Current therapy in exotic pet practice

Front Cover
Current Therapy in Exotic Pet Practice
Copyright Page
Dedication page
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table Of Contents
1 Introduction
	Taking a Problem-Oriented Case Approach: Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
		Anamnesis (History)
		Physical Examination
		Assessing Problems
		Diagnostic Testing
		Therapeutic Plans
		Giving a Prognosis
		Client Education and Follow-Up
2 Integumentary System
	Anatomy & Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Diseases of the Integument
		Invertebrates
			Husbandry-Related Diseases
			Infectious Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
		Fish
			Husbandry-Related Disease
				Water Quality Concerns.
				Traumatic Disease.
				Gas Bubble Disease.
				Head and Lateral Line Disease.
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial.
				Viral.
				Fungi and Water Molds.
			Parasitic Diseases
				Microscopic Parasites.
				Macroscopic Parasites.
			Neoplastic Diseases
		Amphibians
			Husbandry-Related Disease
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial.
				Viral Diseases.
				Fungal.
			Parasitic Diseases
			Neoplastic Diseases
		Reptiles
			Husbandry-Related Disease
				Dysecdysis.
				Abrasions.
				Bite Wounds.
				Thermal Burns.
				Hypovitaminosis A.
				Renal Disease.
				Contact Dermatitis.
				Shell Injuries.
				Shell Pyramiding.
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial.
				Viral.
				Fungal.
			Parasitic Diseases
				Acariasis.
			Neoplastic Diseases
		Birds
			Husbandry-Related Diseases
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial.
				Fungal.
				Viral.
			Parasitic Diseases
			Neoplastic Diseases
	Mammals: Ferrets
		Parasitic Diseases
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial
			Fungal
			Viral
		Endocrine Disease
		Neoplastic Disease
	Mammals: Rabbits
		Husbandry-Related Disease
		Parasitic Diseases
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial
			Fungal
			Viral
		Neoplastic Diseases
	Mammals: Guinea Pigs
		Husbandry-Related Diseases
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial
			Fungal
		Parasitic Diseases
		Neoplastic Diseases
	Mammals: Chinchillas
		Husbandry-Related Disease
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial
			Fungal
	Mammals: Other Rodents
		Husbandry-Related Diseases
		Parasitic Diseases
		Neoplastic Diseases
	Mammals: Sugar Gliders
	Mammals: African Pygmy Hedgehogs
		Husbandry-Related Diseases
		Infectious Diseases
			Fungal
		Parasitic Diseases
		Neoplastic Diseases
	Working up the Case: History, Physical Examination, and Diagnostic Testing
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Treatments
	References
3 Respiratory System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
			Insects and Arachnids
			Mollusks
			Crustaceans
		Fish
			Water Breathing
		Fish
			Air Breathing
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
			Upper Respiratory System
			Lower Respiratory System
			Respiratory Physiology
		Mammals
		Birds
			The Upper Respiratory System
			The Larynx, Trachea, and Syrinx
			The Lung-Air Sac System
			Respiratory Mechanics and Regulation
	Respiratory Diseases
		Invertebrates
			Environmental Diseases
			Infectious Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
			Neoplastic Diseases
		Fish
			Environmental Diseases
			Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Noninfectious Diseases
		Amphibians
			Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Noninfectious Diseases
		Reptiles
			General Considerations
			Infectious Diseases
				Viral Diseases.
				Bacterial Diseases.
				Fungal Diseases.
			Parasitic Diseases
			Noninfectious Diseases
		Mammals
			General Considerations
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial Diseases
					Rabbits.
					Rodents.
					Other Species.
				Viral Diseases
					Ferrets.
					Rabbits.
					Rodents.
				Parasitic Diseases.
				Fungal Diseases.
