voluntary Disclosure and Signaling Theories)
			Sociopolitical Theories of Disclosure
			Methods to Measure the Quality of Sustainability Reports
		Research Method
			Method to Calculate the Scores
			Terminology, Sample Selection, and Study Period
			Statistical Tools Used
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
B
	Bad Work
	Beyond GDP: Saving the Planet by Measuring the Effectiveness of Policies
		Definitions
		A Quest for Integrated Solutions to Meet Multiple Goals
		GDP and Beyond
		Doubting the Blessings of Economic Growth
		The SDG Achievement Index
		Calculating the Effectiveness of Policy
		The Effectiveness Frontier
		Diagnostics
		Concluding Comments
		References
	Biobased Economy: Critical Foundation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Overview
		Concepts
			Biobased Supply Chains
			Biomass Production
			Biomass Conversion
				Biogas
				Bioethanol
				Polylactic Acid (PLA)
			Biobased Value Pyramid
			Exergy
			Biorefinery
			Closing Material Loops and Reverse Logistics
		Future Developments
		Cross-References
		References
	Bioeconomy
	Business Models for Sustainability (BMfS)
	Businesses
C
	Career
	Career Behavior
	Child Associated with an Armed Force or Armed Group
	Child Combatant
	Child Recruitment
	Circular Economy
	Closed Loop Supply Chains
	Collective Bargaining Agreements: A Global Discourse on Decent Sustainable Living
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: History, Theoretical Underpinning, and Processes
		Economic Rationality for Collective Bargaining
		Collective Bargaining and Its Linkages with the UN SDGs
		Policy Approach to Reaching Agreements in Collective Bargaining
		Conclusion and Recommended Points
		Cross-References
		References
	Collective Employment Agreements
	Community Service
	Community-Based Development
	Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs: A Catalyst for SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Progress of SDG Goal 8 in 2019
		Some Rising Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
			Preexisting Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
			Newly Rising Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
		Key Issues to Discuss for Creating Future Community-Based Programs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Companies
	Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
		Definitions
		Setting the Stage
			Sustainable Entrepreneurship
			Sustainable Entrepreneurs
		Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
			Approaches to Individual Competence
			Competencies for Change Agents in Specific Work Contexts
			Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
		Future Directions
			Research Agenda
			Impact Agenda
			Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Conceptualizing Green Economies: Origins, Evolution, and Imperatives
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Green Economy: Origins and Evolution
		Key Initiatives
			Multilateral
				Inclusivity
				Green Jobs
				Natural Capital
				Indicators
			Regional/National Approaches
				Europe
				Asia Pacific
				Africa
				Latin America
			Local/Grassroots
		Relevance to SDGs
		Critiques/Debates
		Challenges and Opportunities
		Cross-References
		References
	Contribution of Enterprises in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Evolution of the Role of Enterprises in Sustainable Development
			Traditional View: Compliance and Maximization of Shareholder Value
			Corporate Citizenship: Responding Beyond Compliance
			Proactive Role: Business in Society
		Enterprise Engagement with the SDGs
			Enterprise Endorsement of the SDGs
			The UN Global Compact
			The World Business Council for Sustainable Development
		Evaluation and Reporting of Sustainability Performance
		Asymmetries Between Large, Small, and Microenterprises in Sustainable Development
		Alternative Enterprise Models
			Cooperatives
			Community Interest Companies
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Accountability
	Corporate Citizenship
	Corporate Regional Engagement
	Corporate Regional Responsibility
	Corporate Responsibility
	Corporate Social Performance
	Corporate Social Responsibility and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		About Corporate Social Responsibility and the SDGs
			The Problematic Nature of Defining Corporate Social Responsibility
			Sustainability as a Guidance for CSR
			Standards for CSR
			Link between the First Interpretations of CSR and the SDGs
			Post Triple Bottom Line Views on CSR
			Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Social Responsibility Manager: Job Roles, Challenges, and Individual Competencies
		Definition
		Introduction
		The CSR Profession
		CSR Managers´ Job Roles
			CSR as an Adaptation Process
			CSR Manager´s Job Roles and Challenges in the CSR Adaptation Process
		CSR Managers´ Individual CSR Competencies
		To Conclude
		Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Social Responsiveness
	Corporate Spatial Responsibility and Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Trajectories of Corporate (Spatial) Responsibility
		The Contemporary Field of Corporate Engagement and the Place of CSpR
		Motives, Types, and Intensities of CSpR
		CSpR and SDG 8 Targets
			CSpR and Macroeconomic Targets (8.1, 8.2, 8.10)
			CSpR and Policy Targets (8.3, 8.6, 8.9)
			CSpR and Social Targets (8.5, 8.7, 8.6, 8.8)
			CSpR and Environmental Targets (8.4, 8.7, 8.9)
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Spatial Volunteering
	Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility
	Corporate Sustainability
	Corporate Sustainability Responsibility
	Corporate Urban Responsibility
	Corporations
	Cradle-to-Cradle
	Creative Strategies for Sustainable Development in Small Cities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Building a Creative Strategy for Sustainable Development
			Creative Economy
