Death, Decomposition, and Detector Dogs: From Science to Scene

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Author Biography
Acronyms
1 The Forensic Tool
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biosensors
		1.2.1 The Dog
		1.2.2 The Handler
		1.2.3 The Team
	1.3 The Human Remains Detector Canine
	1.4 HRD Canines and Legal Implications
		1.4.1 Forensic Tool
	1.5 Legal Considerations
		1.5.1 Rules of Evidence
			1.6.1 Sandra Anderson
			1.6.2 Clark vs. State of Maryland, 781 A.2d 913 (2001)
			1.6.3 Trejos vs. State of Texas, 243 SW 3d 30, 2007
			1.6.4 State of Florida vs. Casey Marie Anthony (Information From Hopper 2014; Furton, Caraballo, Cerreta, Et Al. 2015; Ensminger, Ferguson, and Papet 2016)
			1.6.5 People vs. Lane, 862 NW 2d 446, 2014
			1.6.6 State of Illinois vs. Montano, No. 2-14-0326
	1.6 Case Summaries
		1.6.7 Considerations
	1.7 The Future
	1.8 Conclusion
2 Know the Nose
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Perception
	2.3 Anatomy
		2.3.1 Nares
		2.3.2 Nasal Turbinates
		2.3.3 Olfactory Sensory Cells (OSCs)
		2.3.4 Olfactory Receptors (ORs)
	2.4 Neural Pathways
	2.5 Vomeronasal Organ
	2.6 Physiology: How the System Works
		2.6.1 Sniffing vs. Breathing
	2.7 Olfaction
	2.8 Intraspecies Variation: Differences Between Dogs
	2.9 Interspecies Variations: Differences Between Dogs and People
	2.10 Training for Olfactory Detection
	2.11 Summary
3 Breaking Down Is Hard to Do: Forensic Taphonomy
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Taphonomy Defined
	3.3 The Body
	3.4 Normal Cell Composition
	3.5 Postmortem Interval
	3.6 Stages of Decomposition
	3.6.1 Stage 1: Immediate (Cellular)
		3.6.1.1 Reversible
		3.6.1.2 Irreversible
	3.6.2 Stage 2: Early
		3.6.2.1 Algor Mortis
		3.6.2.2 Livor Mortis (Aka Livor Or Lividity)
		3.6.2.3 Rigor Mortis
	3.6.3 Stage 3: Putrefaction
		3.6.3.1 Colors of Putrefaction
		3.6.3.2 Bloat
	3.6.4 Stage 4: Active Decay
		3.6.4.1 Liquefaction
	3.6.5 Stage 5: Dry Decay
	3.7 Summary
4 Bugs, Bodies, and Beyond
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Environmental Variables
		4.2.1 Temperature
			4.2.1.1 Environmental Extremes
			4.2.1.2 Extreme Heat (Fire)
		4.2.2 Freezing
		4.2.3 Extreme Dryness—Mummification
		4.2.4 Adipocere: Grave Wax Or Death Soap
	4.3 Decomposition “Influencers”
		4.3.1 Entomology: “The Big Bugs”
			4.3.1.1 Flies
			4.3.1.2 Other Big Bugs
		4.3.2 Microbiology: “The Little Bugs”
		4.3.3 Microbiome
	4.4 Environmental Influencers: Burial
		4.4.1 Soil
		4.4.2 Microbial Concentration
		4.4.3 Burial Depth
		4.4.4 Cadaver Decomposition Island (CDI)
	4.5 Environmental Influence: Water
		4.5.1 Process of Drowning
		4.5.2 Refloat
		4.5.3 Location in Water
		4.5.4 Appearance of Drowning Victims
	4.6 Other Factors Affecting Decomposition
		4.6.1 Bacterial Communities in Water
		4.6.2 Decedent: Size and Age
		4.6.3 Decedent: Clothing
		4.6.4 Decedents Inside a Building
		4.6.5 Scavengers
	4.7 Meet the Pigs
	4.8 Observations
	4.9 Conclusions
5 Making Order Out of Odor
	5.1 Introduction
		5.2 About Chemistry
		5.2.1 Organic Compounds
		5.2.2 Chemical Families
		5.2.3 Chemical Shape and What It Means
	5.3 Bacteria and Bodies
	5.4 Chemistry and Odor
	5.4.1 Live Scent
		5.4.2 In Between Life and Death
	5.5 Chemistry and the Odor of Death
		5.5.1 Carbohydrates
		5.5.2 Proteins
			5.5.2.1 Protein Basics
			5.5.2.2 Types of Proteins
			5.5.2.3 Protein Breakdown: Basics
		5.5.3 Lipids and Fats
			5.5.3.1 Fatty Acids
			5.5.3.2 Adipocytes
			5.5.3.3 Fat Breakdown
			5.5.3.4 Adipocere
	5.5.4 Specific Tissues
		5.5.4.1 Blood
		5.5.4.2 Bone
	5.6 Training Aids
		5.6.1 True Materials
			5.6.1.1 Types of True Materials
			5.6.1.2 Blood
			5.6.1.3 Placenta
			5.6.1.4 Tissue
			5.6.1.5 Bone
			5.6.1.6 Decomposition/Purge Fluid
			5.6.1.7 Grave Soil
		5.6.2 Non-Pseudo Odors
			5.6.2.1 Dilution
			5.6.2.2 Encapsulation
			5.6.2.3 Ad/Absorption
			5.6.2.4 Extraction
