Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Introduction
Chapter 1 Data, Databases, and the Software Engineering Process
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Data
	1.3 Building a Database
	1.4 What Is the Software Engineering Process?
	1.5 Entity-Relationship Diagrams and the Software Engineering Life Cycle
		1.5.1 Phase 1: Get the Requirements for the Database
		1.5.2 Phase 2: Specify the Database
		1.5.3 Phase 3: Design the Database
	1.6 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 1 Exercises
	Bibliography
Chapter 2 Data and Data Models
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Files, Records, and Data Items
	2.3 Moving From 3 × 5 Cards to Computers
	2.4 Database Models
		2.4.1 The Hierarchical Model
			2.4.1.1 The Hierarchical Model with a Linked List
			2.4.1.2 Relationship Terminology
			2.4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Hierarchical Model
	2.5 The Network Model
	2.6 The Relational Model
	2.7 Chapter Summary
	Bibliography
Chapter 3 The Relational Model and Functional Dependencies
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fundamentals of Relational Database
	3.3 Relational Database and Sets
	3.4 Functional Dependency
	3.5 Non-1NF to 1NF
	3.6 The Second Normal Form
		3.6.1 Anomalies
		3.6.2 Non-2NF to 2NF
	3.7 The Third Normal Form
	3.8 The Equijoin Operation
	3.9 Some Functional Dependency Rules
	3.10 The Boyce–Codd Normal Form
	3.11 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 3 Exercises
	Bibliography
Chapter 4 The Basic ER Diagram: A Data Modeling Schema
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 What Is a Data Modeling Schema?
		4.2.1 What Is an Entity-Relationship Diagram?
	4.3 Defining a Database—Some Definitions: Entity, Relationship, and Attribute
		4.3.1 A Beginning Methodology
		4.3.2 ER Design Methodology
	4.4 A First “Entity-Only” ER Diagram: An Entity with Attributes
	4.5 More about Attributes
		4.5.1 The Simple or Atomic Attribute
		4.5.2 The Composite Attribute
		4.5.3 The Multivalued Attribute
		4.5.4 The Derived Attribute
		4.5.5 Keys
	4.6 English Description of the Entity
		4.6.1 The Method
			4.6.1.1 The Entity
			4.6.1.2 The Attributes
			4.6.1.3 The Keys
		4.6.2 ER Design Methodology
		4.6.3 Examples
			4.6.3.1 Figure 4.3 Example
			4.6.3.2 Figure 4.4 Example
			4.6.3.3 Figure 4.5a Example
			4.6.3.4 Figure 4.6 Example
			4.6.3.5 Figure 4.7 Example
	4.7 Mapping the Entity Diagram to a Relational Database
	4.8 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 4 Exercises
	Case Study
	Notes
	Bibliography
Chapter 5 Beyond the First Entity Diagram
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Examining an Entity: Changing an Attribute to Be an Entity
