Curcumin and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Traditional to Translational Medicines

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: General
	1: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Curcumin
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Structural and Chemical Properties of Curcumin
		1.3 Curcumin Synthesis
		1.4 Pharmacokinetic Properties of Curcumin
		1.5 Pharmacodynamic Properties of Curcumin
		1.6 Conclusions
		References
	2: Challenges and Strategies for Bioavailability of Curcumin
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Digestibility and Bioavailability
		2.3 Relationship Between Bioavailability and Biological Activity of Curcumin
			2.3.1 Biological Activities of Curcumin
			2.3.2 Biological Activity vs. Digestibility/Bioavailability
		2.4 Strategies for Improved Delivery of Curcumin
			2.4.1 Impact of Nanoencapsulation of Curcumin in Bioavailability
		2.5 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and Solid LipidNanoparticles
		2.6 Combinational/Co-delivery of Curcumin
		2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
Part II: Traditional Uses of Curcuma and Secondary Metabolites
	3: Traditional Uses of Turmeric in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Turmeric
		3.3 Ethnobotanical Studies onthe Traditional Uses of Turmeric as an Alternative Medicine
		3.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Mechanisms of Action and Symptoms
		3.5 Turmeric Chemical Compounds That Have Already Shown Positive Responses to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases
		3.6 Conclusion
		References
	4: Turmeric from Kitchen to Modern Medicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Curcuma longa L.
		4.3 Selected Research on Turmeric/Curcumin
		4.4 Why This Review?
		4.5 Usage of Turmeric
			4.5.1 Turmeric as Spice in Kitchen
			4.5.2 Turmeric in Traditional Medicine
		4.6 Application of Turmeric in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		4.7 Conclusion
		References
	5: Secondary Metabolites of Turmeric Extract and Essential Oils
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Phenolic Compounds
			5.2.1 Diphenylheptanoids (Curcuminoids)
			5.2.2 Diphenylpentanoids
			5.2.3 Other Phenolics
		5.3 Terpenes
			5.3.1 Monoterpenes
			5.3.2 Sesquiterpenes
			5.3.3 Diterpenes and Triterpenoids
		5.4 Phytosterols
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	6: Curcuminoids with Antineurodegenerative Properties: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Curcumin and Its Bioactivities
		6.3 Curcumin and Neurodegenerative Diseases
		6.4 Clinical Trials of Curcumin in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		6.5 Challenges in Obtaining Curcumin-Based Drugs
		6.6 Synthetic Derivatives of Curcumin
		6.7 Conclusions and Futures Prospects
		References
	7: Curcuminoids and Sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma longa Rhizomes: Can They Be the Cure for Neurodegenerative Disorders?
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Text Mining
		7.3 Curcuminoids/Sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma longa Rhizomes and Their Effects on Neurodegenerative Disorders
		7.4 Conclusion
		References
	8: Turmeric and Alzheimer´s Disease: Therapeutic Effects of Curcuminoids, Curcumin, and Turmerone
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Curcuma longa: Distribution, Morphology, and Varieties
		8.3 Chemical Compounds of Turmeric
		8.4 Curcuminoid Pigments: Extraction, Separation, and Analysis Methods for their Quantification
		8.5 Essential Oils in Curcuma longa: Extraction and Chemistry
		8.6 Properties of Curcuminoids, Curcumin, and Turmerone of Essential Oils in Alzheimer´s Disease
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Curcuma, Curcumin and Its Nanoparticles in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	9: Curcuma longa: A Natural Ally in Alzheimer´s Disease Management
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Properties and Importance of Curcumin and Derivatives
		9.3 Use of Turmeric and Curcumin in Alternative Treatment in Alzheimer´s Disease
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10: Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the Gut-Brain Axis
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Gut-Brain Axis
		10.3 Bioactive Properties of Turmeric
		10.4 Potential Effects of Turmeric on the Gut-Brain Axis
		10.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
		References
	11: Curcuma, Curcumin, and Its Nanoparticles in Parkinson´s Disease
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Curcuma longa L.
