Current Advances in Mechanical Engineering: Select Proceedings of ICRAMERD 2020 (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)

Committee Members
	Chief Patron
	Patron
	Finance Chair
	Advisory Committee
	General Chair
	Programme Chair
	Convenor
	Co-convenor
	Organizing Committee Members
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Corrosion Behaviour study of Plasma Processed LM6 Alloy in Seawater
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Sample Preparation and Corrosion Test
		2.2 Weight and Hardness Measurement
		2.3 Microstructure Study
		2.4 Characterization Study
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Weight and Hardness Measurement
		3.2 Microstructure Study
		3.3 Characterization Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Moisture Absorption Test of Alkali-Treated Green Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Selection of Materials
		2.2 Material Selected
	3 Aqua Absorption Test and Analysis
		3.1 Coir Fiber
		3.2 Sisal Fiber
		3.3 Luffa Fiber
		3.4 Untreated Fibers
	4 Conclusion
	References
Copper Conducting Surface: A Zero Impedance Surface
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bioremediation of Plastic Material by Using Nanotechnology
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanotechnology and Bioremediation
	3 Classification of Plastic Materials on Basis of Biodegradability
	4 Nanomaterials for Application of Bioremediation
		4.1 Inorganic Based Nanomaterials Applied for Bioremediation
		4.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes Based Nanomaterial
		4.3 Graphemes Nanomaterial
		4.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Based Nanomaterial
		4.5 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
		4.6 Bioremediation Process by Using Nanomaterials
		4.7 Bioremediation of Dendrimers
		4.8 Bioremediation of Nanoparticles by Using Single Layered Enzyme
		4.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution (Phytoremediation)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Recent Progress in Polymer Nanocomposite for the Treatment of Water and Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposite
		2.1 Polymer–polymer Composites
		2.2 Polymer–Metal Composites
		2.3 Polymer–Ceramic Composites
		2.4 Polymer–Clay Composites
		2.5 Sorption Mechanisms
		2.6 Adsorption
	3 Physisorption
	4 Chemisorption
	5 Conclusions
	References
Performance Evaluation of Optimized Piezoelectric Smart Structure for Active Vibration Control
	1 Introduction
	2 System Architecture
	3 Design Optimization for Beam Model with Sensors and Actuators
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Dielectric Relaxation Phenomena of TiO2 Filled Polyurethane and Polyaniline Blend Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Fabrication Technique
		2.3 Characterization Technique
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Ftir
		3.2 Morphological Analysis Through FESEM Technique
		3.3 Dielectric Relaxation Behavior of TPU/PANI/TiO2 Nanocomposites
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dielectric Properties of xGnP Filled EVA/EOC Blends: Effects of Blend Ratio
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 Characterisation and Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 X-ray Diffraction
		3.2 SEM Analysis
		3.3 Dielectric Analysis
		3.4 Impedance Spectroscopy
		3.5 Electrical Conductivity
	4 Conclusions
	References
Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Tapered Beam
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Hypothetical Modelling of Tapered Beam
	2 Numerical Result and Discussion
		2.1 Boundary Conditions
	3 Cantilever Beam 2. Simply Supported Beam 3. Fixed Beam
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Brief and Comparative Investigation for Stress and Strain in the Flex Gear of a Harmonic Drive Using FEM
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Conventional WGC
	2 Exploded View of Harmonic Drive
	3 The Finite Element Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Stress and Strain Analysis of FG Due to Insertion of Conventional WGC by Varying Included Angle of the WGC
		4.2 Comparison Between Theoretical and Experimental Strain Values of FG Due to Insertion of Conventional Split Cam by Varying Included Angle of the Cam
	5 Conclusion
	References
LNG Cold Energy Utilization in a Proposed Method for Performance Enhancement of Gas/Steam Turbine CCPP
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of CCPP Structure and Proposed Integration Alternative
	3 Formulation and Assumptions
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biogas Production from Arrowroot Leaves Through Anaerobic Digestion
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Collection and Preparation of Feedstock
		2.2 Proximate Analysis
		2.3 Elemental Analysis
		2.4 Biogas Production
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Preparation of Feedstock
		3.2 Feedstock Composition
		3.3 Biogas Production
	4 Conclusion
	References
Theoretical Analysis of Free Vibration of a Sandwich Beam on Pasternak Foundation with Temperature Gradient
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Series of Approximate Solution
