Cultural Conceptualizations in Translation and Language Applications

Introduction
Contents
Translation and Culture
1 Primary and Secondary Translations and Their Cultural Implications
	Abstract
	1 Translation—Towards a Definition
	2 Types of Translation
		2.1 Primary Translation
		2.2 Secondary Translation
		2.3 Examples
	3 Cultural Implications
		3.1 Death Notices in English
		3.2 Death Notices in German
	4 Concluding Remark
	References
2 The Bible Translation Imbroglio
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Bible—The Largest Translation Series
	3 Preliminary Example—יְהוָה֙ [YHWH]—Yud, Het, Vav, Het
	4 The Grapevine Metaphor (Paradigm) of Communication and eo ipso Translation
	5 Further Examples of the Imbroglio
		5.1 Sh/e/ma Israel
		5.2 The Greatest Commandment
		5.3 [Yahwe Elohim]– Κυριος Θεος—Dominus Deus—Lord God—Pan Bóg
		5.4 יְהוָ֣ה (Yah·weh) צְבָאֹ֣ות (tze·va·’o·vt).
		5.5 מֲלְאָךְ (malach) יְהוָ֖ה (Yah·weh) of the LORD—Angelus Domini—Anioł Pański
		5.6 Magnificat and Benedictus
		5.7 Sanctus (including Benedictus qui venit…)
	6 Consequences of the Imbroglio
	References
3 Welcome to the Gap: The Cultural Gap of Translation at the Age of New Media
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Gap of Translation as a Vehicle of Cultural Communication (and Miscommunication)
	3 Beyond the Age of Equivalences
	4 New Media and a Gap That Will Not Be Covered
	5 Source Versus Translation—Or a “Mound” of Translation
	6 Gender and the Gap of Translation
	7 Conclusion
	References
4 Cycles of Conceptualization and Reconceptualization in Translating Figurative Language
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Translation of Figurative Language
		2.1 Semantic Level
		2.2 Cognitive Level
		2.3 Cultural Level
	3 Sperber and Wilson (1986), Relevance Theory
	4 Bridging Cultural, Linguistic Gaps
		4.1 Venuti’s (1998) Domestication/Foreignization
	5 Towards a Study Model
	6 Multiple-Cycles of the Model, Application
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
5 How to Measure the Presence and Significance of Intertextuality in Target Language Texts
	Abstract
	1 Introduction: Setting the Scene and a Number of Digressions
	2 The Idea of the Translator-as-Reader
	3 Theorizing Intertextuality: In Search of a Definition
	4 Text, Context and Intertextuality
	5 Where Does Meaning Reside? The Reader’s Role and Its Limitations
	6 How Does Intertextuality Manifest Itself? Forms and Functions of Intertextuality
	7 How to Measure the Presence and Significance of Intertextuality Within Texts?
	8 A Short Example of a Missed Intertextual (Interdiscursive) Reference in Translation
	9 Conclusions (to One Side of the Story)
	References
6 (Re)translating Psychology: A Triple Case Study. Sociology and Psychology in Translation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Three Authors, Two Translators
	3 Translation as a (Propaganda) Tool. The Status of Translation in the USSR
	4 Translation of Proper Names
	5 The Two Added Chapters
	6 Paratexts
	7 Conclusions
	References
7 Drama Translation into Arabic. Shakespeare’s Macbeth: Issues and Solutions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Relevant Literature
	3 Translation Analysis According to al Qinai’s TQA Parameters
		3.1 Text Typology
		3.2 Coherence of Thematic Structure
		3.3 Text Pragmatics (Dynamic Equivalence)
		3.4 Lexical Properties
	4 Conclusion
	References
8 The Translator’s Ideology in the Poetic Text. Homoeroticism in Shakespeare’s Sonnets
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Corpus and Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	Primary sources
	References
9 Methodology of Reading and Translating German Handwritten Documents from the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Translated Documents
	3 History and Types of Handwriting for the German Language
	4 Methodology for Decoding of Handwritten Documents
	5 Translation of Official Documents
	6 Summary
	References
	Internet websites
10 The Impact of Style on the Quality of Writing and Translation
	Abstract
	1 On Clarity (or Lack Thereof)
		1.1 How Does the Sentence Make You Feel?
		1.2 Analysing the Sentence Grammar
		1.3 The Principles of Style
		1.4 Text Clarity and Polish
	2 Clarity Versus Translation
		2.1 Measures of Excellence
		2.2 Measures of Compliance
	3 The Experiment
	References
Applied Cultural Models
11 Towards an Integrative Model of Writer Identity Through the Conceptualization of Dialogicality in Academic Text
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Socially and Textually-Situated Trichotomy of Selves
	3 Conceptualization of Dialogicality in an Academic Text: Reader-Writer Interaction and Self-portrayal
	4 Rubric Development and Model of Voice in Academic Writing
		4.1 Research Design
		4.2 Overview of the Action
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix 1: Voice Rubric
	Appendix 2: Writing Task
	Appendix 3: Questionnaire Questions
	Appendix 4: Interview Questions
	References
12 Metaphors as an Intracultural Bridge for Educational Enterprise
	Abstract
	1 Introduction: Background and Aim of the Research
	2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory: Basic Concepts and Assumptions
	3 Implicational Metaphors in Newman’s The Idea of a University and Their Equivalents in the Contemporary Polish Culture-Related Context
		3.1 Newman’s Implicational Metaphors for the University as a Building Metaphor
		3.2 Polish Present-Day Educational Metaphors
			3.2.1 Metaphors Common Both to Newman’s Vision and Contemporary Polish Universities
			3.2.2 Metaphors Typical Only of Polish Universities
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
13 Integrating Cultural Conceptualization and Communication Courses into Business Administration Curricula
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Culture
	3 Perception
	4 Relationships
	5 Conflicts
	6 Relationship Parameters and Conflicts
	7 Communication Competence
	8 Current Curriculum
	9 Conclusion
	References
14 How Does Polish Sign Language Affect the Way in Which Deaf Poles Write in Polish?
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Previous Research
	3 Methodology
	4 Features Observed in Previous and Present Research
	5 Variation Observed Between PJM-Caused and Standard Polish Features
	6 Features Not Observed in Present Research
	7 Features Not Discussed in Previous Research
	8 Conclusions
	9 Polish Deaf Writing as a Type of Pidgin or Interlanguage
	References