	5.3 Defining a Relationship for Our New Entity
		5.3.1 ER Design Methodology
	5.4 A Preliminary Grammar for ER Diagrams
		5.4.1 The Relationship
	5.5 Defining a Second Entity
	5.6 Does a Relationship Exist?
	5.7 Attribute or Relationship?
		5.7.1 ER Design Methodology
	5.8 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 5 Exercises
	Case Study
	Bibliography
Chapter 6 Extending Relationships/Structural Constraints
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Cardinality Ratio of a Relationship
		6.2.1 One to One (1:1)
		6.2.2 Many to One (M:1)
		6.2.3 One to Many (1:M)
		6.2.4 Many to Many (M:N)
	6.3 Participation: Full/Partial
	6.4 English Descriptions
	6.5 Tighter English
		6.5.1 Pattern 1—x:y::k:1
		6.5.2 Pattern 2—x:y::k:1
		6.5.3 Pattern 3—x:y::k:M
		6.5.4 Pattern 4—x:y::k:M
		6.5.5 Summary of the Patterns and Relationships
			6.5.5.1 Pattern 1
			6.5.5.2 Pattern 1
			6.5.5.3 Pattern 2
			6.5.5.4 Pattern 2
			6.5.5.5 Pattern 3
			6.5.5.6 Pattern 3
			6.5.5.7 Pattern 4
			6.5.5.8 Pattern 4
		6.5.6 ER Design Methodology
	6.6 Some Examples of Other Relationships
		6.6.1 An Example of the One-to-Many Relationship (1:M)
			6.6.1.1 Pattern 4–1:M, From the 1 Side, Partial Participation
			6.6.1.2 Pattern 2—M(Partial):1, From M Side, Optional Participation
		6.6.2 An Example of the Many-to-One Relationship (M:1)
			6.6.2.1 Pattern 1—M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
			6.6.2.2 Pattern 3–1:M, From the 1 Side, Full Participation
		6.6.3 An Example of the Many-to-Many Relationship (M:N)
			6.6.3.1 Pattern 3—M:N, From the M Side, Full Participation
			6.6.3.2 Pattern 4—N:M, From the N Side, Partial Participation
	6.7 One Final Example
		6.7.1 ER Design Methodology
			6.7.1.1 The Entity
			6.7.1.2 The Entity
		6.7.2 Pattern 1—M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
		6.7.3 Pattern 3–1:M, From the 1 Side, Full Participation
	6.8 Mapping Relationships to a Relational Database
		6.8.1 Mapping Binary M:N Relationships
		6.8.2 Mapping Binary 1:1 Relationships
		6.8.3 Mapping Binary 1:N Relationships
	6.9 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 6 Exercises
	Case Study
	Note
	Bibliography
Chapter 7 The Weak Entity
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Strong and Weak Entities
	7.3 Weak Entities and Structural Constraints
	7.4 Weak Entities and the Identifying Owner
		7.4.1 Another Example of a Weak Entity and the Identifying Owner
	7.5 Weak Entities Connected to Other Weak Entities
	7.6 Revisiting the Methodology
	7.7 Weak Entity Grammar
		7.7.1 The Keys
	7.8 Mapping Weak Entities to a Relational Database
	7.9 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 7 Exercises
	Case Study
	Bibliography
Chapter 8 Further Extensions for ER Diagrams with Binary Relationships
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Attributes of Relationships
		8.2.1 The Attributes
	8.3 Relationships Developing into Entities: The M:N Relationship Revisited
		8.3.1 The Entity
			8.3.1.1 The Attributes
			8.3.1.2 The Keys
	8.4 More Entities and Relationships
		8.4.1 More Than Two Entities
			8.4.1.1 Pattern 4—x:y::1:M, From the 1 Side, Partial Participation
			8.4.1.2 Pattern 1—x:y::M:1, From the M Side, Full Participation
		8.4.2 Adding More Attributes That Evolve into Entities
	8.5 More Evolution of the Database
	8.6 Attributes That Evolve into Entities
	8.7 Recursive Relationships
		8.7.1 Recursive Relationships and Structural Constraints
			8.7.1.1 One-to-One Recursive Relationship (Partial Participation on Both Sides)
			8.7.1.2 One-to-Many Recursive Relationship (Partial Participation on Both Sides)
			8.7.1.3 Many-to-Many Recursive Relationship (Partial on Both Sides)
	8.8 Multiple Relationships
	8.9 The Derived or Redundant Relationship
	8.10 Optional: An Alternative ER Notation for Specifying Structural Constraints on Relationships
	8.11 Review of the Methodology
		8.11.1 ER Design Methodology
		8.11.2 The Entity
			8.11.2.1 The Attributes
			8.11.2.2 The Keys
	8.12 Mapping Rules for Recursive Relationships
	8.13 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 8 Exercises
	Case Study
	Bibliography
Chapter 9 Ternary and Higher-Order ER Diagrams
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Binary or Ternary Relationship?