		2.2 Free Vibration Investigation
	3 Analysis of Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Climatic Conditions and Water Depth on Yield of Single Slope Solar Still
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
	3 Internal Heat Transfer Coefficient in Still
	4 Determination of Distillate Output
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Instability of Cantilever Pipe Conveying Fluid
	1 Introduction
	2 Equation of Motion
	3 Method of Analysis
	4 Numerical Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Production of Hydrogen from Food Waste: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Process for Production of Hydrogen
		2.1 Laboratory Scale Production of Hydrogen
		2.2 Laboratory Scale Production of Hydrogen
		2.3 Scaling up Hydrogen Production by the Use of Additives
	3 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Thermo-fluidic and Phase Change Behaviour of Liquid Steel in a Continuous Billet Caster Mould: Effect of Casting Speed
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model
		2.1 Physical Problem
		2.2 Governing Equations
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
	3 Solution Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Performance Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Collector with Baffles
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Climate Data Collection
		2.2 Description of Flat Plate Solar Air Collector with Baffles
	3 Instrumentation and Experimentation
		3.1 Instruments Used in Experiment
		3.2 Experimental Setup and Experimental Procedure
	4 Theoretical Studies
	5 Results Discussion
		5.1 Solar Radiation
		5.2 Temperature of Collector
		5.3 Useful Heat Gain by Collector
		5.4 Thermal Efficiency of Collector
	6 Conclusion
	References
Enhancement of Natural Convection Inside Vertical Tubes Using Internal Obstacles as Rings with Different Arrangements
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study of Solar Operated Thermoelectric Portable Refrigerator for Medical Purpose: An Experimental Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Parameters of System Design
	3 Thermodynamic Analysis of System
	4 Cost Analysis
	5 Result and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Performance Analysis of V-Grooved Solar Air Collector
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Climate Data Collection
		2.2 Description of V-Grooved Solar Air Collector
	3 Instrumentation and Experimentation
		3.1 Instruments Used in Experiment
		3.2 Experimental Setup and Experimental Procedure
	4 Theoretical Studies
	5 Results Discussion
		5.1 Solar Radiation
		5.2 Temperature of Collector
		5.3 Useful Heat Gain by Collector
		5.4 Thermal Efficiency of Collector
	6 Conclusion
	References
Modeling of Column Floatation Using CFD
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Description
		2.1 Population Balance Model
	3 Model Description and Validation
		3.1 Simulation Setup
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Gas Holdup
		4.2 Sauter Mean Diameter (d32)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Potential Refrigerants and Their Effect on the Environment—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Refrigerants
		2.1 Air as Refrigerant (R-729)
		2.2 Water as Refrigerant (R-718)
		2.3 Carbon Dioxide as Refrigerant (R-744)
		2.4 NH3 as a Refrigerant (R-717)
		2.5 Hydrocarbons as Refrigerants
	3 Synthetic Refrigerants
	4 Azeotrope Refrigerant
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Performance of Natural Refrigerants in Comparison with HCFCs and CFCs
		5.2 Compressor Discharge Temperature
		5.3 Refrigerant Charge
	6 Conclusions
	References
Factors Affecting Co-gasification of Coconut Shell and MSW in an Updraft Gasifier
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials Used in the Experiment
		2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
		2.3 Gas Composition Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Studies on Preventing Cavitation in a Centrifugal Pump Acting as Turbine for Microhydropower
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup and Instrument Details
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
		2.3 Calculation of Overall Efficiency from the Centrifugal Pump Act as Francis Turbine (PAT)
		2.4 Calculation of Thoma’s Cavitation Factor
		2.5 Calculation of Critical Cavitation Factor of the PAT
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Overall Efficiency
		3.2 Influence of Specific Speed on Overall Efficiency
		3.3 Thoma’s Cavitation Factor
		3.4 Influence of Specific Speed on Thoma’s Cavitation Factor
		3.5 Comparison of Thoma’s Cavitation Factor (Σ) with the Critical Cavitation Factor (σc)
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Solar Drying of Marine Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods Used in Dryers
		2.1 Solar Air Collector
		2.2 Drying Chamber
		2.3 Transparent Glass
		2.4 Absorber Plate
		2.5 Insulation
		2.6 Solar Air Heater
		2.7 Blower and Chimney
		2.8 Methods Adopted in Drying Process
	3 Literature Review
	4 Summary from the Literature Review
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves in Non-zero Conducting Mediums
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Analysis
