Davis Advantage for Maternal-Child Nursing Care

Cover Page
Davis Advantage for Maternal-Child Nursing Care by Scannell (3rd Edition)
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Reviewers
Contents in Brief
Detailed Table of Contents
UNIT 1: Foundations in the Nursing Care of Maternal, Family, and Child Care
1 Core Concepts of Maternal and Pediatric Health Care Across the Continuum
Introduction
Nursing Roles
Standards of Practice
Nursing Process
ANA Clinical Practice Guidelines
Ethical Considerations
Family-Centered Care
Evidence-Based Practice
The Nursing Process and Evidence-Based Care
Building a Trusting Nursing-Patient Relationship
Client Rights
Rights to Privacy
An Ethical Framework for Professional Practice
Implications of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Malpractice
Abortion Services
The Family Unit
Family-Centered Care
Types of Families
Family Theories and Development Frameworks
Parenting Styles
Cultural Practices
Communication Patterns
Feeding Practices
Low-Income Populations
Trends in Maternal, Infant, and Child Epidemiology
Global Health
Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
Infant Morbidity and Mortality
Health Disparities
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Trends in Health Care
Telemedicine
Medical Homes
Group Health Appointments
Healthy People 2030
UNIT 2: The Process of Human Reproduction
2 Reproduction
Introduction
Sexual Differentiation in the Embryo
Male Sex
Female Sex
Female Reproductive System
External Structures
Internal Structures
Breasts
The Interplay of Hormones and Reproduction
Hormones Released by the Hypothalamus
Hormones Released by the Pituitary Gland
Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle
Hormones Released by the Gonads
Sexual Maturation
Puberty
Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics
The Menstrual Cycle and Reproduction
Uterine (Endometrial) Cycle
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Cycle
Body Changes Related to the Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
Natural Cessation of Menses
Menstrual Disorders
Male Reproductive System
External Structures
Internal Structures
Characteristics of Semen and Sperm
Male Hormonal Influences
Age-Related Development of the Male Reproductive System
Human Sexual Response
Contraceptive Care
Planning and Implementation of Care
Obtaining the Sexual History
Types of Contraception
Clinical Termination of Pregnancy
Surgical Termination of Pregnancy
Medication (Medical) Termination of Pregnancy
Complications
Nursing Care Related to Elective Pregnancy Termination
Infertility
Treatment Options for Infertility
Psychological Considerations of Infertility
3 Conception and Development of the Embryo and Fetus
Introduction
Basic Concepts of Genetics
Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
Disease Inheritance
Multifactorial Inheritance
Unifactorial Inheritance
Cellular Division
The Process of Fertilization
The Process of Implantation and Placental Development
Development of the Embryo and Fetus
The Yolk Sac
Origin and Function of the Umbilical Cord
The Fetal Circulatory System
Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid
Human Growth and Development
Preembryonic Period
Embryonic Period
The Fetal Period
Factors That May Adversely Affect Embryonic and Fetal Development
Chromosomes and Teratogens
The Nurse’s Role in Prenatal Evaluation
Heredity and Genetics
Maternal Age and Chromosomes
Multifetal Pregnancy
The Nurse’s Role in Minimizing Threats to the Developing Embryo and Fetus
UNIT 3: The Prenatal Journey
4 Physiological and Psychosocial Changes During Pregnancy
Introduction
Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy
Reproductive System
General Body System Changes
Hormonal Influences
Musculoskeletal System
Immune System
Integumentary System
Neurological System
Signs of Pregnancy
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy
Probable Signs of Pregnancy
Positive Signs of Pregnancy
Establishing the Estimated Date of Birth
Common Discomforts During Pregnancy
Nausea
Vomiting
Ptyalism
Dyspepsia
Dental Problems
Nasal Congestion
Hyperventilation and Shortness of Breath
Upper and Lower Backache
Leukorrhea
Urinary Frequency
Leg Cramps
Dependent Edema
Varicosities
Round Ligament Pain
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
Fatigue
Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy
The Healthy Mind
Psychosocial Adaptations
Body Image Changes
Anxiety
Trauma History
Developmental and Family Changes
Factors That Interfere With Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy
Nursing Assessment of Psychosocial Changes and Prenatal Health Education
Screening and Diagnostic Tests During Pregnancy
5 Promoting a Healthy Pregnancy
Introduction