			Creative Industries
			Creative Space
			Creative People
		Approaches on the Relationship Between Creativity and Sustainable Development
			The Creative Industries Approach
			The Creative Class Approach
		Creative Small Cities Approach
		Key Ingredients for Creative Strategies in Small Cities
			Local Leadership and Agents of Change
			Community Engagement
			Creative Brokers
			Networking
			Creative-Friendly Local Education System
			Promotion of Quality of Life
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Creative Work
	Creativity, Innovation, and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Creativity, Knowledge, and Innovation
		Innovation as a Community Product
		Promoting an Innovative Business System
		Sustainability and Innovation
		Business Theory and Sustainable Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Credit and Sustainable Development
D
	Debt and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Household Debt
			The Global Increase in Household Debt
			Different Types of Debt and Their Social Outcomes
		The Macroeconomics of Household Debt
		Small Companies´ Debts
		The Health Burden of Debt
		Possible Paths and the Roles for Different Actors
		Cross-References
		References
	Decent Work
	Decent Work for Women Through Digital Social Network
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Decent Work According to Women
		Social Network and Decent Work
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Decent Work in China
		Definitions
		Introduction
			The Regulatory Framework
			Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining
				Workplace Representation
				Trade Union Reform
			Decent Work and Migrant Workers
				Labor Market Challenges
				Workplace Decent Work Issues
			Gender Equality at Work
			Decent Work in the Emerging Digital Era
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Decent Work Promotion in India
		Definition of Goal 8: Decent Work
		Part I. Introduction: The need for Goal 8
			SDG 8 Indicators and Targets
			Decent Work and Economic Growth: Why It Matters
				Unemployment
				SDG 8 Global Achievements
		Part II. Goal no.8 Implementation in India
			SDG Programs and Policies in India
				Central Government Schemes to Achieve Goal 8
				The SDG India Index
				National Goals for Goal 8
				Goal 8 Index Scores: All India and State Wide Scores
		Conclusion
		References
	Decent Work: Conceptualization and Policy Impact
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Theoretical Development of Decent Work
		Operationalization and Measurement of Decent Work
		Sustainable Development Goals and Decent Work
		Regional Applications of Decent Work: Example of the European Union
		Policy Impact and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Decoupling of Economic Growth from Environmental Degradation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Challenge of Decoupling Economic Development from Deforestation
		Background
		Literature Review
			Causes of Deforestation in Brazil
			Implications of Deforestation in Brazil on Human Welfare
			Impacts of Deforestation Policies in Brazil
			Shortcomings of Relevant Literature
		Theory
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Decreasing Youth Unemployment as a Way to Achieve Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Concept of Youth Unemployment and the Specific Aspects That Differentiate It from General Unemployment
		Effects of Youth Unemployment on Economic Growth and on Society
		Decent Work for Young People and Its Relationship with the Economic and Social Context
			Informality
			Labor Poverty and Youth Unemployment
		Possible Policies for the Promotion of Decent Employment Among Young People in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Conclusions or Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Defense of the Right to Work
	Degrowth and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Defining Degrowth
			A Movement of Academics and Activists
			Critique of Degrowth and Responses
		Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Dematerialized Economy
	Demographic Challenges and Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Population, Sustainable Development, and Space
			Accelerated Growth
			Spatial Disparities
			Disparities Based on Heterogeneity
			Challenges: The Urban-Rural Divide
			Challenges: Mobility
		Concluding Thoughts
		Cross-References
		References
	Developing Economies
	Development of Skills for Technological Change in ASEAN-5
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		ASEAN-5: An Overview
		Growth Strategies Related to Skills Development for Technological Change
		Skills Availability in ASEAN-5
		Recent Shifts in Demand for Skills
		ASEAN-5 and the Global Trends: Human Capital Capacity Index
		ASEAN-5 and the Global Trends: Global Competitiveness Index 4.0
		Key Challenges to Skills Development and National Responses
		Cross-References
		References
			Internet Pages
	Discussing Approaches to Standard of Living
		Definition
		Introduction
		An Overview of the Main Macroeconomic Measures Used to Assess Well-Being
		Main Theoretical Approaches to Standard of Living
		Practical Approaches to Standard of Living
		Standard of Living Versus Quality of Life
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Diverse
	Domestic Material Consumption, Our Modern Economies, Lifestyles, and Environmental Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Types of Materials
			Fossil Fuels
			Metal Ores
			Industrial and Construction Minerals
			Biomass
		Domestic Material Consumption and Sustainability
			Growth Versus Downshifting
			The Role and Limits of Business and Consumers in Change to SCP
			Car Transport: Essential for Happiness?
			The Global Compact
			Indicative Planning and Leapfrogging: Dongtan and Tianjin Ecocities
			Measuring Happiness; Does All Growth Result in Happiness?