	3 Theoretical Computed Data for the Analysis of Sea Water and Good Earth
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sensitivity Analysis of Critical Parameters Affecting the Efficacy of Microwave Thermal Ablation on Lungs
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Methodology
		2.1 Model Description
		2.2 Numerical Methods and Methodology
		2.3 Solution Methodology
	3 Validation Results
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Effect of Power on Ablation Volume
		4.2 Effect of Blood Perfusion Rate on Ablation Volume
		4.3 Effect of Frequency on Ablation Volume
		4.4 Effect of Relative Permittivity on Size of Ablation Volume
		4.5 Effect of Electrical Conductivity on Size of Ablation Volume
		4.6 Effect of Thermal Conductivity on Size of Ablation Volume
	5 Conclusions
	References
Recent Progress in Explosives: A Brief Review
	1 Introduction
	2 General Concept and Definition of Explosive
	3 Different Kinds of Explosives
		3.1 Nitro Explosives
		3.2 High Explosives (Detonating Explosives)
		3.3 Tertiary High Explosives or Blasting Agents
		3.4 Green Explosive
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hazards of Microplastic in Oceanic Environment: An Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Concept of Microplastic
	3 Primary and Secondary Form of Microplastics
		3.1 Primary Microplastics
		3.2 Secondary Microplastics
	4 Generation of the Microplastics
	5 Control of Plastic and Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Environment
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Regression Rate of Solid Fuel Grain in Hybrid Rocket Motor Physical Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Methodology
		2.1 Fuel Grain Specimen
		2.2 Igniter for Initiating the Ignition
		2.3 Test Procedure
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Medium Dependency of Acoustic Energy Transfer System
	1 Introduction
	2 Acoustic Wave Equation and Mathematical Modeling
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study of Drying Kinetics of Tomato in a Solar Dryer
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Set-Up
	3 Theoretical Analysis
		3.1 Effective Moisture Diffusivity
		3.2 Activation Energy
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy
	5 Conclusion
	References
Prospective of Phytoremediation for Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Soil: A Brief Review
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Etymology of Heavy Metals and Soil Water Contamination
	2 Effect of Heavy Metals
		2.1 Effect on the Environment
		2.2 Effect on Plants
		2.3 Effect on Aquatic Environment
	3 Phytoremediation Methods
		3.1 Phytofiltration or Rhizofiltration
		3.2 Phytostabilisation
		3.3 Phytoextraction
		3.4 Phytovolatilization
		3.5 Phytodegradation
	4 Improvement of Phytoremediation by Compound and Organic Methodologies
	5 Necessity of Phytoremediation
	6 Disadvantages
	7 Conclusion
	References
Role of Microalgae as Biofertilizer for Sustainable Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Microalgae and Its Function in the Soil
	3 Cultivation of Microalgae
	4 Environmental Factors Affecting the Growth of Microalgae
		4.1 Sunlight
		4.2 Temperature
		4.3 pH
		4.4 Salinity
		4.5 Concentration of Nitrogen and Phosphorous
	5 Mechanism of Action of Microalgae as Fertilizer
	6 Advantage of Microalgae as Biofertilizer
		6.1 Increase in Fertility of the Soil
		6.2 Fixation of Nitrogen
		6.3 Production of Bio-stimulants
		6.4 Toleration and Mutation of Alga in Extreme Environmental Condition
	7 Development of Alga Based Biofertilizer on Commercial Scale
	8 Major Challenges of Biofertilizer Commercialization
	9 Application of Biofertilizer
	10 Conclusion
	References
Power Quality Improvement in Fuel Cell Based Micro Grid with Optimized Shunt Active Power Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model
		2.1 Modeling of PV Cell
		2.2 Mathematical Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
		2.3 Shunt Active Power Filter
	3 Optimization Techniques
		3.1 Fire Fly Optimization Algorithm
		3.2 Procedure
		3.3 Modified Fire Fly Algorithm
		3.4 Optimized SAPF
		3.5 Objective Function
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Geometrical Performance Evaluation of a Laboratory-Scale Heat Exchanger
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
	3 Theoretical Background
		3.1 Energy Balance Equation
		3.2 Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method
		3.3 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Approach
		3.4 Effectiveness
		3.5 Dittus–Boelter Equation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Geometrical Design on Outlet Temperature
		4.2 Effect of Geometrical Design on the Effectiveness
		4.3 Numerical Simulation of 3 Pass Counterflow Heat Exchanger
	5 Conclusion
	References
Nonlinear Behavior of Smart Functionally Graded Beam Using Active Fiber Composite Under Thermal Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Formulation
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dynamic Modeling and Stability Analysis of Wind Generator Based Micro Grid
	1 Introduction
	2 Microgrid Model
		2.1 Photo Voltaic Model
		2.2 Modeling of Wind Turbine