Choosing A Pregnancy Care Provider
Preconception Care
Prenatal Care
The First Prenatal Visit
Genetic Testing
The Prenatal Physical Examination
Subsequent Prenatal Examinations
Nutrition
Important Nutritional Elements
Prevention of Foodborne Illness
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Factors Affecting Nutrition During Pregnancy
Exercise, Travel, Work, and Rest During Pregnancy
Exercise
Travel
Work
Rest
Medications
FDA Classification System for Medications Used During Pregnancy
Over-the-Counter Medications
Prescription Medications
Herbal and Homeopathic Preparations
Using a Pregnancy Map to Guide Prenatal Visits
Childbirth Education to Promote a Positive Childbearing Experience
Finding Information on Childbirth Education
Methods of Childbirth Preparation
Birth Plans
Breastfeeding
6 Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During Pregnancy
Introduction
Bleeding Complications in Pregnancy
Early Pregnancy Complications
Bleeding Disorders Later in Pregnancy
Preterm Labor
Morbidity and Mortality
Etiology and Risk Factors
Assessment of Cervical Length and Funneling
Management
Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Management
Patient Education
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Classifications and Definitions
Pre-eclampsia
Eclampsia
HELLP Syndrome
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
Nursing Care
Multiple Gestation
Associated Complications
Determination of Chorionicity
Nursing Implications
Infections
Urinary Tract Infection
Group B Streptococcal Infection
TORCH Infections
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
RHO(D) Isoimmunization
Pathophysiology
Management
ABO
Respiratory Complications
Asthma
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Definition and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
Maternal and Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality
Management
The Thyroid Gland and Pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Psychiatric Complications During Pregnancy
Consulting With the Pregnant Psychiatric Patient
Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia
Anxiety Disorders
Eating Disorders
Assessment and Diagnostic Tools to Determine Fetal Well-Being
Doppler Ultrasound Blood Flow Studies (Velocimetry)
Fetal Biophysical Profile
Nonstress Test
Contraction Stress Test
Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Special Conditions and Circumstances That May Complicate Pregnancy
The Pregnant Woman Who Requires Bedrest
The Adolescent Pregnant Patient
The Advanced Age Pregnant Patient
The Pregnant Patient Who Has Suffered Trauma
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy
UNIT 4: The Birth Experience
7 The Process of Labor and Birth
Introduction
The Onset of Labor
The Process of Labor and Birth
Powers
Passageway
Passenger
Passageway + Passenger
Psychosocial Influences
Signs and Symptoms of Impending Labor
Energy Spurt
Distinguishing True Labor From False Labor
Lightening
Braxton Hicks Contractions
Cervical Changes
Bloody Show
Rupture of the Membranes
Childbirth Settings and Labor Support
Routine Hospital and Birth Center Procedures
Establishing a Positive Relationship
Collecting Admission Data
Initial Admission Assessments
Assessment of the Fetus During Labor and Birth
Fetal Position
Assessment of the Fetal Heart Rate
Additional Methods of Fetal Assessment
Nursing Interventions
First Stage of Labor
Latent Phase
Active Phase
Transition Phase
Nursing Care During the First Stage of Labor
Caring for the Birth Partner
Second Stage of Labor
Promoting Effective Pushing
Achieving a Position of Comfort
Preparation for the Birth
Lacerations
Episiotomy
Birth
Third and Fourth Stages of Labor
Third Stage of Labor
8 Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During Labor and Birth
Introduction
Dystocia
Dysfunctional Labor Patterns
Precipitous Labor and Birth
Pelvic Structure Alterations
Trial of Labor
Amniotomy
Induction of Labor
Indications for Induction
Administration of Cervical Ripening Agents
Nonpharmacological Methods for Induction of Labor
Nursing Considerations
Assisted Operative/Vaginal Delivery
Forceps-Assisted Birth
Vacuum-Assisted Birth
Maternal Conditions That Complicated Childbirth
Hypertensive Disorders
Cardiac Disease
Diabetes Mellitus
Preterm Labor and Birth
Complications of Labor and Birth Associated With the Fetus
Fetal Malpresentation
Shoulder Dystocia
Cephalopelvic Disproportion
Multiple Gestation
Nonreassuring FHR Patterns
Nuchal Cord
Amniotic Fluid Complications
Oligohydramnios
Hydramnios
Meconium
Chorioamnionitis
Complications Associated With the Placenta
Placenta Previa
Placental Abruption
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Rupture of the Uterus
Uterine Inversion
