Cyanobacteria and Their Importance

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Cyanobacteria and Their Importance: An Overview
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural Sector
	Production of Cyanobacterial Pigments
	Cyanobacteria: Past Nutrition or Future Superfood?
	Bio-Based Products on Cyanobacteria
	Bioprocess Optimization
	Cyanobacteria in Marine Biofouling
	Cyanobacteria as Plant Growth Promoters
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2
Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites: An Impact Analysis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cyanotoxins
	Hepatotoxins
		Types of Hepatotoxins
			Microcystin (MC)
			Nodularin (NODLN)
	Cytotoxins
		Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)
	Neurotoxins
		Anatoxin-a
		Anatoxin-a(s)
		Saxitoxins (STX)
		Other Neurotoxins
		Dermatotoxins/Tumor Promoters
		Irritant Toxins
	Impacts of Cyanotoxins
		Impacts on Human Health
		Impacts on Bacteria and Fungi
		Impacts on Aquatic Communities
			Phytoplankton
			Zooplankton
		Impacts on Other Invertebrates
			Fishes
			Birds
			Mammals
	Cyanotoxins as a Chemical Warfare Compounds
		Cyanotoxins as Biocides
	Phytohormones
	Impacts of Cyanobactrial Phytohormones
		Growth of Crop Plants
		Tissue Culture
		Biotic and Abiotic Stress
	Photoprotective Compounds
		Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids
		Mycosporine in Other Organisms
		Scytonemin
	Role of MAAs and Scytonemin
		As Photoprotectants
		As Antioxidant Molecules
		As Antistressor
		MAAs and Desiccation Stress
		MAAs as Intracellular Nitrogen Storage
	Impact of MAAs and Scytonemin
		Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
		Scytonemin as Biomarker
		Impact of Scytonemin in Evolution
	Protease Inhibitors
	Impacts of Protease Inhibitors
	Siderophores
	Impacts of Siderophores in Nature
		Soil Mineral Weathering
		Growth of Plants
		Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants
			Metals
			Bio-Bleaching of Pulps
			Petroleum Hydrocarbons
	Indole Alkaloids
	Biological Activities and Impacts of Indole Alkaloids
	Other Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites and Their Impacts
		In Food and Food Colorant
		Substitute for Non-Biodegradable Plastics
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 3
Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural and Industrial Sectors
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural Sector
		Nitrogen Fixation
		Soil Enumeration
		Plant Growth Substances Produced by Cyanobacteria
		Uptake of Phosphate
		Degradation of Agrochemicals
		Role of Cyanobacteria in Restoration of Soil Fertility
		Cyanobacteria in Reclamation of Salt Affected Soils
		Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Management
		Cyanobacteria as Bio-Control Agents
		Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
		Protection against Biotic Factors
		Bioenergy
	Importance of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Sectors  and Domestic Wastewater Treatments
		Removal of Phosphate
		Removal of Nitrogen
		Removal of Heavy Metals
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Bio-Fuels
		Bio-Diesel
		Bio-Hydrogen
		Bio-Methane
	Role of Cyanobacteria in Photoprotection
		Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
		Scytonemin
		Polyphenols
		Carotenoids
		Sulfated Polysaccharides
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
Cyanobacterial Bioactive Value-Added Compounds: Influence of Environmental Factors in Culture
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cyanobacterial Production Requirements
		Light Requirements
		Nutritional Requirements
		Temperature, pH and Salinity
	Environmental Factors Influencing Production of Cyanobacterial Pigments
		Cyanobacterial Pigments
		Chlorophylls
		Phycobiliproteins (PBPs)
		Scytonemin (Scy)
		Carotenoids
	Other Bioactive Compounds
		Lipids and Fatty Acids
		Polysaccharides
		Phenolic Compounds
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5
Cyanobacteria-Based Superfoods
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cyanobacteria: Past Nutrition or Future Superfood?
	Current Market and Application of Cyanobacteria Biomass in Food
		Nutritional Benefits Related to the Consumption of Cyanobacteria
	Main Bottlenecks for Using Cyanobacteria as a Superfood
	Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6
Cyanobacteria: A Perspective of Natural Products and Applications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Culture Conditions for Cyanobacteria
	Bio-Based Products on Cyanobacteria
	Enzymes
	Pigments
	Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids
	Polysaccharides
	Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives
	Sterols
	Bioactive Compounds
		Apratoxin A
		Borophycin
		Cryptophycin
		Cyanovirin
		Hepatotoxins
		Scytovirin
		Nostoflan
		Largazole
		Cyanovirin-N
		Dolastatins 10/15
		Calothrixin A
		Curacin A
	Applications of Cyanobacteria
		Biofertilizer
		Bioremediation
		Biofuel
	Food Applications
		Food Supplements
		Antioxidant
		Antifungal
	Applications in Human Health
		Antiviral
		Anticancer
		Antiprotozoal
	Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 7
Cyanobacteria-Based Bioprocess
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Arthrospira (Spirulina)
	Bioprocess Optimization
		Strain Selection
	Production
		Cyanobacteria Metabolism
		Processing Parameters
		Photobioreactors
		Operation Mode
	Harvesting and Drying
		Harvesting
		Drying
	Extraction
	Purification
	Market Evaluation – Challenges and Opportunities
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8
Cyanobacteria in Marine Biofilms: Hydrodynamic and Surface Effects
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Importance of Marine Biofouling
	The Role of Cyanobacteria (Filamentous and Coccoid) in Marine Biofouling
	Main Factors Affecting Marine Biofouling
		Hydrodynamics
		Surface
		Microbial Content
	Marine Antifouling Strategies
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9
Ecological and Agrotechnological Significances of Soil Cyanobacteria
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Physiology of Cyanobacteria
		Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria
		Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria
		Cyanobacteria and Biological Soil Crusts (BSC)
		Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
	Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
		Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
		Ecological Significance of Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
		Artificial Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
	Plant Grow Promotion by Cyanobacteria
		Increase of the Organic Carbon Content in Soils by Cyanobacteria
		Increase in the Soil Nitrogen Content by Cyanobacteria
		Increase of Essential Minerals Content by Cyanobacteria
		Plant Growth Promoting Compounds Produced by Cyanobacteria
		Modulation of the Plant Microbiome by Cyanobacteria
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
About the Editor
Index
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