	3 Optimization Techniques
		3.1 Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
		3.2 Algorithm of GSA
		3.3 Proposed Modified Gravitational Search Algorithm
		3.4 Pseudo Code of KCGSA
		3.5 Objective Function
	4 Controllers
		4.1 PID Controller
	5 Result Analysis
		5.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
	6 Conclusion
	References
Detection of Inadequate Lubrication in ID Fan of a Super Thermal Power Plant Using Vibration Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Experimentation
	3 Detection of Lubrication Problem in Induced Draft Fan (ID Fan)
		3.1 Specification Details
		3.2 Machine Diagnosis Symptoms During Operation
		3.3 Observations and Analysis
	4 Summary
	References
Title Performance Analysis of Various DC–DC Converters in PV-Based Micro Grid Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Power Component Design
		2.1 PV Cell
		2.2 Converters
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Investigation on Surface Ceramic Coating of Compression Ignition Engine Piston Using Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermal Analysis
		2.1 Thermal Barrier Coating
		2.2 Finite Element Analysis
		2.3 Mesh
		2.4 Steady State Thermal Analysis
	3 Methodology
	4 Modeling of Uncoated and Coated Piston
	5 Boundary Conditions
	6 Results and Discussions
	7 Conclusion
	References
Heat Transfer in the Annular Region of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger with Continuous Longitudinal Rectangular Fins Under Turbulent Flow Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulation
		2.1 Governing Equations
		2.2 Boundary Conditions
	3 Numerical Solution Procedure
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Grid Independence Test
		4.2 Validation with Experimental Results
		4.3 Heat Transfer for Finned and Plain Tube
		4.4 Friction Factor of Finned and Plain Tube
		4.5 Fin Efficiency
		4.6 Optimization of Fin Number
	5 Conclusion
	References
Finite Element Modeling of Composite Beam with Transverse Cracks Under Free Vibration with Experimental Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulations
		2.1 Intact Composite Beam Modeling
		2.2 Composite Cracked Beam Modeling
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Determination of Material Constants from Tensile Test
		3.2 Experimental Free Vibration Test
	4 Finite Element Modeling and Modal Analysis Using ABAQUS
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Crack Depth Effect on Beam Vibration Frequency
		5.2 Effect of Fiber Orientation on Beam Vibration Frequency
	6 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Compression Ratio and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Light-Duty Diesel Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Set Up
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Engine Performance Evaluation
		3.2 Engine Emissions
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Study on Steadiness of Parametric Vibration with Internal Resonance of a Kinematic Beam
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling
	3 Theoretical Background
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Dynamic Solution
	5 Conclusion
	References
State Space Method to Predict the Modal Model of a Five Degree of Freedom Spring Mass Vibratory System
	1 Introduction
	2 Derivation of the Equations of Motion
	3 State Space Formulation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Natural Frequency Using ‘eig’ Command
		4.2 Mode Shapes of the Vibratory System
		4.3 Frequency Response Function (α22) Using ‘Freqresp’ Command
		4.4 Time Domain Response Using ‘lsim’ Command
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Evaluation of Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Tetra Biodiesel-Diesel Blends of Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, and Neem
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimentation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physicochemical Properties
		3.2 Thermal Properties
		3.3 Modeling
		3.4 Uncertainty
	4 Conclusions
	References
Performance Evaluation of Solar Air Heater Using Sine Wave Shape Obstacle
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
		2.1 Governing Equations
		2.2 Operating and Geometrical Parameters
		2.3 Meshing and Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Turbulence Model and Convergence Criterion
		2.5 Validation Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Nusselt Number and Friction Factor
		3.2 Thermo-hydraulic Performance
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hydrodynamic Behavior of Sawdust in Pressurized Fluidized Bed
	1 Introduction
	2 Fluidized Setup and Procedure
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Bed Voidage
		3.2 Bed Voidage Profile Based on Pressure
		3.3 Bed Voidage Profile Based on Solid Inventory
		3.4 Suspension Density
		3.5 Suspension Density Profile Based on Pressure
		3.6 Suspension Density Profile Based on Solid Inventory
	4 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Conical Fluidized Bed Risers with a Columnar Fluidized Bed Riser
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometry Construction and Mesh Generation
	3 Numerical Model
		3.1 Governing Equations