Umbilical Cord Prolapse
Variations Related to Umbilical Cord Insertion and the Placenta
Anaphylactoid Syndrome of Pregnancy
Cesarean Birth
Definition and Incidence
Indications
Surgical Procedures
Nursing Care
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
Nursing Implications
Areas for Continued Research
Post-Term or Prolonged Pregnancy
Medical Management
Nursing Implications
Perinatal Loss
UNIT 5: Care of the New Family
9 Physiological Transition of the Newborn
Introduction
Adaptations of the Respiratory System
Intrapulmonary Fluid, Fetal Breathing Movements, and Surfactant
The First Breath
Factors That May Interfere With Respiration
Cardiopulmonary Transitions
Cardiovascular Adaptation
Changes After Placental Expulsion
Thermogenic Adaptation
The Neutral Thermal Environment
Physiological Adaptations for Heat Production
Mechanisms for Neonatal Heat Loss
Preventing Hyperthermia
Factors Related to Cold Stress
Hematopoietic Adaptation
Blood Volume
Blood Components
Hepatic Adaptation
Glycogen and Blood Glucose Maintenance
Hypoglycemia
Iron Storage
Hyperbilirubinemia
Gastrointestinal Adaptation
Stomach and Digestive Enzymes
Intestinal Peristalsis
Stools
Kidney Function
Immunological Adaptation
Psychosocial Adaptation
Early Stages of Activity
Newborn Behavioral States
Sleep States
Newborn Assessment
Immediate Newborn Assessment
Newborn Metabolic Screening Tests
Head-to-Toe Neonatal Physical Assessment
A Systems Approach to Assessment of the Newborn
Care of the Newborn
Temperature Assessment
Bathing the Newborn
Nail Care
Umbilical Cord Care
Diapering
Circumcision
Eye Care
Hepatitis B Vaccination
Fostering Attachment
Ensuring Optimal Nutrition
Discharge Planning for the Infant and Family
Car Seat Safety
10 Caring for the Newborn at Risk
Introduction
A & P Review: The Newborn at Risk
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Neurological System
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Classification of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
The High-Risk Newborn
Classification of High-Risk Newborns
Care of the High-Risk Newborn
Nutritional Care of the High-Risk Newborn
Skin Care
Developmental Care
Transporting the High-Risk Newborn
Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Newborns
Characteristics of an SGA Newborn
Conditions Affecting the SGA Newborn
Large for Gestational Age (LGA) Newborns
Conditions Affecting the LGA Newborn
Birth Injuries
Brachial Plexus Injuries (BPI)
The Preterm Newborn
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Apnea of Prematurity (AOP)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Physiological and Pathological Jaundice
Anemia of Prematurity (AOP)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)
Nutritional Care of the Preterm Newborn
The Post-Term Newborn
Signs and Symptoms
Conditions Affecting the Post-Term Newborn
Additional Considerations for the High-Risk Newborn
Newborn Screening
Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
Neurological Conditions
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
Abdominal Wall Defects
Infections in the Newborn
Developmental Delays
Discharge Planning
11 Caring for the Postpartal Woman and Her Family
Introduction
Ensuring Safety for the Mother and Infant
Protecting the Infant From Abduction
Early Maternal Assessment
Vital Signs
Medications
Concise Postpartum Assessment Guide to Facilitate Nursing Care
BUBBLE-HE Mnemonic
Assessment of Pain
Maternal Physiological Adaptations and Continued Assessment of the Patient
Hematological and Metabolic Systems
Neurological System
Renal System, Fluid, and Electrolytes
Respiratory System
Integumentary System
Cardiovascular System
Immune System
Ovulation
Gastrointestinal System
Musculoskeletal System
Developing Cultural Sensitivity
Clinical Implications of Culturally Appropriate Care
Promoting Recovery and Self-Care in the Puerperium
Activity and Rest
Nourishment
Elimination
Perineal Care
Care of the Postpartal Surgical Patient
Permanent Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)
Care of the Patient After Cesarean Birth
Educating Parents to Make Informed Infant Nourishment Choices
The Physiology of Lactation
Strategies for Breastfeeding Success
Evaluation of Nourishment: Infant Weight Gain
Positions for Breastfeeding
Difficulty Feeding
Collecting and Storing Breast Milk
Infant Weaning
Assisting the Mother Who Chooses to Formula-Feed
Promoting Family and Infant Bonding
Facilitating the Transition to Parenthood
Assumption of the Maternal Role
Assumption of the Paternal Role
Factors That May Interrupt the Bonding Process
Adjustment of Siblings to the Newborn
Adjustment of Grandparents to the Newborn
Emotional and Physiological Adjustments During the Puerperium
Emotional Events