		5.6.3 Mimics Or Human Analogues
		5.6.4 Pseudo-Odors
		5.6.5 Distractions
		5.6.6 Training Aid Considerations
	5.7 Volatile Chemistry Research
		5.7.1 Understanding the Complex Odor Profile—Research Methods
		5.7.2 Research Summaries: Land
	5.7.3 Subaquatic Chemical Profile Studies
	5.8 Summary
6 Earth, Wind, Water, and Odor
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Probable Human Remains Odorants
	6.3 Environment: Definitions and Concepts
	6.4 Atmosphere and Weather
		6.4.1 Temperature and Energy
		6.4.2 Wind
		6.4.3 Topography
		6.4.4 Odor Movement
		6.4.5 Effects of Localized Or Microweather
		6.4.6 Weather Review
	6.5 Earth: The Dirt On Soil
		6.5.1 Physical Characteristics of Soil
	6.6 Burials and Chemical Dispersion
		6.6.1 Other Burials
	6.7 Volatile Traps: Plants and More
	6.8 Atmospheric and Terrestrial Dispersion: Summary
	6.9 Environment: Water
		6.9.1 Physical Effects of Water
		6.9.2 Hydrologic Concepts and Terminology
		6.9.3 Groundwater: Moving Under Our Feet
	6.10 Practical Application in Search Scenarios
	6.11 Human Remains Odor Dispersion: Land
	6.12 Human Remains Odor Dispersion: Water
	6.13 Summary
7 Tools of the Trade
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Strategy vs. Tactics
	7.3 Behavior of the Missing
	7.4 Location Tools—Mapping
		7.4.1 Definitions of Mapping
			7.4.1.1 Global Positioning System
			7.4.1.2 Geographic Information Systems
			7.4.1.3 Latitude and Longitude
			7.4.1.4 Universal Transverse Mercator and Military Grid Reference System
		7.4.2 General Maps
		7.4.3 Topographical Maps
	7.5 Weather
		7.5.1 Historical Weather
		7.5.2 Current/Predicted Weather
	7.6 Specialized Tools and Technology: Land Searches
		7.6.1 Maps—Soil
	7.7 Types of Forensic Tools
		7.7.1 Invasive Tools
		7.7.2 Noninvasive Tools
			7.7.2.1 Ground Penetrating Radar
			7.7.2.2 Metal Detectors
			7.7.2.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs/Drones)
	7.8 Specialized Tools and Technology: Water Searches
		7.8.1 Hydrologic Maps
		7.8.2 Side Scan Sonar
		7.8.3 Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) for Underwater Use
		7.8.4 Underwater Metal Detectors
	7.9 Using This Information
	7.10 Summary
8 A Case in Point
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Case 1: Land
		8.2.1 History
		8.2.2 Area
		8.2.3 Weather
		8.2.4 Search Efforts
		8.2.5 Results
	8.3 Case 2: Land
		8.3.1 History
		8.3.2 Area
		8.3.3 Weather
		8.3.4 Search Efforts
		8.3.5 Results
	8.4 Case 3: Land
		8.4.1 History
		8.4.2 Area
		8.4.3 Weather
		8.4.4 Search Efforts
		8.4.5 Results
	8.5 Case 4: Land
		8.5.1 History
		8.5.2 Area
		8.5.3 Weather
		8.5.4 Search Efforts
		8.5.5 Results
	8.6 Case 5: Land
		8.6.1 History
		8.6.2 Search Efforts
		8.6.3 Results
	8.7 Case 6: Water
		8.7.1 History
		8.7.2 Area
		8.7.3 Weather
		8.7.4 Search Efforts/Results
	8.8 Case 7: Water
		8.8.1 History
		8.8.2 Area
		8.8.3 Search Efforts
		8.8.4 Results
	8.9 Case 8: Water
		8.9.1 History
		8.9.2 Area
		8.9.3 Weather
		8.9.4 Search Efforts
		8.9.5 Results
	8.10 Case 9: Water
		8.10.1 History
		8.10.2 Area
		8.10.3 Weather
		8.10.4 Search Efforts
		8.10.5 Results
	8.11 Case 10: Land and Water
		8.11.1 History
		8.11.2 Area
		8.11.3 Weather
		8.11.4 Search Efforts
		8.11.5 Results
	8.12 Summary
9 Back to the Future
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Science Replacement: Will Detector Dogs Be Replaced?
	9.3 Technology Protecting Detector Canines
	9.4 Science Augmenting Detector Dog Search Locations
		9.4.1 Video Surveillance Cameras
		9.4.2 Personal Fitness Trackers and Cell Phones
		9.4.3 Other Tools
	9.5 Technology Augmenting Deployment of Detector Canines
		9.5.1 Global Positioning Satellite Collars
		9.5.2 Communications and Cameras
	9.6 Forensic Science at Work
		9.6.1 The Case
		9.6.2 The Rest of the Story
			9.6.2.1 Timeline and How Things Developed
			9.6.2.2 HRD K9 Search
	9.7 Final Thoughts
Bibliography
Index