Current Trends in Geotechnical Engineering and Construction: Proceedings of 3ICGE-Iraq 2022

Preface
Contents
Calculating the Real Need for Fire Brigade Stations in Al-Samawah City
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Case Study Description
		2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		2.3 Fire brigade Stations Details
	3 Fire Brigade Station Concepts and Considerations
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Serviced Area and Population
		4.2 Assessment of Annual Fire
		4.3 Classification of Fire
		4.4 Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Fire brigade Stations Distribution
	5 Conclusions
	References
Drinking Water Assessment Using Statistical Analyses of AL-Muthana Water Treatment Plant
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		3.2 Multiple Regression Results (MLR)
		3.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	4 Conclusions
	References
Simulation Design and Performance of a Residential Complex Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study Description
	3 Design and Analysis Lpg Network Using Pipe Flow Expert Program
	4 Conclusions
	References
Disinfection Performance of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane Incorporating with AgNPs
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Well Diffusion
		3.2 Effect of Time on Silver Elution from AgNPs Coated Materials
		3.3 Disinfection Efficacy Over Time
		3.4 Disinfection Efficacy Versus Leaching Rate
	4 Conclusions
	References
Optimal Bedding Selection with the Specific Soil Type According to the Thrust Forces Generated in the Water Distribution Networks Using the Restraining Joint System
	1 Introduction
	2 Restraint Joint Design Theory
	3 Design Variables
	4 Verification of Numerical Model
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Simulation of Residual Chlorine in Al-Yarmouk Drinking Water System Using WaterGEMS
	1 Introduction
	2 Watergems Program Description
		2.1 Advective Transport in Pipes
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Field Work
		3.4 Model Calibration
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Optimization and Modelling of Electrochemical Removal of Nitrate from Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The EC Cell
		2.2 The Synthetic Solution and Tests
	3 Results
		3.1 Experimental Results
		3.2 Modelling of the Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Determination of Potential Sites for Landfill Using Geographic Information Systems Technology in Shatra City
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3  Methodology and Input Data
	4 Selection of Suitable Sites
		4.1 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
		4.2 The Ratio Scale Weighting (RSW) Method
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Producing the Maps of AHP and RSW
		5.2 Comparison of the Results from AHP and RSW
	6  Conclusions
	References
Selection of Optimal Location for Wind Turbines in Diyala Governorate Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with GIS Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Study Area and Methodology
		3.1 Determination of Criteria
		3.2 Determination of Criteria Weight
		3.3 Data Collection
		3.4 Site Selection in GIS
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Criteria Weights
		4.2 Criteria Raster Models
		4.3 Suitable Areas and Optimal Areas
	5 Conclusions
	References
Automatic Co-registration of UAV-Based Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
	3 Case Study and Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 GCP Establishment
		3.3 UAV Data Capturing
		3.4 Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data Capturing
		3.5 Data Processing
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Registration of Laser Scanning Data
		4.2 Processing TLS Data in RC
		4.3 Data Fusion Approach
	5 Validation and Discussion of Fusion Scenario
		5.1 Precision Analyses
	6 Conclusions
	References
Identify the Critical Risk Factors at the Tendering Phase in Iraq
	1 Introduction
	2 Identification Critical Risk Factors in Tendering Phase
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Distribution of Questionnaire
		3.2 Analyzing Quantitative Data
		3.3 Validity and Reliability Test
	4 Discussion of Statistic Investigation
		4.1 Reliability of Questionnaires
		4.2 Validity of Questionnaire
		4.3 Statistical Analysis and Results of Closed Questionnaire
	5 Results Discussion and Summary
	References
Utilizing Delphi Technique and Bootstrap to Determine the Maximum Cost Reduction in Serial Tendering for School Construction Works
	1 Introduction
	2 Delphi Technical Procedures and Identification Experts
		2.1 First Session
		2.2 Second Session
		2.3 Third Session
	3 Simulation of Reduced Cost in Serial Tendering
		3.1 Designs and Drawings
		3.2 Supervision
		3.3 Purchasing Tender Documents
		3.4 Engineering Insurance
		3.5 Reserve Amount and Contingence
		3.6 Banking Services
		3.7 Administrative Expenses
		3.8 Supply Raw Material and Procurement
		3.9 Implement
		3.10 Profits
		3.11 Total Price with Constants
	4 Conclusions
	References
Geotechnical Risk Management. A Case Study of Nablus City, Palestine
	1 Introduction
	2 Geotechnical Risk Management
		2.1 Study Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Analysis and Discussion
		4.1 Geotechnical Hazard Identification
		4.2 Risk Registers
		4.3 The Current Geotechnical Procedures in the West Bank