		Policy Implications of the Transition to Sustainable Production and Consumption
			Creating the Triangle of Change
			Consumption Is a Key Determinant of Change
			Anchoring Short-Term Measures on Mainstream Beliefs and Paradigms
			The Need for Experimentation
			Dialogue Is Key
		Conclusion
		References
E
	Ecological Backpack
	Ecological Rucksack
	Economic Exploitation of Children
	Economic Growth, Technological Progress, and Employment
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Historical Evolution of Working Time
		Capital/Labor Substitutability/Complementarity
		Working Time and Technological Revolutions
		Technology and the Remuneration of Worked Hours (Wages)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Global Issues on the Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction
		Empirical Evidence
		The Nigerian Agricultural System
		Channels Through Which Investment in Agriculture Can Aid Poverty Reduction
		Effectiveness of Agricultural Investment in Poverty Reduction
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecopreneurship
	Ecotourism and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Environmental Impact of the Tourism Industry
		Future Threats to the Tourism Industry
		Evolution of the Concepts of Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism
		Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals
			Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
			Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
			Goal 14: Life Below Water
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Emerging Trends in Productive Employment
		Definitions
		Introduction
		E-Commerce
		Taxi Aggregators
		Food Delivery Platforms
		Automation of Employment
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Empirical Studies of Sex Trafficking
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Demography of Sex Trafficking
			Victim Estimates
			Trafficker Estimates
		Economic and Sociological Analysis of Sex Trafficking
			Economics of Sex Trafficking
				Demand for Sex Trafficking
				Supply of Sex Trafficking
			Sociology of Sex Trafficking
				Cultural Factors
				Anti-sex Work Ideology
				Gender Stereotype and Male Victims
			Racial Issues
		Public Health and Psychological Consequences of Sex Trafficking
		Policy Response to Sex Trafficking
		Future Research Directions
			Criminal Organizations and Networks
			Sex Tourism
			Sex Robots and Other Technologies
			Global Refugee Crisis
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Employee Negotiations
	Employment Quality
	Enterprise Social Responsibility
	Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development
	Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Identification and Entrepreneurial Behavior
		Definition
		Introduction
		Economic Thinkers
		Who Is the Entrepreneur
		The Opportunity Process
		Entrepreneurial Intentions, Cognitions, and Behaviors
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Awareness
	Environmental Entrepreneurship
	Environmental Inequality
	Environmental Injustice and Economic Growth for Proof Processing
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Environmental Justice: Origins, Evolution, and Significance
			From Environmental Racism in America to a Global Movement Against Environmental Injustice
			Combatting Environmental Injustice
				Legislative Measures
					Legal Avenues in Host State (Territorial Scope)
					Legal Avenues in Home State National Law (Extraterritorial Scope)
					International Law
				Grassroots Activism
				Transdisciplinary Research
			Challenges/Debates
		Future Directions
			Relevance to the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Injustice/Ecological Distribution Conflicts
	Environmental Racism
	Environmental Strategy
	Equal Human Rights
	Eradicating Child Labor: Ending Economic Exploitation of Children as an Objective of Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Child Labor in the Sustainable Development Agenda
		International Standards on Child Labor: Not All Work by Children Is Equal(ly or Unequivocally Bad)
		Basic Distinctions in Child Labor Standards: A Summary
		International Standards: Duties Beyond the State
		International Standards: Criticism and Controversies
		An Agenda for Progressive Elimination of Child Labor: Addressing the Root Causes
		Recent Global Trends
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing: Toward Strategic and Holistic Sustainable Supply Chain Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing
		Sustainable Supply (Chain) Management
		Supplier Selection, Assessment, and Development
		Purchasing Behavior and Buyer-Supplier Relationships
		Frameworks for Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ethical Buying
	Ethical Investment
	Ethical Procurement
	Ethical Purchasing
	Exploitation
	Exploitative Child Work
	Extraction Rates and the Environmental Impacts of Economic Growth in the Twenty-First Century
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Extraction Rates
			Introduction
			Deconstructing DMC
			Extraction Rates and Components of These Resources
				Fossil Fuels
				Biomass
				Metals
				Nonmetallic Minerals
		Extraction Rates in the 2030 Agenda
			DMC Dilemma
			Why Extraction Rates Are Important
			Paradox of the 2030 Agenda
				Scholarly Debate: Myth of Sustainability?
				Ecological Engineers: Path to a Solution?
		Current Scenario and the Future
			Numbers Tell a Story
			Harmonious Rise?
			Blueprint for the Future
		Cross-References
		References
F
	Factors of Production, Economic Growth, and Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		Factors of Production and Economic Growth
			Land and Economic Growth
			Labor and Economic Growth
			Capital and Economic Growth
			Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth
		Economic Growth, Economic Development, and Sustainable Development
		Conclusion
		References
	Fair Access to Credit
	Fair Trade Development and Growth
	Fair Trade History
	Fair Trade Movement and Market Development for Decent Work and Economic Growth
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Origins of Fair Trade
		Beginnings of Fair Trade History
			Birth of Fair Trade Movement
			Towards Alternative Trading Model
			Fair Trade Market Perspective
			Towards International Networking within Fair Trade Movement
		Coming out from the Niche - Mainstreaming of Fair Trade
			First Fair Trade Labels
			Fair Trade Product Market Development
		Current Developments
			Fair Trade Movement
			Fair Trade Market
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Female Entrepreneurship
	Firms
	Forced Labor
	Foreign Direct Investment
	Foreign Direct Investment and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Foreign Direct Investment and Sustainable Development
			Foreign Direct Investment
			FDI and Economic Development
		The Decent Work Agenda
			Decent Work
			Decent Work and Sustainable Development
			Decent Work and Foreign Investment
