Cybersecurity for Space: A Guide to Foundations and Challenges

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Foreword
Chapter 1: Space Systems
	Tipping Point
	An Introduction to Space Systems
		The Ground Station Design
		SV Design
		Ground Station Functionality
		SV Functionality
	Space System Architectures
	Conclusion
Chapter 2: Space Challenges
	Environmental Challenges
		Radiation
		Temperature
		Space Objects and Collisions
		Vacuum
		Gravity
	Operational Challenges
		Testing
		Launch
		Deployment
		Detumble
		Power
		Emanations
		Radio Frequency
		De-orbit
	Conclusion
Chapter 3: Low Earth Orbit
	LEO, SmallSats, and the General Challenges of Space
		Environmental Challenges
			Radiation
			Temperature
			Space Objects
			Gravity
		Operational Challenges
			Testing
			Launch
			Deployment
			Stabilizing
			Power
	Unique Aspects of LEO and SmallSats
		Communications
		Ground Footprint
		Persistence
			Mission Persistence
			Communications
		LEO Mesh Space Systems
		The Challenge of the Mesh
		The Anomaly
	Conclusion
Chapter 4: Other Space Vehicles
	Medium Earth Orbit
	Geostationary Orbit
	Multi-orbit Constellations
	Special Systems
		Weapons
		Human Aboard
		Extraterrestrial
		Deep Space
	Conclusion
Chapter 5: Targeting
	Target Selection Methods
		Opportunity
		Ownership
		Function
		Specificity
	Intent
		Collection
		Redirection
		Subversion
		Theft
		Disable
	Mission Classification Taxonomy
		Sensing
			Radio Waves
			Microwave Radiation
			Infrared Radiation
			Visible Light
			Ultraviolet Radiation, X-Ray, and Gamma Radiation
		Emitting
			Detrimental
				Overt
				Covert
			Beneficial
		Transit
			Cargo
			Passenger
			Communication
			Weapon
		Taxonomy
	Conclusion
Chapter 6: Pre-operational Vectors
	Design
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Development
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Supply Chain Interdiction
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Testing and Validation
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		General Interdiction
	Conclusion
Chapter 7: Operational Vectors
	Between Ground and Space
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Between Space and Space
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Between Bus and Payload
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Flight and Operation
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Analysis and Dissemination
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Consumers
		Confidentiality
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Integrity
		Availability
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Conclusion
Chapter 8: Exploiting Spacecraft
	Safeguards
		Watchdogs
		Gold Copies
		Fall Back Encryption
		Resource Limits
	Power
		Non-cyber Threat to Power 1
		Non-cyber Threat to Power 2
		Cyber Threat to Power 1
		Cyber Threat to Power 2
	Communication
		Non-cyber Threat to Communication 1
		Non-cyber Threat to Communication 2
		Cyber Threat to Communication 1
		Cyber Threat to Communication 2
	Navigation
		Non-cyber Threat to Navigation 1
		Non-cyber Threat to Navigation 2
		Cyber Threat to Navigation 1
		Cyber Threat to Navigation 2
	De-orbit
		Non-cyber Threat to De-orbit
		Cyber Threat to De-orbit 1
		Cyber Threat to De-orbit 2
	Non-LEO Space Systems
		Weapons
			Non-cyber Threat to Weapons
			Cyber Threat to Weapons
		Crewed
			Non-cyber Threat to Crewed
			Cyber Threat to Crewed
		Extraterrestrial
			Non-cyber Threat to Extraterrestrial
			Cyber Threat to Extraterrestrial
		Deep Space
			Non-cyber Threat to Deep Space
			Cyber Threat to Deep Space
	Conclusion
Chapter 9: Exploiting Payloads
	Sensing Missions
		Radio Signal
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Terrestrial Photo-Imagery
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Terrestrial Thermal-Imagery
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Terrestrial Monitoring
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Space Monitoring
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Space Imaging
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Emitting Missions
		Positioning
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Jamming
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Communication Missions
		Broadcast
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
		Pipe
			Non-cyber
			Cyber
	Weapon Missions
		Non-cyber
		Cyber
	Life Support
		Non-cyber
		Cyber
	Other Mission Threats
		Watchdog Abuse
		Bus/Payload Comms
	Conclusion
Chapter 10: Compromise Microanalysis
	A Series of Unfortunate Events
		The Plan
		Targeting
		Personal Computer
			How
			Why
		Phone
			How
			Why
		Lab Computer
			How
			Why
		Ground Station Computer
			How
			Why
		Payload Computer
			How
			Why
		Data Handler
			How
			Why
		SDR
			How
			Why
	Conclusion
Chapter 11: Compromise Macroanalysis
	Initial Ground Station
		How
		Why
	Payload Computer 1
		How
		Why
	Payload Ground Network
		How
		Why
	Flight Computer
		How
		Why
	Flight Ground Network
		How
		Why
	Payload Computer 2
		How
		Why
	Mesh
		How
		Why
	Conclusion
Chapter 12: Architecture
	Data Classification Levels
	System Ownership
	Architectural Segmentation
		Payload A
		Payload B
	Conclusion
Chapter 13: Compromise
	TREKS
	SPARTA
		Mapping a Compromise
			Reconnaissance
			Resource Development
	Known Compromises
		ROSAT Hack
		NASA Landsat Hack
		VIASAT KA-SAT Hack
	Hack-a-Sat
	Conclusion
Chapter 14: Summary
	The Cost Problem
	The Culture Problem
	Supply Chain Problems
	The Cyber Warfare Problem
	The Test Problem
	The Adaptation Problem
	The Defense in Depth Problem
	The Modernization Problem
	The Failure Analysis Problem
	The Disclosure Problem
	Conclusion
Index