Physiological Responses to Emotional Events
Postpartal Discharge Planning and Teaching
Promoting Maternal Self-Care
Lochia
Hygiene
Abdominal Incision
Body Temperature
Urination
Bowel Function
Nutrition
Fatigue
Weight Loss
Exercise
Pain Management
Sexual Activity and Contraception
Planning for the Follow-Up Examination
Patients With Special Needs During the Puerperium
Care of the Adolescent
The Woman Placing Her Infant for Adoption
The Older Woman
Community Resources for the New Family
Support Groups
Home Visits
Telephone Follow-Up
Outpatient Clinics
12 Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During the Postpartal Period
Introduction
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Incidence and Definition
Early vs. Late Postpartum Hemorrhage
Uterine Atony
Trauma
Tissue
Thrombin
Collaborative Management of PPH
Hematomas
Definition, Incidence, and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Collaborative Management
Thrombophlebitis and Thrombosis
Definition, Incidence, and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Collaborative Management
Pulmonary Embolus
Puerperal (Postpartum) Infections
Definition and Incidence
Endometritis (Metritis)
Wound Infections
Mastitis
MRSA
Postpartum Psychosocial Complications
Postpartum Blues
Postpartum Depression
Postpartum Psychosis
Childbirth-Induced Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Summarizing Postpartum Psychosocial Nursing Care
UNIT 6: Foundations in Nursing Care of Children
13 Caring for the Developing Child
Introduction
Influences on Growth and Development
Principles of Childhood Growth and Development
Growth and Development Theories
Psychosocial Development Theories
Attachment Theories
Social Learning Theories
Cognitive Theories
Intelligence Theories
Moral Development Theories
Family Development Theories
Child Temperament
Growth and Development Milestones
Newborn and Infant
Toddler (1–3 Years)
Early Childhood (Preschooler) (3–6 Years)
School-Age Child (6–12 Years)
Adolescence (12–19 Years)
14 Developmentally Appropriate Nursing Care Across Care Settings
Introduction
Reasons for Accessing Medical Care
Atraumatic Care of the Pediatric Patient
Gathering the Child’s Health History
Establishing a Relationship With the Patient and the Family
Asking Questions
Use of Culturally Appropriate Care
Comprehensive Health History
Health Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements
Vital Signs
Physical Assessment
The Child in Pain
Understanding Pain in Children From a Developmental Perspective
Pain Assessment and Management
The Child Who Has a Disability
Understanding the Child With a Disability
Across Care Settings
Hospital-Based Care
Decreasing the Stress of Hospitalization
Therapeutic Play
Guided Imagery
Role Modeling
Parents With a Hospitalized Child
Effects of a Hospitalized Child on Parents
Holistic Nursing Care for the Child
Bathing
Feeding
Rest
Safety Measures
Medication Administration
Infection Control Measures
Fever-Reducing Measures
Emotional and Spiritual Support
Preparing Children for Procedures
Explaining Procedures
Preparing an Infant for a Procedure
Preparing a Toddler for a Procedure
Preparing a Preschooler for a Procedure
Preparing a School-Age Child for a Procedure
Preparing an Adolescent for a Procedure
Informed Consent
Common Procedures
IV Lines
Peripheral IV Lines
Central Venous Access
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter
Vascular Access Port
Measuring Intake and Output
X-ray Examinations
Specimen Collection
Enteral Tube Feedings
Ostomies
Restraining the Child
Community Settings
Primary Health Care Provider’s Office or Clinic
Medical Home
Other Community Settings
Care in the School Setting
15 Caring for the Child With a Respiratory Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology Review of the Respiratory System
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Congenital Respiratory Conditions and Structural Anomalies
Esophageal Atresia (EA) and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Cystic Fibrosis
Nursing Interventions
Upper Airway Disorders
Rhinosinusitis
Pharyngitis
Tonsilitis
Croup
Acute Epiglottitis
Lower Airway Disorders
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Pneumonia
Infectious Conditions
Pertussis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Influenza
Pulmonary Noninfectious Irritation
Foreign Body Aspiration
Respiratory Conditions Related to Allergens
Allergic Rhinitis
Asthma
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
16 Caring for the Child With a Gastrointestinal Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology Review of the GI System
Accessory Structures
Developmental Aspects of the Gastrointestinal System
Structural Gastrointestinal Disorders