			Noninfectious Diseases
		Birds
			Nasal and Sinus Diseases
			Tracheal Diseases
			Diseases of the Lungs and Air Sacs
			Extrarespiratory Diseases: Airflow Occlusion and Air Sac Compression
	Specific Diagnostics
		Invertebrates
			Physical Examination
			Pathology
			Diagnostic Imaging
		Fish
			Water Quality Testing
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests
			Diagnostic Imaging and Endoscopy
		Amphibians
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Imaging
		Reptiles
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests
			Diagnostic Imaging
			Diagnostic Endoscopy
			Pulmonary Biopsy
		Mammals
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests
			Diagnostic Imaging
			Endoscopy
		Birds
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests
			Respiratory Monitoring
			Radiography
			Endoscopy
			Pulmonary and Air Sac Biopsy
			Ultrasound
			Advanced Imaging
	Treatments
		General Concepts in Respiratory Medical Therapy
			Principles of Oxygen Therapy
			Principles of Aerosol Therapy
			Principles of Respiratory Pharmacology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
			Water Quality Treatments
			Water Medications and Bath
			Other Treatments
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
			Medical Therapy
			Surgical Therapy
		Mammals
			Medical Therapy
			Surgical Therapy
		Birds
			Medical Therapy
				Upper Respiratory Disease.
				Avian Chlamydiosis.
				Aspergillosis.
				Respiratory Helminthiasis, Coccidiosis, and Acariasis.
				Noninfectious Lower Respiratory Diseases.
			Surgical Therapy
				Chronic Granulomatous Rhinitis.
				Sinusotomy/Trephination.
				Choanal Atresia.
				Cervicocephalic Diverticulum Rupture.
				Tracheotomy.
				Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis.
				Air Sac Tube Placement.
				Air Sac Surgery.
	References
4 Cardiovascular System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Mammals
		Birds
	Cardiovascular Diseases
		Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Disease
		Invertebrates
		Fish
			Piscine Congestive Heart Failure
			Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Developmental Abnormalities
			Miscellaneous Cardiac Diseases
			Vascular Diseases
		Amphibians
			Edema/Hydrops
			Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Miscellaneous
		Reptiles
			Myocardial Diseases
			Valvular Diseases
			Pericardial Diseases
			Infectious Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
			Congenital Defects
			Vascular Diseases
			Neoplasia
		Mammals
			Prevalence of Cardiac Diseases in Exotic Mammals
			Dilated Cardiomyopathy
			Other Myocardial Diseases
			Valvular Disease
			Congenital Defects
			Vascular Diseases
			Miscellaneous
		Birds
			Avian Congestive Heart Failure
			Arrhythmias
			Valvular Diseases
			Myocardial Diseases
			Pericardial Diseases
			Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Congenital Defects
			Atherosclerosis
			Aneurysm and Arterial Rupture
			Neoplasia
	Specific Diagnostics
		Invertebrates
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Diagnostic Imaging
		Fish
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Diagnostic Imaging
			Endoscopy
		Amphibians
			Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Diagnostic Imaging
		Reptiles
			Physical Examination
			Blood Pressure Measurement
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Radiography
			Echocardiography
			Advanced Imaging
			Endoscopy
		Mammals
			Physical Examination
			Blood Pressure Measurement
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Radiography
			Echocardiography
			Angiography
			Advanced Imaging
		Birds
			Physical Examination
			Blood Pressure Measurement
			Clinical Pathology
			Electrocardiography
			Radiography
			Echocardiography
			Angiography
			Advanced Imaging
			Endoscopy
	Treatments
		General Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Mammals
		Birds
	References
5 Gastrointestinal System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
		Specific Features of Common Pet Mammal Species
			Sugar Gliders
			Hedgehogs
			Ferrets
			Rabbits
			Rodents
	Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System
		Invertebrates
			Bacterial Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
		Fish
			Viral Diseases
			Bacterial Diseases
				Enteric Redmouth.
				Red Pest.
				Mycobacteriosis.
				Enteric Septicemia of Catfish.
				Swim Bladder Disease.
			Fungal Disease
				Phomamycosis.
			Parasitic Diseases
				Coccidiosis.
				Microsporidiosis.
				Hexamitiasis.
				Cestodes.
				Nematodes.
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Hepatic Lipidosis.
				Neoplasia.