		The Development of Sub-Saharan Africa
			The Context
			Foreign Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Decent Work Concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa
			Job Creation and Employment
			Child Labor
			Low Pay, Inequality, Health and Safety
		FDI and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
			FDI and Job Creation
			FDI and Child Labor
			FDI, Income, and Inequality
			FDI and Labor Relations
			Prospect of FDI and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Future-Proofing Oceans for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Key Challenges Constraining Ocean Services
		Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
		Ocean Future-Proofing Strategies
		Conclusions and the Way Forward
		References
G
	Gender Equality
	Gender Inequality and Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Gendered and Noneconomic Entrepreneurship
		Women´s Emancipation through Female Entrepreneurship
			Beyond Economic Empowerment
			Economic Empowerment
		Financing Female Entrepreneurship
		Concluding Summary
		References
	Gender Roles, Cultural Norms, and Role of Income in Perceived Value: Women and Unpaid Work
		Definition
		Trade, Unpaid Work, and Gender Equality
		Decent Work and the Gender Wage Gap
		Concluding Comments
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Governance
	Global Material Flows
	Global South
	Global Structures of Inequality and Unequal Distribution of Wealth
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Inequality Between Nations
		Dependency Theory and Income Inequality
		Colonial Past
		Inequality Within Nations
		Cross-References
		References
	Globalization, Democracy, and Inequality
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Globalization and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
		Democracy and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
		Inequality and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
		Lessons and Concluding Remarks
			Some General Lessons
			Concluding Remark
		Cross-References
		References
	Good Works
	Government Service
	Green Business in the Context of the Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Flexibility in Organizations
		Corporative Education
		Environmental Education for Green Management
		Governance and Public Policies for Green Management
		The Importance of Local Power to Implement Environmental Policy
		Sustainability Promoting Innovations in Green Management
		Green Management and Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Buying
	Green Development
	Green Entrepreneurship
	Green Growth
	Green Identity
	Green Innovation
	Green Investment
	Green Procurement
	Green Purchasing
	Green Sourcing
	Green Supply Chain Management
	Guarantee of Labor Rights
H
	Health Status and Economic Growth
		Definition
		Introduction
		Determinants of Health Status
		Importance of Health Status to Economic Growth
		Transmission Mechanisms Between Health Status and Economic Growth
			Labor Productivity
			Labor Supply
			Education
			Savings and Investment
			Longevity
			Technology and Innovation
		Relationship Between Health Status and Economic Growth Globally
		Conclusion and Policy Recommendation
		Cross-References
		References
	History
	Household Debt and Sustainable Development
	Human Rights Compliance Assessment (HRCA)
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Concept, Scope, and Relevance
		Mechanisms
			Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD)
			Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA)
			Self-Assessment of Human Rights Compliance
			Reporting Nonfinancial Information
			Operational-Level Grievance Mechanism
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Rights Due Diligence
	Human Rights Impact Assessment
	Human Rights Risk Assessment
	Human Smuggling
	Human Trafficking and Financing Conflict Measures
	Human Trafficking as a Conflict Financing Measure
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Human Trafficking and Conflict Financing
		Examples
			Libya: Armed Militias and Human Trafficking
			ISIL: Trafficking of the Yazidi Community
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
I
	ILO
	Importance of the Public Service in Achieving the UN SDGS
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: Conceptual and Theoretical Overview of Public Service(s)
		Importance of Public Services and Essential Reforms in the Era of Targeting Growth
		Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and their Linkages with Effective Public Service Delivery
		Policy Approaches in Support of Efficient Public Services Delivery by 2030
		Conclusion and Recommended Points
		Cross-References
		References
	Inclusive Business Models: Building Business Ecosystems for Resolving Deep-Rooted Sustainability Problems
		Definition
		Introduction
		Business Models
		Base-of-the-Pyramid
		Inclusive Business Models (IBMs)
			The Meaning of ``Inclusive´´ in IBMs
			Fair Trade
			Work Integration of Disabled
			Social Entrepreneurship
		Ecosystems
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Inclusive Employment: A Global Concern
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Barriers to Employment
			Disability Barriers to Employment
			Gender-Related Barriers to Employment
			Age-Related Barriers to Employment
			The Need for Inclusive Employment
			Inclusive Employment and Inclusive Growth
		Strategies and Policies for Inclusive Employment
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Inclusive Growth in India: Issues and Challenges
		Definition
		Introduction
		Assessing Inclusiveness
			The Elusive Human Development
			Persisting Disparities in Educational Attainment
			Growing Income Inequality and Declining Poverty
			Rising Life Expectancy and Inaccessible Health Care
			The Sagging Environment
			Bleak Employment Scenario Amidst High Potentials
			Unsustainable Agricultural Growth
			Lagging Financial Inclusion
		Future Directions
		References
	Indiscriminate
	Industrial Relations
	Informal Economy
	Informal Employment
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Critical Appraisal Ascribed to the Definitions of Informal Employment/Economy
		Theoretical and Methodological Approach(ES) to Informal Employment
		Nature of Informal Employment Based on the Remit of SDGs and Its Association
			Informal Employment as a Norm in the Employment Category
			Gender Dimension of Informal Employment
			Ethnicity and Immigration Dimension of Informal Employment
			Sierra Leone as a Contextual Case Example in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
		Policy Approach to Informal Employment: Regulation and Deregulation
		Recommendations and Implications for the State
		Cross-References
		References
	Innovation
	Innovation System = System of Innovation
	Innovation Systems for Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: The Role of Innovation for Sustainable Development
		Innovation Systems