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Inguinal Hernia
Umbilical Hernia
Anorectal Malformations
Obstructive Gastrointestinal Disorders
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Intussusception
Malrotation and Volvulus
Inflammatory Disorders
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Appendicitis
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Pancreatitis
Gallbladder Disease
Functional Gastrointestinal Conditions
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Acute Diarrhea
Chronic Diarrhea
Vomiting
Constipation
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Malabsorption Disorders
Lactose Intolerance
Celiac Disease
Short Bowel Syndrome
Hepatic Disorders
Biliary Atresia
Cirrhosis
Portal Hypertension
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Hepatitis
Abdominal Trauma: Injuries
17 Caring for the Child With a Cardiovascular Condition
Introduction
Review of the Heart and Normal Cardiac Function
Understanding the Heart Anatomy
Normal Flow
Physiology
Preload, Afterload, and Contractility
Prevention of Heart Disease in Children
Caring for the Child With a Cardiovascular Condition
Growth and Development
Congestive Heart Failure
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Congenital Heart Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Segmental Classification of Congenital Heart Defects
Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
Obstructive Lesions
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects
Conal-Truncal Defects
Complex Single Ventricle-Type Defects
Cardiac Diseases
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Kawasaki Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Additional Cardiac Conditions
Cardiac Trauma
Hypercholesterolemia–Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Neurally Mediated Syncope
Long QT Syndrome
Rhythm Disturbances
Invasive Tests
Cardiac Catheterization
Angiography
Biopsy
Closure Devices
Opening Devices
Surgical Interventions
Pacemakers
Cardiac Transplantation
Nursing Care for the Child With a Cardiac Condition in the Hospital
Transferring the Stable Child to a Surgical or Medical Unit
Community-Based Nursing Care for the Child With a Cardiac Condition
Monitoring the Child at Home
Returning to School
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
18 Caring for the Child With an Immunological or Infectious Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of the Immune System
The Body’s Defense
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disorders
Antibody Deficiency: B-Cell Disorders
Combined Deficiency T- and B-Cell Disorders
Phagocyte Defect Disorders
Complement Defect Disorders
Other Congenital Immunodeficiency Disorders
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV [AIDS])
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Dermatomyositis
Hypermobility Syndrome
Allergic Reaction
Anaphylaxis
Infectious Diseases of Childhood
Infections
Viral Infections
Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Infectious Mononucleosis
Fungal Infections
Candida Albicans (Oral Thrush)
Fungal Infections
Bacterial Infections
Animal-Borne Infectious Diseases
Rabies
Cat Scratch Disease
West Nile Virus
Influenza Pandemics
Immunizations
Nursing Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Resistant Organisms
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
19 Caring for the Child With an Endocrinological or Metabolic Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology Review of the Endocrine System
Pathophysiological Conditions of the Endocrine System
Conditions of the Anterior Pituitary
Conditions of the Posterior Pituitary
Conditions of the Thyroid
Graves’ Disease
Conditions of the Parathyroid
Conditions of the Adrenals
Metabolic Conditions
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
20 Caring for the Child With a Neurological or Sensory Condition
Introduction
The Nervous System
Altered Level of Consciousness
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Inflammatory Neurological Conditions
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Reye’s Syndrome
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis
Botulism
Developmental Neurological Conditions
Spina Bifida
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral Palsy
Neurological Injuries
Traumatic Brain Injury
Abusive Head Trauma
Spinal Cord Injury
Nontraumatic Neurological Conditions
Headaches
Sensory Conditions
Eye Disorders
Hearing Disorders
Language Disorders
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
21 Caring for the Child With a Musculoskeletal Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology Review of the Musculoskeletal System
Pediatric Differences in the Musculoskeletal System
Bones
Joints