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Grid Independence Test
		4.2 Variation of Pressure
		4.3 Distribution of Bed Voidage
		4.4 Suspension Density
	5 Conclusions
	References
Probability Plot Result Comparison with Recurrent Neural Network Approach for Path Navigation of a Humanoid in Complex Terrain
	1 Introduction
	2 Recurrent Neural Network Approach
	3 Outcomes from Simulation and Experiment Investigation of LSTM-RNN
	4 Probability Plot Comparison Between Results of Simulation and Experimental Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Nonlinear Dynamics of Axially Accelerating String
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation of the Problem
	3 Method of Analysis
	4 Numerical Results and Discussion
		4.1 Single Mode Approximation
		4.2 Two Mode Approximation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Extraction of SiO2 from Alumina Extracted Coal Fly-Ash
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 Materials and Instrument
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Properties of CFA
		3.2 Effect of Varying the Mass Ratio of Sodium Silicate
		3.3 Effect of Roasting Temperature of CFA with Sodium Silicate
		3.4 Effect of Roasting Time
		3.5 Effect of Concentration of NaOH in the Extraction of SiO2 from AECFA
		3.6 Effect of Leaching Temperature
		3.7 Effect of Leaching Time
	4 Conclusions
	References
Islanding Detection of Microgrid Using Extreme Learning Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Feature Extraction
	3 Extreme Learning Machine
	4 Model Understudy
	5 Simulation and Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Investigation of Drying Kinetics of Poovan Banana Under Forced Convection Solar Drying
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Devices Used
	3 Calculation
		3.1 Drying Kinetics
		3.2 Moisture Diffusivity
		3.3 Activation Energy
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Drying Characteristics and Environmental Conditions
		4.2 Moisture Ratio
		4.3 Drying Kinetic Modelling
		4.4 Effective Moisture Diffusivity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Micropolar Fluid with Newtonian Heating Over a Stretching Sheet in Presence Heat Source
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation and Solution of the Problem
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Artificial Intelligence-Based Human-Assisted Multipurpose Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 System Architecture
	3 Mathematical Formulation for Optimal Solution
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design and Analysis of Agri-rover for Farming
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Objective
	3 Conceptual Design of a Rover
		3.1 Mechanical Properties of Material
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Urbanization on Water Quality
	1 Introduction
	2 Impacting Actions of Urbanization on Water Resources
		2.1 The Role of Impervious Surfaces
		2.2 Decrease in Groundwater Recharge and Increase in Surface Runoff
		2.3 Wetland Encroachment
	3 Impact of Urbanization on Water Quality
		3.1 Eutrophication
		3.2 Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen
		3.3 Changes to Stream Nutrients, Turbidity, and Sediments
		3.4 Contamination with Pathogenic Microbes, Fecal Coliforms and Escherichiacoli
		3.5 Impact of Urbanization on Ground Water Quality
	4 Urban Water Cycle
		4.1 Problems in the Present Urban Water Cycle
		4.2 Urban Water and Wastewater Management Plan
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Nanofluids in a Ground Source Heat Pump for Space Cooling; Theoretical and Numerical Investigation for Indian Climate
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Experimental Design
		2.1 Ground Heat Exchanger
		2.2 Heat Transfer Fluid
		2.3 GSHP System Specifications
		2.4 Numerical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Theoretical Results and COP of the GSHP
		3.2 Numerical Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Investigation of Forcing Function for Rotating Machinery Bearing Faults
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Simulations
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Investigation on the Design Aspects of Stilt Frame Based Dwelling Units Subjected to Different Tsunami Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Stilt Based Tsunami Dwelling Model
	3 Design Considerations for Tsunami Conditions
	4 Comparison of Tsunami Loads and Structural Design
	5 Discussions on Structural Component Design
	6 Conclusions
	References
Manufacturing Paradigms and Evolution
	1 Manufacturing Paradigms
	2 Global Trends of Future Manufacturing
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Experimental Investigation of Influence of Machining Parameters on Profile Error in Diamond Turning of PMMA
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Single-Point Diamond Turning
		2.2 Experimental Work
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Profile Error
		3.2 Signal-To-Noise (S/N) Analysis
		3.3 Regression and Prediction
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design and Manufacturing of Completely Flexible Drilling Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Developments