			Central Characteristics of IS
				Knowledge-Based
				Evolutionary
				Complex
			IS Meets Current Challenges
		Sustainability in IS
			The Directionality Dilemma
			Sustainable Systems of Innovation
			Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Systems
			Reflexive Innovation Systems
			Dedicated Innovation Systems
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Interdenominational
	International
	International Labour Organization: A Short History
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Creation of the International Labour Organization
		ILO´s Mission and Unique Nature
		The ILO´s Journey
			The Interwar Period
			The Second Founding (During and Immediately After the Second World War)
			The Morse Era: Decolonization and the Cold War
			From 1970 to the Fall of the Berlin Wall
			1990s to the Present: The Collapse of Communism and the Era of Globalization
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	International Perspectives on Living Wages for Sustainable Livelihoods: Project Glow (Global Living Organisational Wage)
		Definitions
		Introduction
			The Global Living Organisational Wage Network
			Setting Foundations for a Sufficiency Living Wage (SLW) in Thailand
			Establishing a Living Wage Threshold at which Quality of Work Life and of Work Transforms in South Africa
			SDG 8.8 - Protect Labor Rights and Close the Capability Gap in the Philippines
			SDG 8.9 - Lessons Learned from Sovereignty for Sustainable Tourism Livelihoods in Hawai´i
		Final Thoughts
		References
	Islamic Microfinance: A Tool of Alleviating Poverty and Ensuring Economic Peace
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation
		Islamic Microfinance
		Types of Islamic Microfinance
		Feature of Islamic Microfinance
		Role of Islamic Microfinance for Poverty Alleviation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
J
	Job Creation
	Job Quality
	Job Supplies in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: Role of Universal Work
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Why Job Supply Matters
		Declining Interest in Jobs
		Theories and Factors Hindering Job Supply Outcomes
			Contextualizing Job Supply Problems
			Job Problems and Fatalistic Responses
		SDG 8 Progress and Options for Reform
		The Role of Universal Work
		A Charter for Universal Work
		Resourcing Universal Work
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
K
	Knowledge-Intensive Innovation
L
	Labor-Capital Substitutability/Complementarity
	Labour
	Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
		Definition
		Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)
		Sustainability Assessment
		Life Cycle Thinking
		Life Cycle Assessment
			Goal and Scope Definition
			Life Cycle Inventory
			Life Cycle Impact Assessment
			Life Cycle Interpretation
			Iterative LCA Approach
		LCA-Derived Concepts for Economic and Social Assessment
			Life Cycle Costing
			Social Life Cycle Assessment
		Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
		References
	Low-Quality Work
M
	Manual Scavengers and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Background and Objectives
		Manual Scavenging
			Social Concerns and Issues
			Occupational Challenges and Problems
		Manual Scavenging in India: A Case Study
			Historical Background
			The Magnitude of Manual Scavenging in India
			Milestones Toward the Upliftment of Manual Scavengers
		Sustainable Development Goals and Manual Scavenging
			Mexico-Ecological Sanitation Model
			Malaysian Model
			Micro-Entrepreneurship Model
			Public Community Partnership (PCP) Model
		Working toward an Equal Society: Role of the Organizations
			Various Organizations across the World Working toward the Eradication of Manual Scavenging and their Forms of Initiations Are ...
		Suggestions
			Government/State
			Nongovernmental Organizations
			Individuals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Material Footprint
	Material Footprint and Its Role in Agenda 2030
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Material Footprint
			Introduction
				The Needs for Environmental Indicators
				The Footprint Family
			Material Footprint
				The Material Footprint Concept
				Features of the Material Footprint
				The Material Footprint in the Agenda 2030
					Macro Scenario
					Micro Scenario
			Why Material Footprint Is Important
		Current Scenario and the Future
			Setting a Global Limit
			Actual Data
		Conclusions and Pathway Ahead
		Cross-References
		References
	Maternity Protection at Work: Decent Work for All During Pregnancy and New Motherhood
		Definitions
		Introduction
		International Labor Standards on Maternity Protection
			Maternity Leave and Cash Benefits
			Paternity, Parental and Adoption Leave
			Employment Protection and Non-Discrimination
			Health Protection in the Workplace
			Breastfeeding and Childcare Support at Work
		Key Insights and Future Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK: Struggle and Resistance
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Legal Precarity of MDWs in the UK
			The Overseas Domestic Worker (ODW) Visa
			Problems with the Nonrenewable Visa
			What Is the NRM
			Problems with the NRM
			ILO 189 and the UK Position
		The Nature of Domestic Work and the Exploitations of MDWs in the UK
		New Forms of Domestic Worker Organizing in the UK
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Migrant Entrepreneurship Under Institutional Voids
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Institutions and Entrepreneurship
			Institutional Voids and Entrepreneurship
		Migrant Entrepreneurial Activity
		Entrepreneurs and Bricolage
		Institutional Entrepreneurship
		Migrant Entrepreneurship Challenges and Strategies
			Vilification
			Finance
			Land and Natural Resources
			Social Capital
		Successful Operation
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Migrant Venture Creation
	Migrant Workers, Decent Work, and Economic Growth
		Definitions
		Migrant Workers and Economic Growth
		Protection of Migrant Workers
			Migration Policies
			Conflict of Laws
			International Labour Law
			State Cooperation
			Corporate Social Responsibility
		Cross-References
		References
	Modern Slavery
	Moral Economy of Decent Work
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Decent Work: A Human-Centered Approach
			Progress and Contemporary Challenges to Decent Work
		The Moral Economy of Employment
		The Shifting Emphasis on Decent Work in European Employment Policy Making
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
N
	Nonstandard Work
	Novelty
	Nurturing Career Development for Human Resource Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition(s)
		Introduction: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives of Career Development
		Stages of Career Development
		Road Map Cycle for Career Development and Practicalities for Real World of Human Empowerment
		Career Development Link with the SDGs