		4.4 The Ground Conditions of Nablus City
		4.5 The Common Geotechnical Risks, Possible Consequences, and Mitigations in Nablus
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analyzing the Quantity and Cost of the Waste Generated in Construction Projects in Iraq
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Construction Waste
	3 Construction Waste in Iraq
	4 Experimental Work
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Construction Waste Volume
		5.2 Volume Generated Per Area
		5.3 Cost of Construction Waste Per Area
	6 Conclusions
	References
Proposing Risk Responses for Iraqi Petroleum Sector Using Analytic Network Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
		2.1 Risk Analysis
		2.2 Risk Avoidance
		2.3 Risk Mitigation
		2.4 Risk Transfer
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 The Field Work
		3.2 Construct the Network
		3.3 Distribution Mechanism and Questionnaire Form
		3.4 ANP Network Construction
	4 Research Outcomes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of the Deformation of Sandy Soil Near a Laterally Loaded Single Pile Using the Particle Image Velocimetry Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Region of Interest (ROI) and Patches Size
		3.2 Patterns of Displacement Around the Pile
		3.3 Direction of Soil Deformation Trajectories Due to Pile Installation
		3.4 Soil Deformation in the Horizontal Direction Due to Pile Installation
		3.5 Soil Deformation in the Vertical Direction Due to Pile Installation
		3.6 The Direction of Soil Deformation Due to Loading of Single Pile
		3.7 Soil Deformation in the Horizontal Direction Due to Loading of Pile
		3.8 Soil Deformation in the Vertical Direction Due to Loading of Pile
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental and Numerical Evaluation for Bearing Capacity of a Square Footing on Geotextile Reinforced Sandy Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Laboratory Setup and Materials of the Est
		2.1 Sand and Geotextile
		2.2 Preparation of Soil Sample
	3 Numrrical Modeling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 The Influence of the First Geotextile Layer
		4.2 The Influence of the Geotextile Layer Number
		4.3 Finite Element Model Validation
		4.4 Scale Effect of Model Testing
		4.5 Thickness of Geotextile
		4.6 Sand Overlying Silty Sand Soil
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Embedment Depth on the Load-Settlement Behavior of Precast Pile in Al-Gharraf Oil Field
	1 Introduction
	2 Description and Geotechnical Investigation of Site
	3 Field Testing of Piles
	4 Test Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Observations on the Behavior of Continuous Flight Auger Piles in Iraq
	1 Introduction
	2 Continuous Flight Auger Piles
	3 CFA Piles in Iraq
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Assessment of Ring Foundation Settlement Under Seismic Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Seismic Source and Loading in Iraq
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Verification of Numerical Model
	4 Parametric Study
		4.1 Effect of Diameter Ratio (n)
		4.2 Effect of Soil Type
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Assessment of Bearing Capacity on Pile Foundations of the New Monument in Nur-Sultan City
	1 Introduction
	2 Soil Conditions and Design of Foundation
	3 Static Pile Load Tests
	4 Conclusions
	References
Finite Element Analysis of the Load-Settlement Behavior of Large-Scale Shallow Foundations on Fine-Grained Soil Utilizing Plaxis 3D
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Shallow Foundation Design
	4 Numerical Analysis with Plaxis 3D
	5 Material and Methods
		5.1 Location of the Study Area
		5.2 Geometry and Boundary Conditions
	6 Finding and Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Energy Piles, Applications and Research Aspects: An Investigation on the Behavior of a Single Energy Pile in Dry Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Physical Model
		2.1 Model Scaling and Material Selection
		2.2 Model Configuration
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Wetting and Drying Cycles Influences on Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Stabilized Clayey Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 The Study Methodology
		2.1 Natural Soil
		2.2 Soil-Hydrated Lime Mixture
		2.3 The Water Used
		2.4 Wetting and - Drying Cycling Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 W-D Cycles Influences on Consistency Limits
		3.2 W-D Cycles Influences on UCS
		3.3 W-D Cycles Influences on C and ϕ Parameters
		3.4 W-D Cycles Influences on Compressibility Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Inversion Analysis of Slope Engineering Parameters Using Back Propagation Neural Network Based on Strength Reduction Coefficients
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Methods for Analysis
		2.1 Backpropagation Neural Network Method
		2.2 Strength Reduction Finite Element Method
	3 Establishment of Calculation Model
	4 Sample Construction and Numerical Simulation
		4.1 Sample Structure
		4.2 Numerical Simulation Results Using Strength Reduction Finite Element Method
	5 Result and Discussion
	6 Verification of Displacement Back Analysis Results
	7 Conclusions
	References
Agricultural Nano Fertilizers: Macronutrient Types and Applications Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Nano Fertilizers
	3 Characterization of Nano-fertilizers
