Cyanobacteria: Life History, Ecology and Impact on Humans

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Evolution and Ecological Significance  of Cyanobacteria
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Modern Taxonomy- Beginning of a “Polyphasic Approach”
	Potentials of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability
	Cyanobacteria: A Potential Candidate for Green Nanotechnology
	Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids in Marine Ecosystems
	Potential Uses of MAAs and Scytonemin for Skin Care
	Cyanobacterial Photopigments
	Computational Analysis with Cyanobacterial  Secondary Metabolites
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 2
Cyanobacterial Life History
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Origin of Cyanobacteria and Oxygenic Photosynthesis
	Classification, Morphology and Division Pattern of Cyanobacteria
	Cyanobacterial Ultrastructure
	The Cyanobacterial Fossil Record
		Eoentophysalis
		Polybessurus
		Eohyella
	Cyanobacterial Molecular Fossils
	Behavior and Paleoecology of Cyanobacteria
	Isotopic Fractionation
	Intracellular Biomineralization
	Molecular Dating of Cyanobacteria
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3
Cyanobacterial Ecology and Systematics: Introduction of a Polyphasic Approach  in Cyanobacterial Taxonomy
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cyanobacterial Ecology and Diversity
	Different Habitats of Cyanobacteria
		Aquatic Cyanobacteria
		Cyanobacteria in Mangrove Habitats
		Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Conditions
		Cyanobacteria in Symbiotic Associations
		Terrestrial Cyanobacteria
	Reasons for Cyanobacterial Diversity
		Cyanobacteria Living in High-Temperature Habitats
		Cyanobacteria Living in Low-Temperature Zones
		Cyanobacteria Inhabiting High Saline Environment
		Cyanobacteria Living under High Radiation
	Development of Cyanobacterial Systematics and Taxonomy
	Introduction to Modern Taxonomy- Beginning  of a “Polyphasic Approach”
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 4
Cyanobacteria: Role and Utilities  in Agriculture, Ecosystems  and Environmental Sustainability
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Utilities of Cyanobacteria in the Agricultural Sector
		Cyanobacteria as N2 –Fixers
		Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizers
		Cyanobacteria as Soil Enumerators
		Cyanobacteria as Functional Foods
		Cyanobacteria as Bio-Control Agents
	Cyanobacterial Applications in Ecosystem Restoration
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Bioremediation
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
		Role of Cyanobacteria in the Removal of Dyes and Heavy Metals from Wastewaters
		Role of Cyanobacteria in Degradation of Pesticides
		Role of Cyanobacteria in Degradation of Crude Oil
		Role of Cyanobacteria in Degradation of Plastics
	Mass Cultivation of Cyanobacteria
		Cultivation Requiring Sunlight in Open Systems
		Cultivation Requires Sunlight in a Closed System
		Cultivation Using Artificial Light
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Production of Bioenergy
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 5
Cyanobacteria as a Promising Bioresource  for Applications in Sustainable Agriculture, Medicine, and Green Nanotechnology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Agriculture
		Sustainable Agriculture
		Plant Growth Promoters
		Enhance Nutrients and Metabolites Availability in Soils
		Reclaiming Usar (Unproductive) Soils
		Bioremediation
		Biocontrol Agents to Combat Biotic Stresses
		Cyanobacterial Genes in Transgenics
		Bioenergy
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Medicine
		Bioactive Compounds
		Anticancer
		Antidiabetic
		Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects
	Antimicrobial Properties
		Antibacterial
		Antiviral
		Anti-SARS-CoV-2
		Antiprotozoal
		Protease Inhibitors
		Minerals and Vitamins
	Ever Beneficial Bio-Economic Aspects  of Cyanobacterial Products in Medicine
	Cyanobacteria: A Potential Candidate for Green Nanotechnology
		Cyanobacteria as “Biofactories” for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		Cyanobacteria-Based Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		Intracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Applications of NPs Synthesized Using Cyanobacteria
		Antitumor Activity
		Antibacterial Activity
		Antialgal Activity
		Antifungal Activity
		Antioxidative Activity
	Application and Significance of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles in Agriculture
	Miscellaneous Applications
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 6
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Multipurpose Stress-Relieving Secondary Metabolites in Marine Ecosystems
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
		Biosynthesis of MAAs
		MAAs - Relevance in Marine Ecosystems
	MAAs in Marine Microorganisms
	MAAs in Marine Macroalgae
	MAAs in Coral Dinoflagellates
	Functional Versatality of MAAs
		MAAs as Photorotective Molecules
		MAAs against Osmotic Stress
		MAA as an Antioxidant
		Other Miscellaneous Functions of MAA
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7
Natural Compounds Derived from Cyanobacteria: Potential Benefits and Applicability to Skin-Care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	MAAs
		Cyanobacterial MAAs
		Biosynthetic Pathway of Cyanobacterial MAAs and Its Regulation
		Use of MAAs for Skin Care
		UV-Screening Properties
		Antioxidative Properties
		Antiglycative Properties
		Other Bioactivities
		Industrial Production of MAAs
	Scytonemin
		Biosynthetic Pathway of Scytonemin and Its Regulation
		Potential Uses of Scytonemin for Skin Care
	Other Pigments
		PBPs
		Carotenoids
	Enzymes
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 8
Recent Advances in Cyanobacterial Photopigments and Their Role in  Sustainable Development
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Structure
	Biosynthesis Mechanism
	Applications
		Nutraceuticals and Natural Food Colorants
		Pharmaceuticals and Fluorescence Probes
			Pharmaceutical Agents
			Fluorescence Agents
		Cosmetics
		Bio-Medical Application
		Anticancer
		Anti-Inflammatory
		Antioxidant
	EmergingTechnology
	Carotenoids
		Structure
		Synthesis
		Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP)
	Applications of Carotenoids
		The Most Important Carotenoids Used in Food, Feed and Cosmetics Industries
			Astaxanthin
			β-Carotene
			Lutein
			Lycopene
			Zeaxanthin
	Chlorophylls
		Chlorophyll d
		Chlorophyll f
		Chlorophylls as Food Additive
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9
Cyanobacteria for Novel Drug Development: A Computational Analysis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pharmaceutical Potential of Cyanobacterial  Secondary Metabolites
		Anticancerous Activity
		Antiviral Activity
		Antibacterial Activity
		Antiprotozoal Activity
		Antifungal Activity
	Certain Computational Analysis with CSM
	Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD)
	Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD)
		Preparation of the Target Structure
		Identification of the Ligand Binding Site
		Compound Library Preparation
		Molecular Docking and Scoring Functions
		Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulation
		Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD)
		Pharmacophore Modelling
		Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs)
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Drug Discovery
		Advantages of CADD
		Limitations of CADD
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
About the Editor
Index
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