		11.3 Curcumin
		11.4 Strategies to Enhance the Curcumin Bioavailability
			11.4.1 Solid Dispersion
			11.4.2 Phospholipid Complexes
			11.4.3 Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes
			11.4.4 Curcumin-Loaded Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems
			11.4.5 Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles
		11.5 The Future Perspectives
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	12: The Potential of Curcumin and Its Applications in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 An Overview of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		12.3 Curcumin for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		12.4 Incorporation of Curcumin into Nanostructures
		12.5 Nanoparticles
		12.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		12.7 Liposomes
		12.8 Nanoemulsion
		12.9 Conclusions
		References
	13: Impact of Curcumin on Aging: Its Manifestations and Limitations
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Types of Aging
			13.2.1 Cellular Aging
			13.2.2 Hormonal Aging
			13.2.3 Metabolic Aging
		13.3 Epidemiology
		13.4 Role of Curcumin in the Aging Process
		13.5 Oxidative Stress and Curcumin
		13.6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Curcumin
		13.7 Curcumin and Autophagy
		13.8 Non-pathological Aging and Curcumin
		13.9 Stress and Curcumin
		13.10 Neurodegeneration
		13.11 Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
		13.12 Huntington´s Disease (HD)
		13.13 Pathology of HD
			13.13.1 Oxidative Stress in HD
			13.13.2 Prion Diseases
			13.13.3 Multiple Sclerosis
			13.13.4 Depression
		13.14 Emerging Anti-aging Approaches
			13.14.1 Antisenescence and Curcumin
			13.14.2 Prothrombic State and Curcumin
		13.15 Limitations
		13.16 Conclusion
		References
	14: Effect of Curcumin on the Process of Neuroinflammation Caused by COVID-19
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Oxidative Stress in the Brain
		14.3 Antioxidant Property of C. longa L. and its Action on SARS-Cov-2 Infection
		14.4 Process of Neuroinflammation Caused by COVID-19
		14.5 Action of Curcumin on the Neuroinflammation Process Caused by SARS-Cov-2
		14.6 Food Applications, Trends and Bioavailability
		14.7 Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
		References
Part IV: Nanocurcumin and Nanocurcumin-mediated Drug Delivery
	15: Nano-curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Neuroprotective Potential in Curcumin
		15.3 Nano-curcumin: A Promising Alternative to Native Curcumin
		15.4 Preparation of Nano-curcumin
		15.5 Nano-curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
			15.5.1 Nano-curcumin for Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
			15.5.2 Nano-curcumin for Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
			15.5.3 Nano-curcumin for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
			15.5.4 Nano-curcumin for Huntington´s Disease (HD)
			15.5.5 Nano-curcumin for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
		15.6 Nano-curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical Studies
		15.7 Conclusion
		References
	16: Therapeutic Role of Nanocurcumin in Alzheimer´s and Parkinson´s Disease
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Neurodegenerative Disease and its Pathophysiology
		16.3 Alzheimer´s Disease
		16.4 Pathophysiology of AD
		16.5 Cholinergic Hypothesis
		16.6 Amyloid Hypothesis
		16.7 Parkinson´s Disease
		16.8 Pathophysiology of PD
		16.9 Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches
		16.10 Drugs Authorized by FDA to Treat AD and PD
		16.11 Alternate Therapy
		16.12 Use of Nanotechnology for Better Treatment of ND Disease
		16.13 Drug Delivery Methods of Nanoparticles & their Importance
		16.14 Different Methods of Nanocurcumin Delivery to Treat AD and PD
		16.15 Liposomes
		16.16 Cyclodextrins
		16.17 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		16.18 Gold Nanoparticles
		16.19 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		16.20 Silver Nanoparticles
		16.21 Lipid Nanoparticles
		16.22 Polymer Micelles
		16.23 Role of Nanocurcumin in Treating AD and PD
		16.24 Advantages of Nanocurcumin over Curcumin in Treating ND Diseases
		16.25 Future Challenges and Approaches
		16.26 Conclusion
		References
	17: Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Nanotechnology
		17.3 Lipid Nanocarriers
		17.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		17.5 Metallic Nanoparticles
		17.6 Protein Nanoparticles
		17.7 Micelles
		17.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
Part V: Nanoformulations in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Toxicity
	18: Curcumin Nanoformulations in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin
		18.3 Mechanism of Action in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		18.4 Challenges with Curcumin
		18.5 Nanoformulations as a Successful Approach
		18.6 Potential Application of Curcumin Nanoformulations in Neurodegenerative Disorders
		18.7 Nanocurcumin for Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
		18.8 Nanocurcumin for Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
		18.9 Nanocurcumin for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
		18.10 Nanocurcumin for Huntington´s Disease (HD)
		18.11 Nanocurcumin for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
		18.12 Limitations
		18.13 Nanoformulation: Regulatory Perspectives
		18.14 Conclusion
		References
	19: Controlled Release of Curcumin from Hydrogels: Biomedical Applications with a Focus on Neurodegenerative Diseases
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 General Applications of Curcumin in the Biomedical Field
		19.3 Hydrogels for Use in Controlled Release
		19.4 Drug Release Mechanisms from Hydrogels
		19.5 Previous Studies of Mechanisms of Curcumin Release from Hydrogels
		19.6 Curcumin and its Uses in the Treatment of Specific Diseases
		19.7 Curcumin as an Agent for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		19.8 Perspectives and Future Trends
		19.9 Conclusions
		References
	20: Inflammatory Modulation of Compounds Derived from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases
		20.3 Inflammatory Modulation
		20.4 Inflammatory Process Mediators
		20.5 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
		20.6 Cytokines
		20.7 Nitric Oxide
		20.8 Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		20.9 Inflammatory Modulation of Compounds Derived from Curcuma longa L.
		20.10 Conclusions
		References
	21: Biotechnological Products Derived from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Benefits and the Problems Involved in the Use of Curcuma and itsDerivatives
		21.3 Turmeric Extracts Incorporated with Nanoparticles, Microparticles, and Biofilms for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Di...
		21.4 Patentsconcerning the Useof Turmeric for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		21.5 Conclusions
		References
	22: Is Curcuma longa L. Toxic or Not? A Review
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Phytochemistry: Compounds Isolated from Curcuma longa
			22.2.1 Phenolic Compounds
			22.2.2 Terpenes
			22.2.3 Phytosterols
			22.2.4 Essential Oils
		22.3 Toxicity of Curcuma longa
		22.4 Conclusion
		References