		2.1 Dimensions of Horizontal Arm
		2.2 Dimensions of Vertical Arm
	3 Finite Element Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
“Effect of Activated Fluxes on Weld Penetration and Mechanism Responsible for Deeper Penetration of Stainless Steels”—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 A-TIG Mechanisms
		2.1 Reverse Marangoni Effect
		2.2 Arc Constriction
	3 Literature Review: A-TIG Process for Stainless Steel
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Heat Shield by Coating Lanthanum Phosphate Through Plasma Deposition
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Composite Material
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Coated Thickness Measurement
		3.2 General Characterization
		3.3 Heat Flux Measurement
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bio-waste Reinforced an Alternative Way of Increasing Performance of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Physical Properties
		2.1 Density and Porosity
	3 Mechanical Properties
		3.1 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
		3.2 Hardness
		3.3 % Elongation
	4 Wear Properties
	5 Conclusion and Scope of Future Work
	References
Efficient Shear Deformation Theory for Composite Shells
	1 Introduction
	2 Displacement Field
	3 Equations of Motion
	4 Solution of Equations of Motion
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Static Response
		5.2 Free Vibration Response
		5.3 Forced Vibration Response
	6 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Chip–Tool Contact Length for Developed Centrifugal Cutting Tool and Conventional High-Speed Cutting Tool Using Predictive Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Tool–Chip Contact Phenomena
	3 Experimental Procedure
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Measurement of Tool–Chip Contact Length
		4.2 Analysis of Experimental Chip–Tool Contact Length Over Existing Theoretical Predictive Models
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Jute/Banana Epoxy Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigations on Natural Fiber Composite with and without Chemical Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Chemical Treatment
		2.3 Composite Fabrication
		2.4 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Water Absorption Capacity
		3.2 Tensile Strength
		3.3 Flexural Strength
		3.4 Impact Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Prediction of Thermal Aspects for Brass Material-Based Natural Convection Heat Transfer System by Using Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of ANFIS Model
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Morphology and Particle Size Distribution on the Reusability of 15-5 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Powder in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment Details
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Powder Morphology
		3.2 Chemical Composition
		3.3 Particle Size Distribution
	4 Conclusions
	5 Future Works
	References
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Its Applications in Indian Manufacturing: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
	5 Industry 4.0 in India-Implementations and Shortcomings
	6 Research Limitations and Future Scope Implications
	7 Investigation in Indian Scenario
	8 Conclusion
	References
Advancement in the EDM Process: A Critical Review
	1 Introduction
	2 EDM: The Process
	3 Optimization of Process Parameters
		3.1 EDM and Dry EDM
	4 Applications of EDM
		4.1 Bio-medical Applications
		4.2 Die and Mold Making
		4.3 Aeronautical and Automotive Parts
	5 Advancements in the Process in Recent Times
		5.1 Machining Ceramics Using EDM
		5.2 Powder-Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining
		5.3 Jump Motion for Multi-axis EDM
		5.4 Usage of Bio-dielectric
	6 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Effect of Processing Factors on Surface Roughness and Sintered Density of Powder Metallurgy Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Production of LCFP and HCFP and Their Characteristic Studies
		2.2 Pre-compaction Study of Mixed Powders
		2.3 Cold Compaction and Sintering Studies
		2.4 Surface Roughness Study
		2.5 Full Factorial Design of Experiments
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Characteristics of LCFP
		3.2 Characteristics of HCFP
		3.3 Micro-structural Analysis
		3.4 Analysis of Surface Roughness
		3.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Surface Roughness
		3.6 Analysis of Sintered Density
		3.7 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Sintered Density
	4 Conclusions
	References
Slurry Erosion Behaviour of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Under Laboratory Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimentation
		2.1 Preparation of the Sample
		2.2 Slurry Pot Erosion Tester
		2.3 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experimental Results After Erosion
		3.2 Surface Hardness and Surface Roughness
		3.3 Erosion Mechanism
		3.4 Validation of Experimental Results with Finnie Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Prospects of Jewelry Designing and Production by Additive Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Additive Manufacturing in Jewelry Design: A Brief Review