Ligaments and Tendons
Muscles
Immobilizing Devices
Casts
Principles of Traction
Common Musculoskeletal Conditions in Children
Plagiocephaly
Craniosynostosis
Torticollis
Clubfoot
Metatarsus Adductus (Varus)
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Pectus Excavatum
Polydactyly/Syndactyly
Dislocated Radial Head
Soft Tissue Injuries
Sports Injuries
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Fractures
Osteomyelitis
Juvenile Arthritis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
22 Caring for the Child With an Integumentary Condition
Introduction
The Skin
Skin Lesions
Wounds and Wound Healing
Skin Infections
Overview of Common Skin Infections
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Hypersensitive Skin Reactions
Eczema and Dermatitis
Infestations
Pediculosis Capitis
Scabies
Bites and Stings
Insects
Lyme Disease
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Cat Scratch Disease
Burns
Child Development and Burn Injuries
Burn Severity
Fluid Resuscitation
Prevention of Infection
Pain Management
Maintaining Circulation
Nursing Care for Minor Burns
Hypothermia
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
Frostbite
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
23 Caring for the Child With a Genitourinary Condition
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology Review of the Kidneys
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Risk for Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
Types of Dehydration
Pathophysiology of Dehydration
Common Disorders of the Urinary System
Urinary Tract Infections
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Hematuria
Diagnosis
Glomerulonephritis
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Structural Defects of the Urinary System
Exstrophy of the Bladder
Functional Disorders of the Urinary Tract
Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome
Renal Trauma
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Education/Discharge Instructions
Renal Failure
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Renal Replacement Therapy
Hemofiltration
Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
Prevention
Collaborative Care
Reproductive Disorders Affecting Girls
Vulvovaginitis
Labial Adhesions
Amenorrhea
Reproductive Disorders Affecting Boys
Varicocele
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias and Epispadias
Testicular Torsion
Phimosis
24 Caring for the Child With a Hematological Condition
Introduction
Hematological System
Common Hematological Conditions
Anemia
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Sickle Cell Disease
Thalassemia
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand’s Disease
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Aplastic Anemia
Neutropenia
Blood Transfusion Therapy
Blood Product Administration
Collaborative Care
Allergic Reaction
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Apheresis
Plasmapheresis
Erythrocytapheresis (Red Cell Exchange)
Leukapheresis (Stem Cell Collection or Leukodepletion)
25 Caring for the Child With a Cognitive or Psychosocial Impairment
Introduction
Culture, Diversity, and Health Disparities
Barriers to Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Mental Illness in Children
Anxiety
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Mood Disorders
Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Suicide
Schizophrenia
Common Pediatric Mental Health Disorders
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Maltreatment of Children
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Nursing Care
Substance Use and Abuse
Eating Disorders
Signs and Symptoms
Anorexia Nervosa
Sleep Disorders
Learning Disabilities, Cognitive Impairments and Developmental Disabilities
Learning Disabilities and Cognitive Impairment
Developmental Disabilities
26 Caring for the Child With Cancer
Introduction
Epidemiology
Physiology of Cancer
Pattern of Tumor Progression
Prevention of Common Childhood Cancer
Common Childhood Cancers
Leukemia
Solid Tumors
Bone Tumors
Lymphomas
Liver Cancer
Holistic Nursing Care of the Child With Cancer
Growth and Development
Nutrition
Infection
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery
Pain Control
Psychosocial Support
Nausea and Vomiting
Alopecia
Mucositis
Diarrhea and Constipation
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
Long-Term Effects of Cancer Treatments
Medical Emergencies
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Septic Shock
Other Emergencies
The Psychological Impact of Pediatric Cancer
27 Caring for the Child With a Chronic Condition, Disability, or End-of-Life Care
Introduction
Prevalence of Chronic Conditions
Chronic Conditions and Technology
Effect of a Chronic Condition