	9.3 Structural Constraints for Ternary Relationships
		9.3.1 Many to Many to Many (M1:M2:M3)
	9.4 An Example of an n-ary Relationship
	9.5 n-ary Relationships Do Not Preclude Binary Relationships
	9.6 Methodology and Grammar for the n-ary Relationship
		9.6.1 A More Exact Grammar
			9.6.1.1 Pattern 3—M:N, From the M Side, Full Participation
			9.6.1.2 Pattern 3—k:M, from the k Side, Full Participation (k = 1 or N)
			9.6.1.3 Pattern 5 ( n-ary)—x:y:z::a:b:c, From the a Side, Full/Partial Participation
		9.6.2 Grammar in a Partial Participation, Ternary Relationship with an M1:1:M2 Relationship
	9.7 Ternary Relationships From Relationship-Relationship Situations
	9.8 n-ary Relationships That May Be Resolved into Binary Relationships
	9.9 Mapping n-ary Relationships to a Relational Database
	9.10 Review of the Methodology
		9.10.1 ER Design Methodology
	9.11 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 9 Exercises
	Bibliography
Chapter 10 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 What Is a Generalization or Specialization?
	10.3 Variants
	10.4 Examples of Generalizations or Specializations
	10.5 Methodology and Grammar for Generalization/Specialization Relationships
	10.6 Mapping Rules for Generalizations and Specializations
		10.6.1 Mapping Rule 15
		10.6.2 Mapping Rule 16
		10.6.3 Mapping Rule 17
		10.6.4 Mapping Rule 18
	10.7 Subclasses of Subclasses
		10.7.1 Mapping Rule 19
	10.8 Categories or Union Types
		10.8.1 Participation Ratios in Categories or Union Types
		10.8.2 Mapping Categories or Union Types When Superclasses Have the Same Primary Keys
		10.8.3 Mapping Categories or Union Types When Superclasses Have Different Primary Keys
	10.9 Final ER Design Methodology
		10.9.1 ER Design Methodology
	10.10 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 10 Exercises
	Case Study
	Bibliography
Chapter 11 Relational Mapping and Reverse Engineering ER/EER Diagrams
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Steps Used to Map ER/EER Diagrams to Relational Databases
	11.3 Reverse Engineering
		11.3.1 Reverse Engineering Rule 1. Develop Strong Entities
		11.3.2 Reverse Engineering Rule 2. Look for 1:1 and 1:N (1:x) Relationships
		11.3.3 Reverse Engineering Rule 2a. Check for Attributes of the 1:x Relationship
		11.3.4 Reverse Engineering Rule 3. Look for Weak Entities and Multivalued Attributes
		11.3.5 Reverse Engineering Rule 3a. Checking for Weak Entities
		11.3.6 Reverse Engineering Rule 3b. Checking for Multivalued Attributes
		11.3.7 Reverse Engineering Rule 4. Check for M:N and n-ary Relationships
		11.3.8 Reverse Engineering Rule 4a. Check for the Binary Case
		11.3.9 Reverse Engineering Rule 4b. Check for the n-ary Case
		11.3.10 Reverse Engineering Rule 5. Check for Generalization/Specialization Relationships
		11.3.11 Reverse Engineering Rule 5a. Check for Generalization/Specialization Relationships with Disjoint or Overlap Relationships with Total or Partial Participation Constraints
		11.3.12 Reverse Engineering Rule 5b. Check for Disjoint Generalization/Specialization Relationships with Single-Predicate-Defined Attributes
		11.3.13 Reverse Engineering Rule 5c. Check for Overlap Generalization/Specialization Relationship with More Than One Flag
		11.3.14 Reverse Engineering Rule 6. Check for Shared Subclasses
		11.3.15 Reverse Engineering Rule 7. Check for Categories or Union Types
	11.4 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 11 Exercises
	Bibliography
Chapter 12 A Brief Overview of the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 A First “Entity-Only” ER Diagram: An Entity with Attributes
	12.3 Attributes in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
		12.3.1 Optional versus Mandatory Attributes
	12.4 Relationships in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.5 Structural Constraints in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.6 Dealing with the Concept of the Weak Entity in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.7 Dealing with the Concept of Multivalued Attributes in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.8 Treatment of Foreign Keys
	12.9 Recursive Relationships in the Barker/Oracle-Like Model
	12.10 Mapping M:N Relationships
	12.11 Chapter Summary
	Chapter 12 Exercises
	Bibliography
Glossary
Index