			Foreign Body Ingestion
		Amphibians
			Viral Diseases
			Bacterial Diseases
			Fungal Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Prolapses.
				Foreign Body Ingestion.
				Neoplasia.
		Reptiles
			Viral Diseases
				Inclusion Body Disease.
				Herpesviral Stomatitis.
				Adenovirus.
				Ranavirus.
			Bacterial Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
				Coccidiosis.
				Cryptosporidiosis.
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Foreign Bodies.
				Gastric Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.
		Birds
			Viral Diseases
				Avian Pox.
				Papillomatosis.
				Proventricular Dilatation Disease.
				Pacheco’s Disease.
			Other Viral Liver Diseases
			Bacterial Diseases
				Avian Mycobacteriosis.
				Gram-Negative Pharyngitis, Ingluvitis, and Enteritis.
				Bacterial Hepatitis.
				Pseudotuberculosis.
				Helicobacter Pharyngitis.
				Campylobacter.
				Avian chlamydiosis.
			Fungal Diseases
				Candidiasis.
				Avian Gastric Yeast.
			Parasitic Diseases
				Trichomoniasis.
				Coccidiosis.
				Cryptosporidium.
				Giardiasis.
				Hexamitiasis (Spironucleosis).
				Encephalitozoonosis.
				Cochlosomiasis.
				Nematodes.
				Tapeworms.
			Miscellaneous Diseases
				Ingluvioliths.
				Gastric Neoplasia.
				Liver Neoplasia.
				Hypovitaminosis A.
				Crop Trauma, Burns, and Fistulae.
				Cloacal Prolapse.
				Hepatic Lipidosis.
				Hemochromatosis.
				Aflatoxicosis.
				Lead Poisoning.
				Acute Pancreatic Necrosis.
				Pancreatitis.
					Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency.
		Mammals
			Sugar Gliders
			Hedgehogs
			Ferrets
				Viral Diseases
					EpizooTIC Catarrhal Enteritis.
					Other Viral EnteriTIDES.
				Bacterial Diseases
					Helicobacter Gastritis.
					Proliferative Bowel Disease.
				Parasitic Diseases
					Coccidiosis.
				Miscellaneous Diseases
					Gastric/Intestinal Obstruction.
					Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis.
					Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
					Gastrointestinal Lymphoma.
					Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma.
					Hepatic Neoplasia.
					Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia.
		Rabbits
			Dental Disorders
			Gastrointestinal Stasis Syndrome
			Acute Gastrointestinal Dilation or Obstruction
			Diarrhea
			Antibiotic-Associated Enteritis or Enterotoxemia
			Cecotroph Staining
			Cecoliths
			Mucoid Enteropathy
			Rectal Papillomas
			Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease
			Coccidiosis
			Neoplasia
			Liver Lobe Torsion
		Rodents
			Dental and Oral Disease
			Esophageal Conditions
			Gastric Conditions
			Intestinal Diseases
				Gastrointestinal Stasis.
				Antibiotic-Associated Enteritis or Enterotoxemia.
				Tyzzer’s Disease.
				Diarrhea in Guinea Pigs.
				Diarrhea in Rats and Mice.
				Diarrhea in Gerbils.
				Diarrhea in Hamsters.
				Hepatic Cysts.
	Diagnostics
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
			Oral Diseases
			Crop and Esophagus
			Gastric Diseases
			Intestinal Diseases
			Cloacal Diseases
			Liver Diseases
			Pancreatic Diseases
		Endoscopy
		Mammals
			Sugar Gliders, Hedgehogs, and Small Rodents
			Ferrets
			Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas
	Treatment
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
			Therapeutic Endoscopy
			Treatment of Liver Disease
		Mammals
			Inpatient versus Outpatient
			Sedation/Anesthesia/Analgesia
			Fluid Therapy
			Nutritional Support
			Surgical Treatments
	References
6 Endocrine System
	Introduction
	The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
		Functions
		Disease Processes
			Diabetes Insipidus
				Reptiles.
				Birds.
				Mammals.
			Neoplasia
				Reptiles.
				Birds.
				Mammals.
