Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Advances in Composting and Vermicomposting Technology

Front cover
Half title
Series Editor
Title
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction: Trends in composting and vermicomposting technologies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Recent advancement of composting and vermicomposting technologies
	1.3 Technology improvement; traditional vs modern composting
		1.3.1 Role of additive
		1.3.2 Role of bulking agent
		1.3.3 Microbial community driving composting
		1.3.4 Humification
	1.4 Effects of earthworms to improve rate of composting and compost quality
	1.5 Dissipation pathways and mechanism of composting and vermicomposting
		1.5.1 Resistant genes reduction
		1.5.2 Pathogenic microbes’ reduction
		1.5.3 Greenhouse gases mitigation and nutrient conservation
	1.6 Global compost quality assessment in terms of composting and vermicomposting
	1.7 Research limitations
	1.8 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 2 Vermicomposting technology for organic waste management
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Global organic waste
(OW) production
	2.3 Organic waste management techniques
	2.4 Vermicomposting technique
	2.5 Products of vermicomposting and their uses
		2.5.1 Vermicompost
		2.5.2 Earthworms
	2.6 Vermicomposting for the management of organic waste
		2.6.1 Livestock organic waste
		2.6.2 Domestic organic wastes
		2.6.3 Agricultural organic waste
		2.6.4 Municipal solid waste
		2.6.5 Industrial waste
(organic fraction)
	2.7 Recommendations and limitations of vermicomposting technology
	2.8 Conclusion and prospective
	References
Chapter 3 Innovations in design and operation of aeration devices for composting and vermicomposting
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Composting system regarding aeration devices
		3.2.1 Passively aerated composting system
		3.2.2 Actively aerated composting system
		3.2.3 Vermicomposting composting device system
		3.2.4 Emerging devices and promising areas for technique development
	3.3 Application and limitations of composting and vermicomposting
	3.4 Conclusions and prospectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 4 Composting system and mature end-products production
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Composting techniques and design of composting facilities
		4.2.1 Composting methods
		4.2.2 Composting process
		4.2.3 Layout of a composting facility
	4.3 Compost maturity
		4.3.1 Compost maturity indexes
	4.4 Improved composting system for mature compost production
		4.4.1 Organic matter degradation through composting
		4.4.2 Factors affecting the composting process
		4.4.3 Improved composting for mature compost product
		4.3.2 Membrane-covered aerobic composting
	4.4 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 5 Modeling and optimization of composting technology
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Principles of modeling of composting technology
		5.2.1 Physical model
		5.2.2 Mathematical model
		5.2.3 Neural network model
	5.3 Modelling the composting process
		5.3.1 Substrate degradation
		5.3.2 Mass balance
		5.3.3 Thermal balance
		5.3.4 Limitation and optimization of composting models
	5.4 Requirements of composting models for prediction of environmental effects
		5.4.1 Organic pollutants
		5.4.2 Greenhouse gases
		5.4.3 Compost quality
		5.4.4 Application and deficiency of composting technology in circular economy
	5.5 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Role of bulking agents and additive on composting
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The application of bulking agents and additive in the composting
		6.2.1 Types and sources of bulking agents
		6.2.2 Types of additives
		6.2.3 The necessity of utilization of bulking agent and additive
	6.3 The role of bulking agent during composting process
		6.3.1 The role of bulking agent on physical properties of composting
		6.3.2 The role of bulking agent on chemical characterization of composting
		6.3.3 The role of bulking agent on microbial activity of composting
	6.4 The role of additive on composting
		6.4.1 The role of additive on physical properties of composting
		6.4.2 The role of additive on chemical characterization of composting
		6.4.3 The role of additive on microbial activity of composting
	6.5 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 7 Design principles of sustainable composting and recovery of value from compost