	3 Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Different Aspects of Jewelry Design
	4 Smart Jewelry for Wellness Purpose—A New Application Area for Additive Manufacturing
	5 Process of Jewelry Making
	6 Future Research Implications and Research Limitations
	7 Conclusion
	References
Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Bio-composites for Industrial Applications: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Bamboo Fibers
		2.1 Bamboo Fiber Extraction
	3 Bamboo Fiber Composites
		3.1 Phenolic Resin-Based
		3.2 Epoxy Resin-Based
		3.3 Polyester Resin-Based
		3.4 Polypropylene Resin-Based
	4 Thermal Characterization
	5 Treatment on Bamboo Fiber
	6 Conclusion
	References
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis of Mechanical Hump
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 FMEA Analysis
	3 Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Process Variables in Closed Die Hot Forging Process: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Process Variables in Closed Die Hot Forging
		2.1 Product Variables
		2.2 Material Variables
		2.3 Tooling Variables
		2.4 Machine Parameters
		2.5 Deformation Zone Characterization
		2.6 Tool and Work Interface Behaviour
	3 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Mechanisms of Manufacturing High-Damping Seismic Isolator—HDRB
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Dimension of the Isolator
	4 Base Seismic Isolator Manufacturing Mechanism
		4.1 Steel Manufacturing
		4.2 Rubber Manufacturing
	5 Conclusions
	References
Multi-objective Optimization of AISI P-20 Tool Steel During Electrical Discharge Machining
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Machine and Materials
		2.2 Design of Experiments
		2.3 Multi-objective Optimization Using TOPSIS
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Material Removal Rate
		3.2 Surface Roughness
		3.3 Diametral Overcut
		3.4 TOPSIS
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Various Forms of Manganese and Its Recovery in Pure Magnesium Metal
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Casting
		2.2 Chemical Analysis of Various Manganese Forms
		2.3 Metallography
		2.4 Tensile Test
		2.5 Hardness Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Chemical Analysis of Developed Systems
		3.2 Surface Morphology of All Manganese Forms
		3.3 Manganese Recovery in Magnesium at 850 ºC
		3.4 Microstructure Analysis of All Systems
		3.5 Hardness and Tensile Properties Measurement
	4 Conclusions
	References
Innovative Methods of EDM Electrode Manufacturing: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of Operation of EDM
	3 EDM Electrode Manufacturing
	4 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
Risk Assessment Using Evidential Reasoning in Plithogenic Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 Plithogenic Set
		2.2 Plithogenic Set Definitions
		2.3 Plithogenic Set Theoretic Operations
		2.4 Dempster–Shafer Evidence Theory
		2.5 Similarity Measure
	3 The Proposed Model
	4 Illustrative Example
	5 Sensitivity Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
An Efficient Geometrical Feasibility Testing Method for Exploded View Generation to Perform Assembly Sequence Planning
	1 Introduction
	2 The Necessity of Oblique Orientations
	3 Geometric Feasibility in Oblique Directions Matrix (GFODM)
	4 Generation of GFOD Matrix
	5 Encoding the Directions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Implementation of COPRAS and ARAS MCDM Approach for the Proper Selection of Green Cutting Fluid
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 COmplex PRoportional ASsessment (COPRAS)
		2.2 Additive Ratio ASsessment (ARAS)
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Navigational Control and Path Optimization of Mobile Robot Using Updated Sine–Cosine Algorithm in Obscure Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Updated Sine–Cosine Algorithm
	3 Pseudocode of the Proposed Algorithm
	4 Simulation and Experimental Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	6 Conflict of Interest
	References
Safe Navigation of Humanoid Robot in Cluttered Terrain Using Ant Lion Optimizer Tuned RA Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of Optimization Approaches
		2.1 Regression Analysis
		2.2 Ant Lion Optimization
	3 Hybridization Process of Proposed Approach
	4 Implementation of ALO Tuned RA Approach in Humanoid Robot Route Outlining
		4.1 Detail of Robotic Platform
		4.2 Route Outlining in Simulated and Experimental Terrain
		4.3 Comparative Study
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Mathematical Modeling Techniques and Development of a Blended Model for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling Techniques
		2.1 The Backward Approach
		2.2 The Forward Approach
		2.3 The Dynamic Approach
	3 Development of HEV Model in Simulation Environment
		3.1 Driver Model
		3.2 Longitudinal Vehicle Dynamics
		3.3 Engine and Transmission
		3.4 Electric Powertrain
		3.5 Torque Coupling
		3.6 Final Drive and Wheel Model
		3.7 Supervisory Controller
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References