	The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
		Clinical Assessment
			Reptiles
			Birds
			Mammals
		Calcium Homeostasis
			Reptiles
			Birds
			Mammals
	Endocrine Pancreas
		Neoplasia
			Reptiles
			Mammals
		Diabetes Mellitus
			Reptiles
			Birds
			Mammals
	The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
		Pheochromocytoma
		Hyperadrenocorticism
	The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
		Medical Management of the HPG Axis
	Acknowledgment
	Appendix
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
		References for Appendix
	References
7 Musculoskeletal System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Vertebrates
			Fish
			Amphibians
			Reptiles
			Birds
			Mammals
	Diagnostics
	Nutritional Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
		Husbandry
		Metabolic Bone Disease
			Reptiles and Amphibians
			Birds
			Mammals
	Other Nutritional Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
		Fish
		Reptiles and Amphibians
		Birds
		Mammals
	Myopathies
		Fish
		Amphibians and Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Neoplasia
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Reptiles and Amphibians
		Birds
		Mammals
			Rabbits
			Other Small Mammals
	Joint Disease
		Reptiles and Amphibians
		Birds
		Mammals
	Osteomyelitis
	Trauma
		Invertebrates
		Vertebrates
			Bone Composition, Bone Healing, and Fracture Repair
			Bone Healing
			Principles of Fracture Repair
			External Coaptation
			Internal Fixation
			External Skeletal Fixation
	Management of Traumatic Musculoskeletal Injuries and Fracture Management
		Fish
		Reptiles and Amphibians
			Shell Fractures
		Birds
			External Coaptation
			Internal Fixation
			External Skeletal Fixation
			Specific Fractures of the Thoracic Limb
			Specific Fractures of the Pelvic Limb
		Mammals
	Repair of Specific Fractures
	Miscellaneous
		Amphibians
		Reptile
	References
8 Central Nervous System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
			Flatworms
			Cephalopods
			Spiders
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Diseases
		Invertebrates
			Spiders
				Dehydration.
				Toxins.
				Panagrolaimidae Nematodes.
				Mermithidae Nematodes.
				Pompilidae Wasps and Sphecidae Mud Daubers.
				Ecdysis.
		Fish
			Environmental Abnormalities
			Bacterial Encephalitis
			Neurologic Disease Caused by Parasites
		Amphibians
			Metabolic Bone Disease
			Vitamin B Deficiency
			Toxicity
			Chytridiomycosis
			Other Disease Conditions
		Reptiles
			Bacterial Diseases
			Viral Diseases
				Ophidian Paramyxovirus.
				Inclusion Body Disease.
				Agamid Atadenovirus.
				West Nile Virus.
				Other Viral Diseases.
			Fungal Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
			Toxins
				Therapeutic and Antimicrobial Agents.
				Heavy Metal.
				Miscellaneous Toxins.
			Trauma
			Neoplasia
			Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
			Miscellaneous Neuropathies
		Birds
			Bacterial Diseases
			Viral Diseases
				Paramyxoviruses.
				Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Disease.
				Togavirus.
				West Nile Virus.
				Reovirus.
				Avian Influenza.
				Gallid Herpesvirus.
			Fungal Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
			Toxins
				Heavy Metal Toxicosis.
				Organophosphates/Carbamates.
				Therapeutic Agents.
			Trauma
			Neoplasia
			Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
				Hypocalcemia.
				Renal Disease.
				Hypoglycemia.
				Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency.
				Vitamin B Deficiency.
				Hypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia.
				Atherosclerosis.
				Hepatic Encephalopathy.
		Mammals
			Bacterial Diseases
			Viral Diseases
				Rabies.
				Canine Distemper.
				Aleutian Disease.
				Herpes Simplex Virus.
				Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.
				Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus.
			Parasitic Diseases
				Trixacarus caviae.
				Toxoplasma gondii.
				Larval Migrans.
				Cuterebra Spp.
				Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
			Toxins
				Drugs.
				Lead.
			Trauma
			Splay Leg
			Neoplasia
				Ferrets.
				Rabbits.
				Rodents.