		Way Forward/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
O
	Occupation
	Organization
P
	Package Bargaining
	Perceptions and Challenges of Design for Sustainable Behavior
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Behaviours and Habits
		Sensitivity to Sustainable Behaviour: Science
		Aspects of Motivation for Sustainable Behaviour
		Design for Behaviour Change: The Emergence of an Area
		The Structure of the Design Strategy
		Conclusion and Assertions
		References
	Poor-Quality Work
	Poverty
	Poverty Reduction: Concept, Approaches, and Case Studies
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development Nexus
		Post-2015 Development Agenda and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Case Studies of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Programs
			Cambodia Poverty Reduction Strategy
			Nicaragua Poverty Reduction Strategy
			Nigeria Poverty Reduction Strategy
			Challenges of Poverty Reduction Within the Framework of the Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Precarious Work and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Precariousness in Employment
		Characteristics of Precarious Work
		Precarious Workers
		Precariat
		Precarity
		Conclusions
		References
	Preserving Culture in Meeting Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Implicit Bias of GDP
		The Measurement of GDP
		The Case for Alternatives to GDP
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Product Stewardship
	Protection of Labor Rights
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Protection of Labor Rights in the European Union
		Protection of Labor Rights in the Spanish State
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Public Life
	Public Policies for Just Transition: Local Content, Employment, and Human Capital
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Employment and Just Energy Transition
		Policies for Employment and Human Capital: Opportunities and Challenges
		Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications
		References
	Purchasing Social Responsibility
Q
	Quality of Employment
	Quality of Jobs
	Quality of Work
R
	Raw Material Extraction
	Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in International Law: Prohibition and Elimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in International Law: Prohibition and Elimination
		International Prohibitions on the Use and Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers
			International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
			International Criminal Law (ICL)
			International Human Rights Law (IHRL)
			International Labor Law (ILL)
			UNSC Framework
			Complementarity of the Various Frameworks
		Contentious Issues Relating to the Prohibitions
			Age Threshold
			Forced, Compulsory, and Voluntary Recruitment
			Direct/Active and Indirect Participation
			Obligations of Armed Groups
		Elimination: Prevention and Reintegration
			Prevention
			Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
		Cross-References
		References
	Remediation Programs for Decent Work
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Remediation Programs and Decent Work
			Child Labor, Discrimination, and Forced Labor
			Social Dialogue
			Compensation, Contracts, and Human Resources
			Occupational Safety and Health
		Remediation Programs: A Bangladeshi Case
			Our Voice: A Digital Helpline for Garment Workers
		New Form of Precarity and Its Remedy
		References
	Responsible Business Conduct
	Responsible Buying
	Responsible Innovation
	Responsible Management for Innovative and Sustainable Firms in the Age of Complexity
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Responsible Management: A Definition
		Intellectual Roots
		What Waves of Change for Management
			The Classical Concept of Management
			The Complex Conception of Management
		What Directions in Managing Responsibly Organizations?
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Responsible Procurement
	Responsible Purchasing
	Responsible Research and Innovation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Governance of Science, Research, and Innovation
		Meaning of RRI Not Fixed
		Accounts of RRI
			von Schomberg´s Definition
			European Commission´s Definition and Six RRI Keys
			Stilgoe, Owen, and Macnaghten´s Definition and AIRR Framework
			van den Hoven´s Definition: Design to Solve Moral Dilemmas
		Shared Characteristics Between the Accounts
			Diversity and inclusion
			Anticipation and reflection
			Openness and transparency
			Responsiveness and adaptive change
			Ethics
			Social utility
		History of RRI
		The Argument for RRI
		Novelty of RRI
		Criticism of RRI
		RRI and the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Responsible Sourcing
	Responsible Supply Chain Management
	Rule of Law
S
	SDGs Patterns Across the Globe: From Theory to Practice
		Definition
		Introduction
		Brief History of the UN SDGs Initiative
		Recent Endeavors on Sustainability Literature
		Patterns of SDGs Across the Globe: A Descriptive Presentation
		Case Studies: SDGs in Practice
			Case Study 1: Women Inequality in Bangladesh
			Case Study 2: Food Security and Nutrition in Guatemala
			Case Study 3: Promoting Water and Sanitation Access in Philippines
			Case Study 4: Youth Employment Opportunities in Fiji
		Cross-References
		References
	Sex Trafficking
	Shadow Economy
	Shared Value Creation
	Skill Development
	Skill Formation
	Slavery
	Smart Tourism and Smart Destinations for a Sustainable Future
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Smart Tourism
		Sustainable Tourism
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Agriculture and Its Related Tourist Activities
		Definition
		Social Agriculture as an Innovative Model of Multifunctionality
		Social Agriculture in the European Framework
		Social Farms
		Social Agriculture Related to Tourist Activities
			Agritourisms
			Educational Farms
			Sports Farms
			Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF)
		Concluding Summary
		References
	Social Business for Sustainable Development: Cases from Bangladesh
		Definition
		Introduction
		Setting the Context
		Steps towards Engaging with SDGs
			Understanding the SDGs
			Defining Priority
			Reporting and Communicating
			Socializing
		Value Chain Analysis: Defining the Priority towards SDGs
			Technical
			Supply Chain
			Marketing
			Community Engagement
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Social Business in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Social Business Model
		Social Business and the Sustainable Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Social Development
	Social Dialogue and the Future of Work
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The ``Key Pieces´´ of Social Dialogue
			Levels and Structures
			Actors and Contents
			Benefits and Constraints
		An Unprecedented Experience of Social Dialogue ``Out of the Box´´
		Where Should Social Dialogue Go?