The Child Living With a Chronic Condition
Nursing Care
Emotional Responses to a Chronic Condition
Nursing Care
Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship
Education for the Child With a Chronic Condition/Disability
Caring for the Child Receiving End-of-Life Care
Perceptions of Death
Before the Child Dies
Nursing Care
Palliative Care, Hospice Care, and End-of-Life Care
Grieving
Signs and Symptoms
Grief Theories
Coping Patterns
Saying Good-Bye
Nursing Care
The Sibling Says Good-Bye
Organ Tissue Donation
UNIT 7: Women’s Health
28 Promoting the Safety of Women and Families
Introduction
Definition, Incidence, and Effect on Individuals and Society
Health Outcomes
Risk Factors
Types of Abuse
Physical Violence
Sexual Coercion
Psychological (Emotional) Violence
Isolation
Economic Abuse
Phases of Abuse
Tension-Building Phase
Acute Violence and Explosion Phase
The Honeymoon Phase
Victims’ Reactions to the Phases of Abuse
Special Populations
Pregnant Women
Older Populations
LGBTQI Communities
Immigrant Communities
Adolescents
Intimate Partner Violence Screening, Documenting, and Reporting
Screening for IPV
Trauma-Informed Care
Documenting IPV
Reporting IPV
Nursing Interventions
Education and Counseling
Leaving an IPV Relationship
Treatment and Follow-Up
Sexual Violence
Assault History
Medical Treatment
Mental Health Care
Discharge Instructions
Mandatory Reporting
29 Promoting Premenstrual, Perimenopausal, and Menopausal Health
Introduction
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Phases of the Uterine (Endometrial) Cycle
Prevalence and Economic Effect
Symptoms of PMS
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Causes of Premenstrual Disorders
Diagnostic Criteria for PMS and PMDD
Patient Care and Management of PMS Symptoms
The Climacteric, Premenopause, Menopause, Perimenopause, and Postmenopause
Symptoms of Menopause
Long-Term Effects
Promoting Comfort During the Menopausal Transition
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
30 Promoting Breast Health
Introduction
Anatomy of the Breast
Benign Breast Masses
Preventive Health
Clinical Breast Examinations
Breast Self-Awareness
Lifestyle Choices and Breast Health
Evaluating Breast Abnormalities
Biopsy
Testing for Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
Evaluating Breast Symptoms
Nipple Discharge
Skin Changes
Breast Pain (Mastalgia)
Breast Cancer
Risk Factors
Demographics and Personal Health History
Lifestyle Factors
Gene Defects
Tumor Types
Indicators of Disease Prognosis
Breast Cancer Treatment
Cancer Recurrence
Nursing Care for Women Dealing With Breast Cancer
31 Promoting Reproductive Health: Various Gynecological Disorders
Introduction
Menstrual Disorders
Amenorrhea
Abnormal Genital Bleeding
Dysmenorrhea
Common Vaginal Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis
Candidiasis
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Urinary Tract Infections
Endometriosis
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Implications for Nurses
Leiomyomas (Fibroids)
Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
PALM: Structural Causes
COEIN: Nonstructural Causes
Treatment
Hysterectomy
Ovarian Tumors
Follicular Cysts
Corpus Luteum Cysts
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Diseases of the Vulva
Bartholin’s Gland Abscess
Parasites
Molluscum Contagiosum (Seed Wart)
Vulvar Condylomata
Vulvar Lichen Simplex Chronicus, Lichen Sclerosus, and Lichen Planus
The Nurse’s Role in Promoting Vulvar Health
32 Promoting Reproductive Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Introduction
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Syphilis
Parasitic STDs
Trichomoniasis
Pediculosis Pubis
Scabies
Viral STDs
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 and
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
Chancroid
The Nurse’s Role in Fostering Reproductive Health Through STD Education and Counseling
33 Promoting Reproductive Health: Common Reproductive Cancers
Introduction
The Cervix and the Cervical Transformation Zone
Cervical Cancer
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Screening and Early Detection
Management of Abnormal Cervical Cytology/Colposcopy Findings
Diagnostic Work-Up and Treatment of Cervical Cancer
Human Papillomavirus
HPV DNA Testing
Potential Manifestations of HPV Infection
The Nursing Role in Reducing Patient Risk of Cervical Cancer
HPV Vaccines
HPV Education and Counseling for Teens and Their Parents
Ovarian Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Premalignant and Malignant Vulvar Lesions
APPENDIX
	Appendix A Centigrade to Fahrenheit Te
mperature Conversions
	Appendix B Expected Temperatures in Children
Back Matter
	Glossary
	Photo & Illustration Credits
	Index