Current Sources and Voltage References: A Design Reference for Electronics Engineers

front cover......Page 1
copyright......Page 5
table of contents......Page 8
Figures......Page 15
Tables......Page 27
Acknowledgements......Page 31
1.1 Introduction......Page 34
1.2 The first JFETs and op amps......Page 36
1.3 The first bandgaps......Page 38
1.4 The buried-zener debuts......Page 40
1.5 Advancements in technology......Page 41
1.6 Other topologies emerge......Page 42
2.1 An overview......Page 46
2.2 Precision resistors, networks, and trimmers......Page 54
2.3 Essential development equipment......Page 62
3.1 Characteristics of the P-N junction......Page 64
4. Using BJTs to Create Current Sources......Page 80
4.1 Characteristics of the BJT......Page 82
4.2 Using the BJT as a current source......Page 100
4.3 Widlar current sources......Page 107
4.4 Wilson current mirrors......Page 114
4.5 Wyatt current source......Page 120
4.6 Multiple current mirrors......Page 122
4.7 Cascode current mirrors......Page 124
4.8 Current scaling......Page 128
4.9 Modified current sources and example applications......Page 135
5.1 Precision BJT matched-pairs......Page 158
5.2 Quality dual transistors......Page 162
6.1 The JFET paved the way......Page 170
6.2 Characteristics of the JFET......Page 173
6.3 Using the JFET as a current source......Page 184
6.4 The JFET cascode current source......Page 196
6.5 JFET current regulator diodes......Page 199
6.6 Using JFETs to create ultra-low-leakage diodes......Page 213
7. Creating Medium-Power Current Sources with DMOS FETs......Page 218
7.1 Depletion-mode DMOS FETs......Page 219
7.2 The importance of silicon-gate......Page 221
7.3 Characteristics of depletion-mode DMOS FETs......Page 223
7.4 Depletion-mode DMOS current sources......Page 228
7.5 The cascode DMOS current source......Page 230
7.6 The JFET-DMOS cascode current source......Page 232
7.7 Lateral depletion-mode DMOS FETs......Page 233
8. Creating Current Sources with Power MOSFETs......Page 236
8.1 Characteristics of enhancement-mode MOSFETs......Page 237
8.2 Using the enhancement-mode MOSFET as a current source......Page 251
8.3 Using “smart” power MOSFETS......Page 261
8.4 IXYS power MOS current sources......Page 262
8.5 Lateral enhancement-mode MOSFETs......Page 263
9.1 RCA pioneered CMOS......Page 264
9.2 Characteristics of CMOS FETs......Page 268
9.3 Using CMOS linear arrays to create current sources......Page 274
9.4 Using ALD’s programmable EPADs to create precision current sources......Page 285
9.5 ALD breaks the gate-threshold barrier......Page 286
10.1 National’s LM134 - a monolithic IC current source......Page 294
10.2 Current source applications for the LM134......Page 299
10.3 Using the LM134 as a temperature sensor......Page 304
10.4 TI/Burr-Brown’s REF-200 monolithic current source......Page 306
11.1 How op amps evolved......Page 314
11.2 Some op amp characteristics......Page 319
11.3 Op amp supply bypassing and input protection......Page 327
11.4 Creating current sources with op amps......Page 329
11.5 Creating precision current regulators with op amps......Page 344
12.1 Introduction and history......Page 352
12.2 Understanding voltage reference specifications......Page 357
12.3 Enhancing the voltage reference design......Page 372
12.4 Unused terminals on the package......Page 387
12.5 Package types......Page 388
12.7 Why not do it yourself?......Page 389
12.8 Comparing precision......Page 392
13.1 Introduction......Page 396
13.2 Characteristics of the zener diode......Page 398
13.3 Some simple zener applications......Page 415
13.4 Temperature-compensated zeners......Page 426
14. Characteristics of Monolithic Voltage References......Page 436
14.1 Bandgap voltage references......Page 437
14.2 Buried-zener voltage references......Page 448
14.3 The XFET voltage reference......Page 454
14.4 The Intersil/Xicor FGA™ voltage reference......Page 457
14.5 Low-voltage considerations......Page 459
14.6 Comparing the different topologies......Page 466
15. A Review of Some Outstanding Monolithic Voltage References and Their Applications......Page 470
15.1 Applying the bandgap shunt reference......Page 471
15.2 Applying fixed-series bandgap references......Page 484
15.3 Applying adjustable-series bandgaps......Page 499
15.4 Using the Analog Devices™ XFET reference......Page 511
15.5 Applying buried-zener references......Page 516
15.6 Applying the Intersil/Xicor FGA™ X60008......Page 527
15.7 Multiple voltage references and multiple loads......Page 534
15.8 A look to the future......Page 539
A.1 Powers of 10 and Equivalents......Page 546
B. Glossary......Page 558
C.1 PART I—Current Sources......Page 568
C.2 PART II—Voltage References......Page 573
D.1 SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURERS......Page 576
D.2 ELECTRONICS DISTRIBUTORS......Page 582
D.3 PRECISION PASSIVES MANUFACTURERS......Page 583
D.4 INSTRUMENTATION MANUFACTURERS......Page 588
D.5 Magazines & Periodicals......Page 590