			Miscellaneous Diseases
				Vitamin A Deficiency
				Miscellaneous Ferret Diseases.
				Pregnancy Toxemia.
				Epilepsy.
				Heat Stroke.
				Demyelinating Paralysis.
	Specific Diagnostics
		Invertebrates and Fish
		Reptiles and Amphibians
		Birds
		Mammals
	Summary
	References
9 Special Senses:
	Introduction
	Anatomy
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Diseases, Diagnostics, and Treatments
		Invertebrates
		Fish
			Corneal Ulcers
			Nonulcerative Keratitis
			Cataract
			Uveitis
			Retinal Disease
			Exophthalmos
		Amphibians
			Corneal Ulcers
			Corneal Lipidosis
			Uveitis
		Reptiles
			Congenital and Developmental Diseases
			Hypovitaminosis A
			Conjunctivitis
			Eyelid/Periocular/Orbital Masses
			Spectacular Disease in Snakes
			Retained Eye Caps in Geckos
			Ulcerative Keratitis
			Uveitis
			Cataracts
			Glaucoma
		Birds
			Eyelid Disease
			Conjunctivitis
			Corneal Disease
			Uveal/Retinal Disease
			Cataract
		Mammals
			Rabbits
				Eyelid Disease.
				Nasolacrimal Disease.
				Conjunctival Disease.
				Corneal Disease.
				Lens Disease.
				Glaucoma.
				Orbital Disease.
			Ferrets
				Conjunctival Disease.
				Cataract.
				Retinal Degeneration.
			Mice/Rats
				Chromodacryorrhea.
				Sialodacryoadenitis Virus.
				Conjunctivitis.
				Corneal Dystrophy/Degeneration.
			Guinea Pigs
				Conjunctivitis.
				Fatty Eye/Pea Eye.
				Heterotopic Bone Formation.
				Cataract.
			Hedgehogs
				Proptosis/Exophthalmos.
	References
10 Reproductive System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
			Rodents
			Ferrets
			Rabbits
			Hedgehogs
			Hystricomorph Rodents
				Guinea Pigs.
				Chinchillas.
			Marsupials
	Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
			Rodents
			Ferrets
			Rabbits
			Hedgehogs
			Guinea Pigs
			Chinchillas
			Sugar Gliders
	Specific Diagnostics
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Treatment
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	References
11 Urinary System
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Invertebrates
		Fish
		Amphibians
		Reptiles
		Birds
		Mammals
	Diseases of the Urinary System
		Fish
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial Diseases.
				Parasitic Diseases.
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Neoplasia.
				Heavy Metal.
		Amphibians
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial Diseases.
				Fungal Diseases.
				Parasitic Diseases.
				Viral Diseases.
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Neoplasia.
				Dehydration.
				Nutritional Diseases.
				Toxins.
		Reptiles
			Infectious Diseases
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Neoplasia.
				Nutritional Diseases.
		Birds
			Infectious Diseases
				Bacterial Diseases.
				Fungal Diseases.
				Parasitic Diseases.
				Viral Diseases.
			Noninfectious Diseases
				Neoplasia.
				Dehydration.
				Amyloidosis.
				Renal Lipidosis.
				Renal Cysts.
				Nutritional Diseases.
				Heavy Metals.
				Iatrogenic.
		Mammals
			Rabbits
			Guinea Pigs
			Chinchillas
			Ferrets
	Specific Diagnostic Testing
		Fish
			Renal Culture and Biopsy
				Antemortem.
				Postmortem.
		Amphibians and Reptiles
			Anamnesis
			Physical Examination
			Diagnostic Methods
				Urinalysis.
				Diagnostic Imaging.
		Birds
			Clinical Pathology
				Urinalysis.
					Urine Biochemistries.
					Urine Specific Gravity.
					Osmolality.
					Urine Color.
					Urine Dipstick.
					Diagnostic Imaging
						Radiography.
						Ultrasonography.
						Advanced Imaging.
						Nuclear Scintigraphy.
						Endoscopy.
		Mammals
	Treatments
	References
Index
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