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Function of compost in soil
		7.2.1 Composting process
		7.2.2 Process control in composting
	7.3 Factors affecting sustainable composting
		7.3.1 Microbial activities
		7.3.2 Physicochemical factors
		7.3.3 Frequency of compost turning
		7.3.4 Temperature
		7.3.5 C/N ratio
		7.3.6 Moisture content
		7.3.7 Electrical conductivity
(EC)
		7.3.8 Aeration
		7.3.9 Compost pH
		7.3.10 Social factor
	7.4 Feedstock characteristics
	7.5 Bulking materials
	7.6 Composting facilities design
		7.6.1 Design considerations
		7.6.2 Scope of design
	7.7 Design specifications
		7.7.1 Windrows
		7.7.2 Bin composting
	7.8 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 8 Role of microbes and microbial dynamics during composting
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Production and characteristics of solid waste
		8.2.1 Industrial solid waste
		8.2.2 Municipal waste
		8.2.3 Agricultural waste
	8.3 Characterization of solid waste
	8.4 Pollution hazards, treatment, and management of solid waste
		8.4.1 Land and soil pollution
		8.4.2 Water pollution
		8.4.3 Atmospheric pollution
	8.5 Treatment of solid waste
		8.5.1 Incineration
		8.5.2 Composting
	8.6 Utilization of solid waste
		8.6.1 Compost and composting process
		8.6.2 Compost treatment and differences
	8.7 Regulatory framework for industrial compost
	8.8 Microbes involved in composting
		8.8.1 Bacteria
		8.8.2 Fungi
		8.8.3 Basidiomycetes
		8.8.4 Ascomycota
		8.8.5 Actinomycetes
		8.8.6 Archaeal
		8.8.7 Pathogens
	8.9 Impact of physicochemical parameters on microbial activity
		8.9.1 Temperature
		8.9.2 Substrates
		8.9.3 Moisture content
		8.9.4 Aeration
		8.9.5 pH
	8.10 Microbes discharge extracellular proteins during composting
		8.10.1 Proteases
		8.10.2 Cellulases and hemicellulases
		8.10.3 Other proteins involved during composting
	8.11 Microbial community succession during composting
		8.11.1 Causes of succession
		8.11.2 Process of succession
		8.11.3 The role of high-temperature compost
	8.12 Composting accelerating microbial additives
		8.12.1 Types and sources of microbial additives
		8.12.2 Effect of microbial addition on composting process
	8.13 Techniques used in profiling microbial community during composting
		8.13.1 16S/18S rRNA/DNA sequence analysis technique
		8.13.2 Molecular hybridization technique
		8.13.3 Molecular marker techniques
		8.13.4 Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technique
(RT-qPCR)
	8.14 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 9 Antibiotic residues and the effects on composting process
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Physicochemical properties and source of antibiotics
		9.2.1 Tetracyclines
		9.2.2 Macrolides
		9.2.3 Fluoroquinolones
		9.2.4 Sulfonamides
	9.3 Antibiotic residues in solid wastes
	9.4 The fate of antibiotics during composting
		9.4.1 The reduction of antibiotics in composting
		9.4.2 Removal mechanism of antibiotics during composting
		9.4.3 The effect of antibiotic on the composting process
	9.5 The acute threaten of antibiotic: antibiotic resistance
(AR)
		9.5.1 The abundance of ARGs in different solid waste
		9.5.2 The ARGs changes during composting process
		9.5.3 The effects of antibiotics on ARGs profile during composting
	9.6 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 10 Challenges and opportunities associated with composting and its end-products application
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The challenges with composting
		10.2.1 Odorous gas emission
		10.2.2 Greenhouse gas emission
		10.2.3 Heavy metals passivation
		10.2.4 Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms
		10.2.5 The inactivation of weed seeds
		10.2.6 Antibiotic and resistance gene control
		10.2.7 Role of composting for attenuation of persistent organic and inorganic compounds
	10.3 The opportunities with composting
		10.3.1 The organic waste comes from a wide range of resources and amounts are huge
		10.3.2 The influence of garbage classification on composting industry
		10.3.3 Solid organic waste aerobic composting cost is low
		10.3.4 The end-products have much benefit for the soil
	10.4 The critical aspects of composting process improvement towards a novel clean composting strategy
		10.4.1 Optimization of composting regime
		10.4.2 The popularity of bulking agents and additives