	4 Nanotechnology Improving Fertilizer Efficiency
	5 Types of Macronutrient Nano Fertilizers
		5.1 Nitrogen Fertilizers
		5.2 Potash Fertilizers
		5.3 Phosphorus Fertilizers
		5.4 Fertilizer Nanocarriers of N, P, and K Macronutrients
		5.5 Nanoporous Zeolite
	6 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of Shear Strength Parameters for Gypseous Soils Using a Modified Apparatus of Triaxial Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Soil Sampling
		2.2 Soil-Water Characteristic Curves (SWCCs)
		2.3 Modified Unsaturated Devices
	3 Work Methodology
	4 Determination of Shear Strength Parameters
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analytical Solution to the Consolidation Problem of PVD Improved Soil with Nonlinear Variation of Vacuum Pressure
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Analytical Solution of an Axisymmetrical Case Under Vacuum Preloading
	2 Analysis Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
Structural Problems of a Multi-storey Building During Construction Due to the Absence of a Specialized Geotechnical Role—A Field Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Information
	3 Analysis of the Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Bearing Capacity and Settlement Characteristics of Compacted Clay Soil Reinforced by Sand Dune and Sodium Silicate Columns
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Natural Soft Soil
		2.2 Sand Dune
		2.3 Sodium Silicate
	3 Experimental Work
		3.1 Preparation of the Bed Soil
		3.2 Construction of Sand Column
		3.3 Testing Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Finite Element Based Pseudo-Static Stability Analysis of Soil Slope Under Combined Effects of Horizontal and Vertical Seismic Accelerations
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Finite Element Slope Model
		2.2 Framework for Pseudo-Static Stability Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Analytical Solution for Pseudo-Static Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Elastic Modulus Determination Based on Pressuremeter Tests and Standard Penetration Tests
	1 Introduction
	2 Elastic Modulus of Soil from Pressuremeter Test
		2.1 Silt
		2.2 Sand
		2.3 Clay
	3 Conclusions
	References
Slope Stability and Seepage Analysis of Dikes Strengthened with Sheet Pile Wall
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Location of the Dike Section
		1.2 Literature Review
	2 Methods
		2.1 Soil Properties
		2.2 Model Cases
		2.3 Finite Element Modeling
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Behavior of Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete Two-Way Slabs Under Drop-Weight Impact Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Used Materials
	3 Experimental Testing Program
	4 Results of Experimental Work
		4.1 Mechanical Properties of Normal and Reactive Powder Concrete
		4.2 Results of Impact Load
	5 Conclusions
	References
Damage Assessment of Tympanic Membrane in Sheep Subjected to Blast
	1 Introduction
	2 Blast-Pressure Profile in Free Filed
	3 Blast Test Setup and Test Measurements
	4 Ear Samples Dissecting Steps
	5 Conclusions
	References
Estimation of Deep S-Wave Velocity Profile Using Seismic Records Case of Lima, Peru
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Aspects
	3 Estimation of Deep Vs Profile
		3.1 Analyzed Seismic Stations
		3.2 S-Wave Velocity of Rock
		3.3 Analyzed Seismic Records
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of External Cavity Walls Using Different Types of Concrete Block
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 LCA Goal
		2.2 LCA Scope
		2.3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)
		2.4 Integrated Environmental Solutions – Virtual Environment (IES VE)
	3 Results
		3.1 Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Embodied Carbon from Product Stage
	4 Conclusions
	References
Integration of 3D Concrete Printing in the Construction Industry: A Short Review
	1 Introduction
	2 3D Printing Concrete Process
	3 3D Printed Concrete Properties Based on Collated Data
	4 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Vehicle Speed and Loading Time on Permanent Deformations of Asphalt Pavement
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Pavement Load Model
	3 Results And Discussions
		3.1 Effect of Traffic Speed on Rut Depth
		3.2 Effect of Load Repetitions on Rut Depth
		3.3 Effect of Loading Time and Waveform Type
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior at A Number of Unmarked Crossings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature References
		2.1 Interactive Parameters
		2.2 Road and Vehicle Parameters
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Selection of Suitable Site
		3.2 On-Site Monitoring, Video Record Method was Chosen
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Descriptive Analysis
		4.2 Correlation Analysis
		4.3 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Non-destructive Tests of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Sustainable Materials as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Works
		2.1 Cement
		2.2 Fine Aggregate
		2.3 Micro Silica Fume (SF)
		2.4 Micro Steel Fibers
		2.5 High Range Water Reducing Admixture
		2.6 Thermostone Aggregate
		2.7 Concrete Mixing
	3 Test Results
		3.1 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
		3.2 Shrinkage
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Author Index