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Enterprise
	Social Entrepreneurship
	Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship
		Social Entrepreneurship and Its Subconcepts
			Social Value Creation
			Social Entrepreneur
			Social Enterprise Organization
			Market Orientation
			Social Innovation
		Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals
			Developing the Solution and Scaling the Solution for Impact
			The Role of Social Entrepreneurs as Problem Solvers in Society
		Conclusion
		Future Directions
			Social Value Creation
			Social Entrepreneur(s) and Their Collaborations
			Social Enterprise Organization
			Market Orientation
			Social Innovation
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Innovation
	Social Investment
	Social Justice
	Social Network
	Social Strategy
	Social Venture
	Socially Responsible Buying
	Socially Responsible Investment
	Socially Responsible Procurement
	Socially Responsible Purchasing
	Socially Responsible Sourcing
	Socioeconomic Development
	Socio-economic Impact Measurement and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Socio-economic Impact
		Importance of Guiding Businesses
		Measuring Socio-economic Impact
		Measurement Tools
			Base of the Pyramid Impact Assessment Framework
			GEMI Metrics Navigator
			Impact Measurement Framework
			Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS)
			MDG Scan
			Measuring Impact Framework
			Poverty Footprint
			Progress out of Poverty Index
			Socio-economic Assessment Toolbox (SEAT)
			Input-Output Modeling
		Outlook and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Supply Chain Accountability Through Extraterritorial Tortious Litigation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Circumventing the Corporate Veil
			The Corporate Veil
			Developments in English Common Law
				Legal Imposition of Responsibility
				Assuming Responsibility Through Corporate Social Responsibility Statements
			Developments in Canadian Common Law
				No Duty of Care Toward Victims of Subcontractors
		Adopting Customary International Law into the Common Law
			CIL and the Canadian Common Law
		The Ability of Tort Law to Bridge the Governance Gap
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
			Cases
	Supporting Sustainability for a Decent Work and Economic Growth in Ghana
		Definitions
		Introduction
		SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth in Ghana
		Localizing the SDG 8 in Ghana
		Actors in Localizing SDG 8 in Ghana
		Private Sector
		Academia
		The Progress in Localizing SDG 8 in Ghana
		Conclusion
		References
	Sustainability
	Sustainability and Collective Bargaining from an Environmental Approach
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Environmental Contents and Collective Bargaining Form a Multilevel Perspective
		Current Environmental Provisions in the Collective Agreements
		Social Dialogue in the Frame of the Global Climate Emergency
		Environmental Clauses in the International Framework Agreements
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Sustainability Innovation
	Sustainability Transitions
	Sustainability-Driven Innovation
	Sustainability-Oriented Innovation
	Sustainability-Related Innovation
	Sustainable Behaviour
	Sustainable Business
	Sustainable Business Models
		Synonyms
		Related Terms
		Definition
		Background
			Emergence of the Concept
			What Is a Business Model?
			What Is a Sustainable Business Model?
			Sustainable Business Models and the SDGs
			Sustainable Business Model Types
			Sustainable Business Model Tools and Approaches
				Idea Generation
				Process
				Sustainability Assessment
			Recent Developments
				Novel Approaches for Experimentation
				Novel Concepts Such as Circular Economy and Sharing Economy
				Collaborative Business Models and Ecosystems
				Transitions Research and the Role of Business (Models)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Business Strategies
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Origins of Sustainable Business Strategy: Context and Driving Factors
		Business Cases for Sustainable Business Strategy
		Sustainable Business Strategy and Maturity Scales: Charting the Journey Through Sustainable Business Strategy
		Business Models and Sustainable Business Strategy
		Circular Economy and Sustainable Business Strategy
		Criticisms of Sustainable Business Strategy
			``Win-Win´´ Versus the Reality of Trade-Offs
			Limits of Sustainable Business Strategy
		Future Prospects
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Buying
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Development Innovation
	Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Composing Individual Processes and Collaborative Transformations
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Motivation and Actors
		Opportunity Types
		Sustainable Entrepreneurship Forms, Processes, and Outcomes
			Entrepreneurial Forms
			Entrepreneurial Processes
			Outcomes of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
		Sustainable Entrepreneurship and the SDGs
		Recent Contributions
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Innovation: Creating Solutions for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Frameworks of Sustainable Innovation
			Disciplines Informing Sustainable Innovation and Issues in Its Definition
			Models to Categorize Sustainable Innovations
		Components and Dynamics in Sustainable Innovation
			The Collaborative Component and the Emergence of New Actors in Sustainable Innovation
			Sustainable Innovation, Value Creation, and Value Capture
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Investment: Mobilizing Financial Capital for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainability Issues
		Sustainable Investment Strategies
		Justifications of Sustainable Investment
			Justification from Integrity
			Justification from Consequences
		Financial Considerations
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Premium Ready Meals for a Daily Nutritional Diet: Human Population Growing Demand
		Definitions
		Marine Ecosystems and Seaweeds Production
		Premium Ready Meals to a Daily Nutritional Diet
			Edible Seaweeds and Phycogastronomy
			Benefits of Macroalgae Compounds