		10.4.3 The application of statistical approach
	10.5 The benefits of compost land application
		10.5.1 Changes in physicochemical and biological properties of soil
		10.5.2 Impact of compost land application on climate change
	10.6 Economic feasibility analysis of composting
	10.7 Challenges for composting vis-à-vis circular bioeconomy
	10.8 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 11 Life-cycle assessment in composting technology
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Life-cycle assessment
(LCA) methodology
		11.1.2 Life-cycle environmental assessment
	11.2 Life-cycle environmental consequences
		11.2.1 Global warming potential
		11.2.2 Acidification potential
		11.2.3 Eutrophication potential
	11.3 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 12 Economic and quality evaluation of composting technologies
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Composting
	12.3 History of composting
	12.4 Process of composting
	12.5 Composting methods
	12.6 Microbiology of composting
	12.7 Factors affecting composting
		12.7.1 Oxygen
		12.7.2 Moisture
		12.7.3 Temperature
		12.7.4 pH
		12.7.5 C:N ratio
	12.8 Compost evaluation
		12.8.1 Environmental benefits of composting
		12.8.2 Compost marketing and economy
	12.9 Problems associated with commercialization
		12.9.1 For municipal solid waste, heavy metals content is one of the most controversial aspects in compost quality and has been extensively researched
		12.9.2 Additionally, due to high salt content, land application of some compost can result in increased electrical conductivity \\(EC\\), which can limit seedling efficiency
		12.9.3 Phytotoxic substances of fresh compost can injure plant, as fresh compost can have acids such as acetic, propionic and isovaleric acids
		12.9.4 The laboratory and on-site tests are done to determine the stability and maturity of bio waste composts during the curing process
		12.9.5 As people move closer to existing treatment plants; odor is becoming a more sensitive problem
		12.9.6 Anaerobic processes aid in the decomposition of composting materials in general
		12.9.7 In addition to oxygen, the organisms need moisture, a balance of nutrients, and favorable temperatures, and pH
		12.9.8 Agricultural wastes such as leaves, plant parts, and dead plants account for a large portion of the waste produced on the farm
		12.9.9 Factors that may affect people\'s adoption of composting products
	12.10 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 13 Business models of composting for a circular economy
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Composting and circular business practices in Spain
		13.2.1 Circular economy of organic wastes and their effects on the local society
		13.2.2 Local synergies of circular economy through composting
	13.3 Composting and circular business practices in Romania
		13.3.1 Pilot project ``Dobroiesti is composting\'\' -- a source-separated campaign for green waste \\(food waste and garden waste\\)
		13.3.2 Bio&co social enterprise – project by “Ateliere Fara Frontiere”
	13.4 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
Chapter 14 Enabling environment sanitation and financing by composting technologies
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Sanitary problems of conventional composting
		14.2.1 Lack of supervision and sound quality standards for industrial composting
		14.2.2 Adverse effects of traditional composting on the environment and crops
		14.2.3 Backward technology and equipment and low management level
		14.2.4 The narrow use of compost products and low market acceptance
	14.3 Necessary conditions for the development of sanitary composting
		14.3.1 Strengthen government supervision and formulate reasonable standards
		14.3.2 Support of finance and preferential policies
		14.3.3 Broaden compost usage and improve compost benefit
		14.3.4 Strengthen technical development and promote technology and equipment
	14.4 Innovative approaches for promoting the environmental sanitation of composting in different countries
		14.4.1 Innovative approaches for promoting the environmental sanitation of composting developed countries
		14.4.2 Innovative approaches for promoting the environmental sanitation of composting in developing countries
	14.5 Outlook of the future development of environmental sanitation for composting
	14.6 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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