		Processing Technologies and Seaweeds Sensory Profile
			Molecular Cooking and Food Technology
		Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Sustainable Procurement
	Sustainable Purchasing
	Sustainable Supply Chain Management
	Sustainable Supply Management
	Sustainable Technology Impact on Agricultural Production
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainable Agriculture
			Conservation Agriculture
			Land Tenure
			Honduras and Guatemala
			Small Holder Farmers
			Diversification of Crops and Agroforestry
		Developing Countries
		Developed Countries
		Forms of Technology
			Nanotechnology
			Artificial Intelligence
			Global Positioning System
			Precision Agriculture
		Future Projections
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Value Creation
	System Innovation
T
	Technical and Vocational Education
	Technical and Vocational Education and Training
	Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in South Asia
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Theoretical Relevance of TVET
		Overview of the SDG 8 and the Indicators
		SDG 8 and the TVET
		TVET in South Asia
		Understanding the Local Priorities (the Case of Bangladesh)
			Structure of TVET in Bangladesh
		Reform of the TVET System
			National Technical and Vocational Education Framework (NTVQF)
			NTVQF Management Information System (MIS)
		Women Participation in the TVET
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Technical and Vocational Training
	Technical Change
	Technological Progress
	Technological Revolutions
	Technology
	Terrorist Financing
	Total Material Requirement
	Tourism and the Sustainable Development of the Baltic Sea Region
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Concept of Sustainable Development and Tourism
		Tourism Industry in the Baltic Sea Region: A Comparative Analysis
		Toward Sustainable Tourism Development: Best Practices in BSR Countries
			Denmark
			Sweden
			Finland
			Russia: The Republic of Karelia
			Estonia
			Latvia
			Lithuania
			Russia: The Kaliningrad Region
			Poland
			Germany
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Trade
	Trade-Related Assistance
	Trade-Related ODA
	Trafficking in Human Beings
	Transformations
	Transformations Toward Sustainability
	Transitions
	Transitions to Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Emergence of Transitions Research
		Transitions Research: Explaining Change
		Socio-technical Transitions
		Socio-institutional and Socio-economic Transitions
		Socio-ecological Transitions
		Transitions Governance: Inducing Change
		Governing Socio-technical Transitions
			Strategic Niche Management
			Transition Management
			Reflexive Governance
			Transformative Innovation Policy
		Governing Socio-institutional and Socio-economic Transitions
			Transformational Sustainability Interventions
		Governing Socio-ecological Transitions
			Adaptive Governance
			Earth System Governance
		Current Issues and Criticism
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Triple Bottom Line
	Typologies of Sustainable Business
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Business Model Definitions
		Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Sustainability Perspective
		Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Stakeholder´s Perspective
		Sustainable Business Model Typology from an Incorporation into the Corporate System Perspective
		Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Value Creation Perspective
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Typologies of Sustainable Business Models
U
	Underage Combatant
	Underground Economy
	Understanding Market Failure in the Developing Country Context
		Definition of Market Failure
		Introduction
		Impairment of Market Failure in Achieving SDG8
		Functioning Markets: Requirements
			Free Entry and Exit
			No Monopoly Power
			Information Symmetry
			Absence of Market Externalities
		Reasons for Market Failure
			Externalities
			Asymmetric Information
			Public Goods
			Natural Monopoly
			Imperfect Competition
			Business Cycles
		Heterodox View of Market Failure: Ecological Approach
		Leading the Situation: Policies to Combat Failures
		Country Case Study of Market Failure: Sierra Leone
		Conclusion
		References
	Unemployment
V
	Value Creation in a Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Approach
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Circular Economy
			Cradle-to-Cradle (Design)
			Product Stewardship
			Closed Loop Supply Chains
		Introduction
		Circular Economy: Servitization
			Case Coffee 3
		Product Stewardship: Extended Producer Responsibility
		Cradle-to-Cradle: Product Design
		Closed Loop Supply Chains: Multiple Value Creation
		Circular´s Contribution to Sustainability Goals
		Cross-References
		References
	Vocation
W
	War Economy
	Women and Agriculture: Addressing Hidden Work in Land-Based Livelihoods
		Definition
		Introduction
			Throwing the Spotlight on Women´s Contribution in the Agricultural Sector
			Female Engagement in the Grassroots Economy
				Women and Unpaid Domestic Labor
				Women and Crop Production
				Highlighting the Role of Women in the Livestock Sector
				Unravelling the Influence of Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture
				Addressing Women´s Needs for Technology and Information
			Misrepresentation of Women in Labor
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Women and Entrepreneurship
	Women Empowerment
	Women in Business
	Women, Growth, and Empowerment
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Growth´s Effects on Women´s Economic Empowerment
		Women´s Empowerment and Its Effects on Growth
		Growth and Women´s Empowerment: A Virtuous Cycle?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Women´s Economic Empowerment
	Work
	Work Quality
	Worked Hours
	Worker-Driven Initiatives to Tackle Modern Slavery
		Definition
		Introduction
		What Constitutes Forced Labor, Modern Slavery, and Trafficking?
		Shift in the Conditions of Work and Responses from Labor
		Worker-Driven Social Responsibility
		Shifting Terminologies, Discourses, and Approaches: Specificities of India
		Conclusion: Worker-Driven Initiatives to Claim Substantive Gains
		References
	Workforce
	Working/Work Time